1. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
LECTURE-1
INTRODUCTION TO THE
SUBJECT
1st Semester B .Arch, August - December 2013

2. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
WHAT IS HISTORY?
The study of past events
These include not just written documents, but also through objects such as
buildings,
HISTORY
Architecture
ENVIRONMENT
Colosseum Rome
These include not just written documents, but also through objects such as
buildings, artifacts
An object made by a human being
These include not just written documents, but also through objects such as
buildings, artifacts and paintings.

3. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE ?
HISTORY
Architecture
ENVIRONMENT
The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings
The style in which a building is designed and constructed, especially with
regard to a specific PERIOD
Parthenon, GreekGothic CathedralsThe National Congress of Brazil,

4. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE ?
HISTORY
Architecture
ENVIRONMENT
The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings
The style in which a building is designed and constructed, especially with
regard to a specific period, PLACE
Places with heavy rainfallDesign on a hill

5. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE ?
HISTORY
Architecture
ENVIRONMENT
The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings
The style in which a building is designed and constructed, especially with
regard to a specific period, place, or CULTURE:
Hindu architecture
Sikh architectureChinese architectureChurch architecture

6. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT ?
HISTORY
Architecture
ENVIRONMENT
The setting or condition in which a particular activity is carried on.
Natural Environment Man made Environment

7. HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
Traces the changes in
Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements
Through
Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till
the present day.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
Traces the changes in Design of various building types & functions

8. HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
Traces the changes in
Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements
Through
Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till
the present day.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
Traces the changes in Structures
What is a Structures?
Various elements of building
And
How these elements are interrelated…
Purpose of Structures design ?
To make building able to stand
And
Also withstand forces which acts
on it .
Forces: Dead load
Live load
Wind force
Snow force

9. HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
Traces the changes in
Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements
Through
Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till
the present day.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
Traces the changes in Structures
Caves - Natural formationsTress branches and leavesStone hutSun dried (katcha ) brick house
Falling water house , Pennsylvania

10. HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
Traces the changes in
Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements
Through
Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till
the present day.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
Traces the changes in Structures

11. HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
Traces the changes in
Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements
Through
Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till
the present day.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
Traces the changes in Construction Methods

12. HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
Traces the changes in
Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements
Through
Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till
the present day.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
Traces the changes in Construction Methods

13. HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
Traces the changes in
Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements
Through
Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till
the present day.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
Traces the changes in Construction Methods

14. HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
Traces the changes in
Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements
Through
Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till
the present day.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
Traces the changes in other architectural elements

15. HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
&
BUILT
ENVIRONMENTS
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
Group of
BUILDINGS
Includes a
Therefore we must understand that history of architecture
doesn’t end with the single building or element but includes
the surroundings as well…
Acropolis Athens

16. BEGINNING OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
BC = Before Christ - THE YEARS BEFORE THE BIRTH OF JESUS CHRIST
A.D. = Anno Domini (year of our Lord) The number of years since the birth of
Jesús Christ. THE YEARS AFTER THE BIRTH OF JESUS CHRIST

17. BEGINNING OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
The human race appeared on Earth 2.000.000 or 3.000.000 years ago and...
...Paleolithic started
Life in prehistory : The fight for survival
Humans are living creaturas.… What do we need to survive?
WATER FOODPROTECTION

18. BEGINNING OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
In Palaeolithic people were NOMADIC
People moved from one place to another...
Protection from bad weather, dangers…
They sheltered in caves

19. BEGINNING OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Survival was not easy...
The storage of water?
They learnt to make containers that can store water
POTTERY

20. BEGINNING OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Wild fruits and vegetables MeatFish
They had...

21. BEGINNING OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
There were a lot of problems!
It’s difficult to find wild fruits and vegetables during the cold winters
They learnt to farm the land They learnt to make containers
that can store food
BASKETS
POTTERY

22. BEGINNING OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Hunting was also not easy…
Animals are stronger, bigger and faster than men
They learnt to shape stones into tools or weapons

23. BEGINNING OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Could they hunt and fish always?
No, it’s difficult to find animals during the cold winter
They learnt to take care of animals
Difficulties to hunt and fish during the cold winter

24. BEGINNING OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
The vegetables soup is boiling
Baking bread
COOKING FOOD: Humans learnt how to use fire to cook, so
their diet became healthy and tasty
Roasting some meat
THE USES OF FIRE

25. BEGINNING OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Cave is not a nice place to live
They built huts They lived in settlements
In Neolithic people learnt to farm the land and take care of animals
In Neolithic people became SEDENTARY

26. • World population grew
• People began to grow more food than they would need – allowed people to
do things other than farming
• Trade increased
• Establishment of Towns/Cities
• Cities become centers of trade, politics and culture
• Men became superior
• Formalized religion
Ceremonies, rituals, and worship
Built large temples
BEGINNING OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Changes in society..

27. • Based on occupations, wealth, and influence
– rulers, priests, and nobles
– merchants and artisans
– farmers and unskilled workers – majority
– slaves
BEGINNING OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Social classes ..

28. Organized Government
• Projects need planning-decision making
• created laws
• established systems of justice
• supervised food production and building projects
• gathered taxes
• organized defense
BEGINNING OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

29. NEED TO STUDY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
To locate our self , that we are not individual, we are connected to
the entire world.
Experience from the past , largely influence today's decision.
We get to know that each era since the beginning of time formed its
own unique style ..
Every action is sequel to another , so without studying past we cant
move further..
Thus we need to study about our past and to know how
change has happens through time

30. We have learnt from our past……….
And we are witnessing its reflections today as well……
And now
We must create things today that become
History tomorrow

31. COURSE OVERVIEW

32. Overview of the entire course to be covered during the semester
Unit-I
• Definition and scope of Architecture. Interdependence of various components of the built
environment. Need for a holistic approach.
• Man’s early/prehistoric attempts to colonise and personalize space. Examples of early
shelters, Stonehenge, tumuli, etc. as expression of man’s physical and spiritual needs
• Determinants of Built Form - geo-physical, societal, political and technological, etc.
Global examples of vernacular architecture.
• Introduction to the River Valley Civilizations. Comparative study of different
manifestations with reference to location, materials and techniques, socio-cultural
influences and other contextual factors
Unit-II
• Egyptian Civilization: Concept of the Royal Necropolis, locational context and architectural
characteristics of public buildings, e.g. mastabas, pyramids and temples(rock-cut &
structural) -one example of each type to be chosen. Worker’s settlement- city of Kahun.
• Mesopotamian Civilization; the urban context and architecture of public buildings
(ziggurats and palaces). Examples of the city and Ziggurat of Ur, city and palace and of
Khorsabad.
Unit-III
• Indus Valley Civilization: Form of the Harappan City, location and role of public buildings.
• Architecture of the typical Harappan dwelling, Granary and Bath.
• The Vedic Village, Building typology and construction

33. Tentative Teaching schedule
Week no. Contents
Week -1
(9th Aug , 2013 )
Id (Holiday)
Week -2
(16thAug , 2013 )
Definition and scope of Architecture. Interdependence of various components of the built
environment. Need for a holistic approach
Week -3
(23rdAug , 2013 )
Man’s early/prehistoric attempts to colonise and personalise space. Examples of early
shelters, Stonehenge, tumuli, etc. as expression of man’s physical and spiritual needs
Week -4
(30thAug , 2013 )
Week -5
(6th Sep , 2013 )
Determinants of Built Form - geo-physical, societal, political and technological, etc. Global
examples of vernacular architecture.
Week -6
(13th Sep, 2013 )
Class test
Introduction to the River Valley Civilizations. Comparative study of different manifestations
with reference to location, materials and techniques, socio-cultural influences and other
contextual factors
Week -7
(20th Sep , 2013 )
Week -8
(27th Sep ,2013 )
MST 1

34. Tentative Teaching schedule
Week no. Contents
Week -9
(4th Oct, 2013 )
International Conference & Training Workshop by CSPA
Week -10
(11th Oct , 2013 )
Pratibimbh 2013 ( Annual fest )
Week -11
(18thOct, 2013 )
Egyptian Civilization: Concept of the Royal Necropolis, locational context and architectural
characteristics of public buildings, e.g. mastabas, pyramids and temples(rock-cut &
structural) -one example of each type to be chosen. Worker’s settlement- city of Kahun.
Week -12
(25th Oct , 2013 )
Week -13
(1st Nov , 2013 )
MST 2
Week -14
(8th Nov, 2013 )
Mesopotamian Civilization; the urban context and architecture of public buildings (ziggurats
and palaces). Examples of the city and Ziggurat of Ur, city and palace and of Khorsabad.
Week -15
(15th Nov, 2013 )
MST 3
Week -16
(22nd Nov, 2013 )
Class test
Indus Valley Civilization: Form of the Harappan City, location and role of public buildings.
Architecture of the typical Harappan dwelling, Granary and Bath.
The Vedic Village, Building typology and construction
Week -17
(29th Nov 2013 )

35. Kind of assignments the students would be expected to undertake, evaluation system