Non Projected Aid

Mrs.sujata Umbarkar
FIRST YEAR M.Sc NURSING

Definitions:
1. According to Kinder S. James: Audio visual
aids are any device which can be used to
make the learning experience more
concrete, more realistic and more
dynamic.
2. According to KP. Neeraja: an audio visual
aid is an instructional device in which the
message can be heard as well as seen.

Purposes:
 To supplement and enrich teachers
own teaching to make teaching-
learning more concrete.
 To serve an instructional role in itself.
 To create interest among the group.
 To make teaching as an effective
process.

Characteristics Of Good Teaching Aids
 Meaningful and purposeful
 Motivates the learners
 Accurate in every aspect
 Simple and cheap
 Improvised
 Large in size
 Up-to-date
 Easily portable

ADVATAGES
1. A.V.Aids helps in effective perceptual and conceptual
learning.
2. A.V.Aids helpful in capturing and sustaining attention of
students.
3. A.V.Aids arouses interest and motivates students to learn.
4. A.V.Aids is helpful in new learning.
5. A.V.Aids helps in saving energy and time of both the teacher’s
and students.
6. A.V.Aids provides near realistic experience.
7. A.V.Aids can meet individual demands.
8. A.V.Aids is useful in for education of masses.

GRAPHIC TEACHING AIDS
 Graphic - its origin is Greek words
- Graphickos – to paint or draw and
- Graphiein – to represent with lines
 Graphic teaching aids are the illustrative instructional
material depicted on a two dimensional surface
combining drawings, pictures, paintings and words.
 Graphic aids provide nonverbal or visual learning
experience.

PREPARATION OF CARTOON
• Suitable to the level of students.
• Cartoons should be prepared according to the educational
objectives and background of students.
• The writing and graphics should be meaningful
• Cartoons should be of adequate size.
• Symbols used in the cartoon should be clear and
understandable.
• Cartoons need to be both amusing and instructive.
• Students involvement

COMIC STRIPS
•
•
Graphic representation in a series of
pictures or sketches
Full of action.

Definition:
A comic strip is the graphic depiction in a series of
pictures or sketches of some character and
events full of action.
This medium of communication is found very
interesting and exciting by children.
Uses:
Comic strips fire the imagination of children
It boosts the courage of children and builds up
the spirit of adventure.
 It communication detailed and vivid.
It stimulates reality and involvement.

Limitations:
 Comic strips misguide children by depicting
characters with supernatural powers divorced from
the hard realities of life.
 Comic strips hamper the development of
language of children.
 Classics brought out in the form of comics develop
the tendency in children to ignore or by pas s the
original work.
 Comics can soon become an obsession with young
children and they tend to avoid serious studies

NEWS PAPERS
• Set of written messages and news in local
language which can reach to the public
easily

NEWS PAPERS
 It can furnish health messages in local languages which cancan reach to the
public easily. The information will be available in low cost, easy to read and
understand simple language .the people may learn to read and interpret the
contents along with pictures to enhance easy grasping.
Advantages
 Best method to reach a large group
 Pictures will help in easy understanding
 Attractive and easy to understand
 Lot of information can be obtained in various fields
 Disadvantages
 useful for literates only
 detailed information cannot be produces

3.DIAGRAMS
 A diagram is the simplified drawing of an object, product,
appliance or process to explain finer points on the same.
 A diagram is made to show relationships with the help of
lines and symbols without the pictorial element.
 Some diagrams are commercially available while others
are drawn from various book resources.
 Many teachers prefer to draw diagrams on the
chalkboard during the course of lesson itself which can
result in the loss of efficiency in teaching.

 The following points should be kept in mind if a teacher wishes
to prepare his own diagrams.
 Make diagram large enough to be seen simultaneously by the
whole class.
 Make the outline features of diagrams sharp.
 Include only the essential and relevant parts of diagrams
which pertain to topic.
 Caption and label the diagram boldly.
 The diagrams should be to the scale and proportional.
 These days teachers keep the diagrams traced on acetate
sheets and cellophane papers and project the same using an
overhead projector

DIAGRAMS
• Diagrams are used to label different
elements or parts of main topic.

CHARTS -PURPOSES
• Showing relationship by means of facts, figures and
statistics
• Presenting material symbolically
• Summarizing information
• Showing continuity in process
• Presenting abstract ideas in visual form
• Showing development of structure
• Creating problems and stimulating thinking
• Encouraging utilization of other media of
communication
• Motivating the students.

SIZE OFTHE CHART
The optimum size of chart is 20" x 30".
The size of the letters should be
Title—Two and half inches
Subtitle and headings—One and one-
third inches
Space between lines—One to two inches

NARRATIVE CHART
Left-to-right arrangement of facts and idea for
expressing the events in a process

TIME CHART
The time chart is used for showing the
sequence of time of various events or for
depicting chronologically all the happenings
relevant to the development of a process,
certain organization or any problem

FLIP CHART:-
These are the type of chart:-
• A teacher has to prepare by incorporating his own ideas
and lines of approach of the specific topic are more
useful.
• The flip charts are a set of charts related to specific topic.
• These are tagged together and hang on a supporting
stand.
• The individual charts will carry a series of related
messages in sequences
• The salient points of specific topic will be presented.

FLASH CARDS
Definition:
Flash cards are a set of pictured compact
paper cards of varying sizes that are flashed
one by one in a logical sequence. Flash
cards can be self made or commercially
prepared and are made up of chart or
drawing paper, plain paper using colors or
ink on them for drawings.

Principles:
The messages can be brief, simple line drawing
or photographs, cartoons and the content will
be written in few lines at the back of the each
card.
10” X 12” or 22” X 28” is commonly used size.
10-12 cards for one talk can be used. It should
not be less than 3 and more than 20.
Prepare a picture for each idea which will give
visual impact to the idea.
 The height of writing on the flash card is to be
approximately 5cm for better visualization .

How to use Flash Cards?
 Be through with the picture, illustration and script
 Arrange cards in sequence, flash one by one with
commentary, stress important points and review by
a quick flash.
 For displaying you can hold the cards against chest,
or use folding casel, frame or box. They can also be
displayed on bulletin boards or on a wall.

Advantages Of Flash Cards
• Attracts attention
• Conveys messages quickly
• It is dynamic and flexible, maintains
continuity
• Easy to prepare, portable, economic
• Can be used for illiterate group
Disadvantages Of Flash Cards
• Cannot be used for a large group
• Prone to get spoiled soon
• It is time consuming during preparation

GRAPHS
Graphs are flat pictures which employ dots,
lines or pictures to visualize numerical and
statistical data to show relationships or
statistics.

• Bar Graph: the graphical representation extends
the scale along the length of bar. These graphs are
in two forms; horizontally and vertically.

• Line Graph: Used to show the trends and
relationships through lines

• Pictorial Graph: Pictures are used to illustrate any
idea, observation or measurement, graphically

• Pie Graph: A circle diagram in which data
is presented through sections or portions.

FLANNELGRAPH
Flannel graph is a thick piece of cardboard or plywood or
wooden board of 3’x 4' size on which a rough piece of flannel
is stretched or fastened tightly with drawing pins.

Types of maps:
• Political maps: These maps show political divisions of
the world, a continent, a nation.
• Physical maps: Shows the physical contour of a
place, area, and region.
• Relief maps: It shows the actual elevations and
depressions in a place, area, and region.
• Weather maps: Shows the amount of rains,
temperature extremes, humidity in an area, region
country.

• Population maps: Shows the distribution of
population in various parts of region, country.
• Picture or tourist maps: Shows historical spots
monumental sites.etc..
• Road maps: Shows the roads of a region connecting
various parts and points together.
• Railway maps: Shows the railway links between
various points.
• Air maps: Shows the air routes between various
points.
• Sea root maps: Shows the sea routes between
various sea ports.

PICTURES
 Pictures, sketches are inexpensive to make and can be designed to
illustrate your points clearly
 Pictures allowed the speaker to translate complex ideas into visual terms
the audience could grasp Immediately.
 Pictures are used to express the idea, more attractive, clearly understood
 Vivid pictures are used to depicting the information.
 Pictures can be collected from variety of sources like; art galleries, tourism
department, national institutes, periodicals etc
 If picture collected are small they can be enlarged and drawn on chart
paper sheets
 Picture should be invariably captioned and labeled
 Large number of framed pictures are collected, they should be catalogued
and stocked in boxes for use for classroom teaching effectively

PHOTOGRAPHS
 Photographs are the impressions of the reality
 Photographs make excellent visual aids
 In the absence of model or object photographs may
be used .
 Photographs should be large enough to seen easily
 Normal size photos are too small to be seen clearly
without being passed around; which only diverts the
audience from what you are saying.
 One can download photographs from web and can
easily adjust to size and place photos for maximum
clarity and impact

 ADVANTAGES
 Subject matter is unlimited
 Can be arranged easily
 Permanent and easy to handle and carry
 Can be easily duplicated
 Presentation can be stopped for discussion
 Arouse interest in learning
 They are the real impression
 DISADVANTAGES
 Requires time
 Requires special instrument for photography
 Costly

Propoganda
Railway
Movie Event
Travel
Music

Preparation and rules:
• To do a special job.
• To promote one point.
• To support local demonstration.
• Planned for specified people
• Tell the message at single glance.
• Use bold letters.
• Use pleasing colors..

Advantages of using Poster
The advantages of using posters are:
• It attracts attention
• It conveys the message very quickly
• It does not require a detailed study
• Good poster leads to action with good motivation
• It can stand alone and is self explanatory
Disadvantages of using Posters:
• The disadvantages of their use are:
• Poster does not always give enough information
• When a poster is seen too often, it becomes a part of
the environment and then no longer attracts
attention

DISPLAY BOARDS
• Used to display
news alerts and
information for a
specific group of
individuals.

CHALK BOARD
 DEFINITION
A chalkboard or blackboard is a reusable writing surface on which text or
drawings are made with chalk or other erasable markers. Blackboards were
originally made of smooth, thin sheets of black or dark grey slate stone.
Modern versions are often green or brown and are thus sometimes called a
green board or brown board instead.

Types
 Built into the wall or fixed & framed on the wall with a ledge to keep
the chalk sticks & duster
 Portable & can be placed on a stand with adjustable height
 Plastic and rubberized chalkboards which can be rolled and carried
around in classrooms for hanging them on the wall as & when
required.

Characteristics of good
chalkboards
 Size - 5 m x 6m
 surface of the chalkboard should be rough
 The surface of the chalkboard should be dull enough to
eliminate glare which hampers visibility of the writing on the
board.
 The writing should be easily removable with cloth or foam
duster.
 It should be mounted on an appropriate height within the
reach of the teacher and visibility of students.

Using the chalkboard
 Write clearly in cursive handwriting
 Avoid overcrowding
 Height of letter is between 6 – 8 cm
 Plan the chalkboard work in advance in simple brief phrases
and keywords.
 Classroom should be lighted properly
 Chalkboard should be glare free
 Rub off the information already discussed in the class and
noted down by the students

 Use shading & underlining for stressing the keywords and
statements
 Draw difficult illustration before hand to save the class time.
 Use other supplementary teaching aids
 Use color chalks for aesthetic appeal & for providing
contrasts
 Use soft cloth piece or foam duster for rubbing off the
chalkboard.
 For rubbing off the writing on the chalkboard, it should be
rubbed vertically first & then horizontally
 Stand on one side of the chalkboard while explaining a point
to students.
 Use pointer to draw attention to the written material on the
chalkboard.
 For teaching drawing, geometry, use a large scale,
protractor, compass etc. with handles.

Advantages
 Convenient visual aid
 Economical
 Can capture student’s attention
 Work as a valuable supplementary teaching aid
 Used for drawing enlarged illustrations from the
textbooks
 Used for giving lesson notes to students
 Good visual aid for drill and revision

Limitations of the
chalkboard
 It makes students heavily dependent on the teacher
 Makes the lesson teacher paced
 Does not care for the individual needs of the students
 It makes the lesson a dull routine
 Makes chalk powder to spread and inhaled by the teacher &
students
 Constant use of chalkboards makes it smooth and full of glare.

POINTS TO REMEMBER WHILE USING
BLACKBOARD
• Blackboard should be kept clean
• Writing on the blackboard should be legible
• Letters and drawings should be large enough to be
seen from all parts of the room
• Writing should be started from top left corner
• Writing should be in straight rows
• Material on the blackboard should not be covered by
standing in front of it
• Only salient points of subject matter should be
written on the blackboard

CONT……
• Extreme lower corner of blackboard should not be
made use of as writing on it
• It should be ensured that blackboard is well-lit by
natural or artificial means
• Teacher should ensure that the class is attentive
while writing on the blackboard
• Occasionally students may be asked to write or draw
diagram on the blackboard

CONT…
• Everything required for the blackboard should be
got together before the class begins
• Duster and not hand or handkerchief should be used
for cleaning the blackboard
• Teachers should develop the ability to draw freely
on the blackboard.
• It should be ensured that the blackboard is
periodically serviced.

2. BULLETIN BORAD
 A bulletin board is the display board which shows the
visual learning material on a specific subject.
 Types – framed; portable type
 Generally, bulletin boards have a blue blazer cloth to
work as the back-drop
 Recommended size is 1.5 x 2 m

 Following items can be displayed on bulletin boards
- Interesting news
- Brochures
- Cartoons
- Poems
- sketches
- Pictures, photographs
- greeting cards
- Good thoughts
- Announcements

Using the bulletin board
 Procure enough illustrative material
 Sort out relevant material
 Display the material in an aesthetic manner
 On the top center fix a title
 Below the title fix a brief description about the topic
 Keep interest of students alive by involving them in collection of
material for bulletin board.
 The height of the bulletin board should be one meter above the
ground.
 The area where the bulletin boards are fixed or placed should be
well – lighted.

Advantages
 Work as a good supplement to normal classroom teaching
 Arouse student interest in specific subject
 Can be effectively used as follow – up of chalkboard work
 Add color and liveliness to the classroom as they have
decorative value along with the educational value.
 Can be used to introduce a topic and as well review it.

Limitations
 It has to be use as supplementary aids to other
teaching aids
 At times the collection of relevant material for
certain specific topics may be difficult

PURPOSES OF FLANNEL
BOARD
• It captures and holds attention of students
• Materials displayed can be removed easily
• Students can construct and reconstruct the
concepts visually

GUIDELINES FOR PRESENTATION WITH
FLANNELBOARD
• An introduction has to be given to the group before
displaying flannel board.
• Plan the layout keeping in view the principles of
teaching.
• Arrange the materials in such a way that they lend
themselves best to illustrate the content to be
delivered.
• Try the layout to see that it fits the space on the flannel
board.
• Place the flannel board at eye level and at a slightly
inclined angle. Lighting should also be checked.

CONT…
• Use a minimum number of objects to let the
students focus their eyes on a few items at a
time.
• Talk to the class as much as possible but not to
the board.
• Remove the cut-outs from the board as soon as
the explanation of that concept is completed
and place the next cut-outs in position.

4. MAGNETIC CHALKBOARD
 A magnetic chalkboard is a framed iron sheet carrying porcelain
coating in some dark color generally black or green.
 A magnetic chalkboard can be used in the following ways:
- To write with chalk sticks, glass marking pencils and crayons.
 To display pictures, cut-outs and light objects with disc magnets or
magnetic holders.
 It can combine functions of chalkboard and flannel board both.
 Magnetic holders can be used to display material with writing key
points on it.
 Light three dimensional objects can be displayed on it.
 Plastic cutouts with magnetic holders are available in the market.

Advantages of magnetic
chalkboard
 Versatile teaching aid as it combines advantages of
blackboard and flannel board.
 Advantage of movement of visual material by sliding it
along the surface of magnetic board.
 It is light and can be made portable.
 Can be easily constructed in a school by purchasing
an iron sheet and applying the blackboard paint on it.

1. MODLES
 A model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three –
dimensionally, i.e. Height, width and depth are felt as a reality.
 This makes the understanding of the thing easy & better.
 It provides knowledge of internal & external parts of a thing properly.
 Big models of small thing can make its structure and working easily
comprehensible to a large number of students.
 Eg. Model of heart, eye, tooth etc.
 Also small models of big things can bring reality within the walls of a
classroom.
 Eg. Model of O.T., ICU

Types of models
1. 1. Solid models :- is the replica of an original thing, made with some suitable
material like clay, plaster of paris, wood, iron etc. to show external parts and features
Eg. Model of human organs, dolls , toys, globe
2. Cut-away and x-ray models:- are the replicas of the original things to show internal
parts. It is either in the form of cross sectional model or may be composed of
detachable parts.
Eg. Cross-sectional model of human body
3. Working models:- these models are either actual working things or their miniature
replicas
Eg. Model of CPR, Mechanism of labour etc.
4. Sand model :- are graphic lay-out using sand, clay, saw dust and other objects to show
trees, buildings, rivers etc. sand models are made using colored sand in a tray of
convenient size or on a table.
Eg. Model of a tribal village, a city area, marketing complex etc.

Advantages of models
 It heighten reality of things & make learning direct & meaningful
 Explain the complex and intricate operations in a simplified way
 Involve all five senses & thus learning makes effective
 Durable & reuse is possible
Limitations of models
 Preparation of models needs expertise
 Models at time can give wrong impression & conception of the size of
the real things
 Some of the models are very expensive

2. OBJECTS AND 3.
SPECIMENS
 Collection of real things for instructional use refers to
objects.
 A specimen is a sample of the real object or a
material.
 Objects and specimens are the real things & their use
for classroom teaching imparts a direct learning
experience to students.

SOURCES
 Commercially prepared by manufacturers & factories
 Discarded materials from houses, stores, hospitals etc.
 Specimen found in nature.
Advantages of objects and
specimens
 It arouse student’s interest in learning
 Involve all the five senses in the process of learning
 Heighten reality in the classroom
 Develop observational skills of the students
 Make classroom teaching lively

5. Exhibitions
 In the school, a the school or a class puts up their work for showing it
to the people outside the school, and such a show is called
exhibition.
 The piece of work done by the students for an exhibition are called
exhibits.
 Preparation, display & explanation of exhibits by students provide
them excellent learning
 Students display the projects done & invite parents & others to see
them & interact with students. department of

Requisites for exhibition
 The exhibition should have a central theme with a few
subthemes to focus attention to a particular concept.
 It should be so placed so that most visitors can see
them.
 The place should be well lighted.
 Motion & sound should be utilized to capture attention
 It should have some exhibits with operative
mechanisms such as switches, handles, levers
 It must include a lot of demonstration
 It should be able to relate various subjects to provide
integrated learning

5. PUPPETS
 Puppetry is an education cum entertaining aid in
which puppets manipulated by the performer is a
person termed as characters in a story to be depicted.
 A puppet is a manipulative doll dressed as a
character and the performer is a person termed a
puppeteer.

Types of puppet
String or marionettes puppets:- it consist of
puppets with hinged body parts which are
controlled by nine strings produces required
movements in the puppet.
Stick puppets:- these are the painted
cardboard cut-outs attached by sticks.
Shadow puppets:- are silhouettes of
cardboard which produce shadows on a
white screen.
Finger or hand puppets:- are round balls
painted as heads with overflowing colorful

PURPOSES OF PUPPETS
Developing communication skills
Teaching emotions
Helps for the development of fine motor skills
Promotion of imaginative skills
Motivate and support children with difficulties
in communication and interaction.
Development of social skills,

While using puppets…
 It should be accompanied by short dialogues which
are easily comprehensible.
 It should not have many characters. At the most four
characters are recommended.
 Put in short duration songs & dances to arouse
emotions.
 The main problem or question should be introduced in
the beginning of the puppet show and answer come
out at the end of it to keep up interest & suspense.

advantages
 Inspires the students to learn by doing
 Gives a sense of accomplishment & achievement
 Develops social skills of communication, cooperation &
coordination
 Foster creativity among students

6. Dioramas
 A diorama is a three – dimensional arrangement of related
objects, models and cut – outs to illustrate a central theme or
concept.
 The objects and models are generally placed in a big box or a
showcase with a glass covering & background painted with a
shade or a scene.
 Eg. A harvest scene, a planting scene, a street scene, a scene
of school activities

Types of dioramas
1. Aquarium:- it is a transparent box containing water to
maintain aquatic plants & animals
2. Terrarium:- a transparent or meshed box containing soil, ferns,
moss & small land animals
3. Avarium:- it is a huge cage where birds along with a small
tree, shrubs and pond can be kept alive.
4. Herbarium & botonical garden:- a herbarium is collection of
pressed & dried herbs placed in an enclosure.
A botonical garden can be prepared where medicinal herbs
can planted & looked after.

Advantages
 All advantages of exhibitions
 Provides opportunity to do project work
 Provides a feeling of solidity to the reality because of
the perspective and background painting.

7. Museums
 A museum is a building displaying a collection of
historical relics, antiques, curiosities, works of art, works
of science, works of literature, and other artifacts of
general interest.
 Eg. National museum, New Delhi; Natural History
Society Museum, Mumbai

MOCK UPS
Mock-up refers to a specialized model or
working replica of the object being depicted

9. MOULAGE
 It emphasizes the functional relationship between the
device is artificial.
 Eg. Artificial fecial ideas.


1. RADIO
 The most common form of public education &
entertainment is radio receiver.
 It can be seen in remotest villages even.
 Now a days the feature of radio is available in all kinds
of mobile phones.
 In certain countries, several colleges & universities
have their own radiotransmitters.

Types of radio programs
 Talk:- a talk is the sequential narration about a topic
by a single speaker.
 Discussions:- in a discussion a group of participants
share their views in the form of panels, interviews and
debates.
 Dramatization:- these radio lessons have various
interesting sound effects to amplify emotions and give
the mental pictures of the characters in a plot.

Advantages of radio
 Good for mass education
 Effective for distance education
 Dramatic effects can arouse positive emotions &
reinforce positive attitudes
 A good radio lesson can be recorded for use at an
appropriate time.

2. RECORDINGS
 The device which can record & reproduce sound are
recording devices
 There are two types of recording devices:
- Record disc player
- Tape recorder

Record disc player
 A record disc player is a sort of talking machine which
reproduces sound recorded on a disc
 Advantages –
- It has a repeat value & can be played over & again
for practice & drill
- Certain portions can be played back
- Arouse positive emotions by specific sound effects &
dramatization

Tape recorder
 It is portable electronic gadget to record, reproduce,
erase & re-record sound on a magnetic tape.
 Advantages:-
- It is commonly available aid
- Reuse is possible

TELEVISION
[audio-visual]
 It is being acknowledged as a powerful medium of
mass education.
 It can bring real outside world into the classroom.
 It can described as electronic chalkboard.
 In some countries, there are educational television
stations which have prepublicized programs for
students.
 Even complete educational courses called tele-
courses are transmitted for students.

advantages
 Induce effective learning by involving eye, ear & emotions
 Can directly show the current happening & live shows even in the
remote parts
 It is a compact piece of equipment which is easy & convenient to
handle.
 Powerful medium for mass education
 Impart experiences which are out of physical reach
 Can include latest information & findings to update knowledge of
students & teachers both.

 In Nursing or health sciences, television can be used for
following purposes:-
- Classroom teaching
- Hospital to visualize the operations lively
- For giving health education to large group and to the
people at long distance
- For distance education
- For Tele-nursing

1.Computer Assisted Instruction
 When the computer is used as an aid to teaching, method of
instructions called the computer aided instructions [CAI].
 In implementing CAI, the principles of programmed learning are
used with an added advantage that the responses of the student
are instantly and permanently recorded by the computer.
 In order to interact with a computer, the student sits at an
electronic keyboard hooked to the computer.
 He introduces himself to the computer by a code number.
 After this, Computer displays information which is followed by a
question.
 The student types out the answer or responds by punching key to
get the feedback from the computer.

Types of computer aided instruction
1. Logo :- It is the instructional procedure for learning the program
language through simple tasks. The simple programs in logo system
are concerned with generating designs on the screen which students
do by following the instructions like that of preparation of a recipe in
cooking class.
2. Simulation :- this CAI program is learning the computer language
through gaming & simulation. Certain simulations are concerned with
science experiments in which outcomes can be got using the
computer.
3. Controlled learning:- this CAI program is concerned with drill and
practice activities supplementary to the prescribed curriculum in any
subject area. A controlled learning program provides a course of
study in an instructional sequence on the pattern of branching
program.

Advantages
 It can be used for handling a large number of students using
computer terminals.
 It can individualize classroom instruction.
 In CAI, the simultaneous testing of each individual can be done by
computer thus relieves teacher from correction.
 It provides multi – dimensional learning through words, graphic &
problem solving.
 It can also work as an aid in the independent study schemes.
 It has high storage capacity.

Limitations
 Lacks the human & emotional factors
 Costly equipment
 It produces more mental & physical fatigue as
compared to other methods
 Cannot interact with computer in human language
 Mechanical response become dull & frustrating

2. DEMONSTRATION
 A demonstration is an activity to show ‘how’ and providing proofs for
a process or happening.
 In short, it is a performance to show a process or activity to others.
 Eg. In primary school to tell meaning of jump;
 In language class to teach pronunciations, accent, gestures,
expressions etc;
 In science class to teach experiments
 In work experience subjects like photography, carpentry, cooking,
electrical gadget repairs etc.;
 In nursing science, various procedure for caring patients, preparation
of various foods for patients, use of machines, instruments in hospitals
etc.

Stages of demonstration
1. Preplanning
2. Rehearsal
3. Performance
4. Follow up

 Do’s of demonstration
 Before demonstration, keep everything ready & organized
 Place enough equipment for everybody
 Present in sequence stressing the main ideas
 Let the demonstration proceed smoothly without interruptions.
 Ask questions to students about their observations
 If students have not understood then do it again
 Use other teaching aid to supplement demonstration
 Summarize the main points at the end
 Have a friendly & warm behavior
 Allow students to perform
 Give handout with key concepts
 Perform the demonstration from a place where every one in the class
can see it.

ADVANTAGES:
Activates
several senses
Motivate to
learn
Improve
physical
&cognitive level
Student is
learning by
doing.
Helps student
retain the
lesson better
Encourage
student
attention.

DISADVANTAGES
Limited
students
Poor
demonstratio
n yields poor
learning
Demands
energy, time
& skill
Keeps student
in passive
situation
Expensive –
man, money,
material,
time
Need co-
operation &
participation

3. DRAMATICS
 Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping the
classroom instruction lively and interesting.
 Here students becomes spectators and participants.
 Mainly useful in language and social science classes

Types
 1. Role playing:- the players [students] act out the characters
based upon their knowledge & impressions of a small incident. A
role playing act requires no script and rehearsal.
 2. Play lets:- the players stage a small play lasting for 10-15min with
a script preparation and costumes.
 3. Pageant:- the players present a colorful enactment of a phase
of history with the period costumes.
 4. Pantomime:- the players present a scene in which characters
act out loudly with expressions and gestures but do not speak.
 5. Tableaux:- the players neither talk nor they act, but they only
pose different actions.

Advantages
 Added advantage of spectators and participants
 Makes learning a pleasure.
 Involves students totally
 Develops social skills
 Makes students creative, sensitive and alert
 Very Helpful in nursing

4. EXPERIMENT
 Experiment is a learning activity in which students collect and
interpret observations using measuring instruments to reach some
conclusions.
 Eg. In nursing science, preparation of slides & its observation
 Application of hot or cold compresses & its effect.
 ADVANTAGES
 The teacher can individually attend students
 The students learn better by doing
 Learn cooperation & coordination in group experiments
 Build scientific attitudes, observational power & ability to draw
conclusions

5. FIELD TRIP
 A Field trip is defined as a planned and supervised visit
of a group of students outside the normal classroom to
get the first hand educational experience.

Types of field trip
1. Local school trip:-
 It is a trip within the school and its immediate neighbor to acquaint
students about the potential of learning from the immediate
environment.
 A school trip is essential for fresh students to know the geography
of the school; facilities and services available in the school; and
introduction with the school personnel and staff.
 Eg. Orientation to college & hospital
2. Community Trip:-
 It is the trip made to a nearby place of educational interest and it
requires some hours or a complete day.
 Eg. A trip to museum, milk diary, market, industry, water purification
plant, sewage disposal etc.
3. Educational trip:- it is the trip made to a distant place requiring more
than one day.
Eg. Visit to other nursing institute

While using field trip ……..
 Prepare yourself & students
 Identify purpose of the trip
 Teacher student ration – 1:10
 Prepare a guide & activity sheet
 Inform proper agency
 Prepare worksheet & distribute to students to write
information
 Instruct students regarding safety rules & precautions
 Take camera for recording visual observations

Follow - up after field trip
 A group discussion about outcomes
 Collection and display of learning material collected
during trip
 Relating field trip gains with learning units in syllabus
 Extending learning from field trip in the form of
preparation of projects, reports, models etc.
 Testing gains through field trips through questions &
opinions.

Advantages
 Provides accurate information about objects, process,
systems in real settings
 Provide meaningful direct experience
 Student’s enthusiasm can be easily directed to effective
learning
 Can effectively supplement classroom teaching
 Develop proper attitudes and social skills among children.
 Limitations
 Occasional activity
 Expensive
 Require proper & detailed planning

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