2. INTRODUCTION
∙ In today’s world of rapidly shifting resources,
institutions of higher education are facing the
need to make numerous changes to successfully
meet the challenges of the future. Creative,
innovative methods of curriculum delivery are
being exposed in an effort to provide cost
effective, quality programming to an increasingly
diverse population of students.
4. The term “curriculum” was first used in
Scotland as early as 1820 and became
became part of education.
The term “curriculum” is a Latin word
“currere” which means running race or
race or runway, which one takes to reach
goal.
5. DEFINITION
∙“Curriculum is defined as the formal and
informal content and process by which learners
gain knowledge and understanding, develop,
skills, and alter attitudes, appreciations and
values under the auspices of that school.”
Ronald.c.Doll,1996
6. ∙“Curriculum is a tool in the hands of
the artist (teacher) to mould his
material (pupils) according to his
ideals (aim and objectives) in his
studio (school)”.
∙ - Cunningbam
9. (a) Philosophical determinants
It aims at the all - round development of the individual.
It is based on the philosophy of the nation.
It reflects the ideals and aspirations of the people.
It inculcates the desired ideals of life in the youngsters.
It helps in the development of proper philosophy of life.
It helps in the development of the personal and national
character.
10. (b) Sociological determinants
Sociological determinants of curriculum
Core values and needs of the Indian society
Changing values of the people.
Demands of the modern society Good family, ways of life.
Faiths, beliefs and the attitudes of the people.
Economic efficiency Education for fellowship and leadership Creative and purposeful
activities Cultural, political factors Knowledge, attitude and beliefs.
11. (c) Psychological determinants
∙ Psychological determinants of curriculum focus on understanding psychology of a child .various psychological determinants are as follows
–
∙ Knowledge of the nature of the learner and the learning process and the condition
facilitating optimum learning .
∙ Knowledge of growth and development
∙ Interest of the learner curriculum to be child centered ,learning experiences should be
provided in accordance with the mental development of learner .
12. (d) Scientific determinants
Science and technology , information and technology
To achieve complete development of an individual and to prepare
for complete living ,ie human activities
Self preservation
Self protection
Social and political protection
Proper utilization of leisure time
13. (e) Political determinants
∙ political determinants to develop
democratic values of social justice ,
equity , socialism , rights and duties
, fraternity
16. CURRICULAM DEVELOPMENT
Curriculum development is a deliberate
process, not a event, that takes concentrated
time, effort and faculty commitment.
The process consists of a series of
systematic, logical, dynamic spiraled and
progressive stages that can be time
consuming and labor intensive.
17. IMPORTANCE OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
∙To provide learning experience according to educational
objective
∙ • To maintain continuity and sequence of learning experience.
∙ • To provide supervised clinical nursing practice
∙ • To co-relate theory with practice
∙ • To provide environment related to life situation
18. CURRICULUM COMMITTEE
it is a committee consisting of members who actively participate in
the development or construction of curriculum for their
school/college. • • • • • • • •
Curriculum administrator
Principal
School boards
Communities
Law makers
Educational researchers
Teacher educators
19. Publishers
State department of education
Parents Students
Non school educators
Project directors
Authors
Testers
Accreditors
Polisters
Lobbyists
Philanthropists
20. LEVELS OF CURRICULUM
∙ THERE ARE 3MAIN LEVELS OF CURRICULUM
SOCIETIAL LEVEL
INSTRUCTIONAL
LEVEL
INSTITUTIONAL
LEVEL
21. SOCITIEAL LEVEL
CURRICULUM PLANNING
MEANS IT IS PLANNED FOR
LARGE NO OF STUDENTS.
FOR EG- BSC NURSING,
CURRICULUM IS PREPARED
BY REGULATORY BODY ie
INC, OR ACCREDATION BOARD
MEANS OTHER THAN
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE
THIS CURRICULUM
IS MADE BY
INSTITUTION , YOUR
COLLEGE OR
SCHOOL
THIS CURRICULUM
IS MADE BY A
PARTICULAR
TEACHER WHO IS
TEACHING A
PARTICULAR
SUBJECT
• THIS MUCH HOW
MUCH I HAVE TO
COVER
• WHEN I HAVE TO
CONDUCT TEST
22. STEPS AND PROCESS OF CURRICULUM
DEVELOPMENT
FORMULATION OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
SELECTION OF LEARNING EXPERIENCES
ORGANIZATION OF LEARNING EXPERIENCE
EVALUATION OF CURRICULUM
23. (a) Formulation of educational objectives
∙ Formulation means preparation of education objectives
The to keep in mind while preparing or formulating the educational objectives
Identify the needs for the learner(commuter assist3d learning )
Identify the needs of the society
Study the suggestion of the expert
formulate the philosophy
24. State the objectives gathered from various resources
Screen the objectives and select the appropriate one
State the objectives in terms of outcomes
25. (b) Selection of learning experience
∙ While selecting the learning experience the teacher or instructor have keep few
points in mind i.e
Prepare institutional objectives (general and specific )
Principles of learning have to keep in mind
List the teaching points and students abilities to be develop( back
care )
26. Choose learning aids based on student abilities
(av aids )
Provide guidance and counseling to the learner
Estimate the time to be taken to teach the topic
27. (c) Organization of learning experiences
∙Organizing means you are developing a system,
while organizing 3 things are important
Continuity (chapter 1,2,3)
Sequence ( order- simple to difficult )(mi – heart.
chambers circulation, chronological order )
Integration( combination )interrelationship b/w
diff subject.
28. (d) Evaluation of curriculum
∙Last step of curriculum
∙Evaluation means your are judging the effectiveness of
educational objective or curriculum
Through- interview
∙Observation
∙Qustionare
∙Or through other methods
30. (a) Knowledge
∙
∙(subject centered) Knowledge centered curriculum is that
curriculum in which knowledge is divided in terms of
subjects, the sequence followed is the logical sequence
the particular discipline and the logic is determined by the
specialist.
31. (b) Competence
1.(Task oriented or activity based curriculum) “ what
should a learner be able to do and what she should
during the course?” is the basic question that drives
making of such a curriculum plan. The focus is on
that a successful graduate Nurse need to do later as
competent professional.
32. (c) experience
In this type of curriculum learner is
placed in the natural setting of the
community Perhaps community
oriented nursing education is an ideal
method of educating learners.
33. MODELS OF CURRICULUM
∙A model is a format for curriculum design developed to meet unique
needs, contexts, and/or purposes. In order to address these goals,
curriculum developers design, reconfigure, or rearrange one or more
key curriculum components.
34. Curriculum models or conceptual models
provide faculty with a means of
conceptualizing and organizing the
knowledge, skills, values & beliefs critical to
critical to the delivery of a coherent
curriculum that facilitates the achievement of
achievement of the desired curriculum
outcomes.
35. Purpose of models
∙Provide a blueprint for determining
the scope of knowledge. Highlight
the purpose they serve, their goals
and objectives, content & methods
of instruction & evaluation they
promote.These are the educational
road maps.
36. Why is it Essential?
∙Curriculum models are
essential in determining
program content & in training
& supervising staff to
implement “high quality”
programs.
37. CURRICULUM
MODELS
Targeted to the needs & characteristics of a
particular group of learners.
Based on a body of theory about teaching &
learning
Used to outline approaches, methods &
procedures for implementation & evaluation
38. BEHAVIOURAL- MODEL
∙PRODUCT MODEL OR BEHAVIOURAL-
OBJECTIVES MODEL One of the best known
curriculum models is ‘The Tyler Model’,
introduced in 1949 by Ralph Tyler. He viewed
education as “ a process of changing the
behavior patterns of people, using behavior in
the broad sense to include thinking & feeling as
well as over action.”
39. He Identifies four fundamental questions to be answered in
developing a curriculum
1.What educational purposes should the school seek to
attain?
2.How can learning experiences be selected that are likely
to be useful in attaining these objectives?
3.How can learning experiences be organized for effective
instruction?
4.How can the effectiveness of learning experiences be
40. The emphasis on this model is on the achievement of
objectives by the student. It is an output model.Tyler
stressed the importance of stating objectives in terms of
students behavior. Any statement of the objectives of
the school should be a statement of changes to take
place in students.
41. Cyclic Models
∙Cyclic models portray nursing curriculum
development as a coherent and logical
procedure involving five specific mechanisms
including Situational analysis, Choice of
objectives, Content selection and
arrangement, Methods selection and
arrangement and Learning assessment.
∙This model assumes that what is being
taught is circular with no specific starting or
ending point.
42.
43. Dynamic Models
∙Complex, flexible, interactive and dynamic, this
model encourages curriculum development
participants to debate, argue and discuss the
curriculum approach until arriving at an agreed-
upon result.
∙ The model urges nursing educators, nurses,
doctors, students and health care community
leaders to have involvement and input in the
curriculum design and development.
44.
45. CULTURAL ANALYSIS MODEL
∙ •This model has been developed by Denis Lawton.
∙ •This model proposes a curriculum planned on the technique of
cultural analysis.
∙•Culture is defined as ‘the whole way of life of a society & the
purposes of education is to make available to the next generation
what we regard as the most important aspect of culture
∙.•Culture analysis is the process by which a selection is made from the
culture in terms of curriculum planning.
46. ∙Lawton suggests cultural analysis
will ask:-
∙ What kind of society already exist?
∙In what ways is it developing?
∙ How do its members appear to
want it to develop?
47. EXPRESSIVE MODEL CURRICULUM CONTENT
Content is usually selected on the basis of providing the student with
some worthwhile learning activities, usually of an exploratory or
problem solving nature.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:- It specifies the behavior the student is to
acquire.
•It is the outcome of learning activity which has been planned ( by the
teacher) to provide the student with an opportunity to personalize
learning.
In Expressive objective student motivation is the fundamental criterion
used by teachers to select learning activities
48. curriculum framework
∙ A curriculum framework is an organized plan or set of
standards or learning outcomes that defines the content to
be learned in terms of clear, definable standards of what
the student should know and be able to do. A curriculum
framework is part of an outcome-based education or
standards based education reform design.
49. Characteristics
reflects the Indian heritage, acts as instrument in the
realization of national goals and fulfils aspirations of
people.
Responds to the latest developments in the field of
education.
establishes integration of theory and practice of
education.
provides multiple educational experiences to teachers.
51. Nursing knowledge
∙It is influenced by formal education and
ongoing development of nursing skills, values,
meanings, and experience.
∙Concepts of nursing knowledge include areas
relevant to the provision of care and the
advancement of the profession.
52. Nursing skill
These are deliberate acts or activities in the cognitive and
psychomotor domain that operationalize nursing knowledge,
values, meanings and experience.
Nursing skills are selected, implemented and evaluated for with
or on behalf of those for whom we care.
Implementation of skills requires reasoning that reflects
nursing knowledge, values, meanings, and experience.
Values identified within nursing profession are honesty,
integrity, and ethics. These values guide the behavior of nurses
and directly influence patient care.
53. Nursing meaning
Meanings define the context, purpose
and intent of language.
The language and associated meanings in
nursing are derived from nursing
knowledge, skills, values and experience
and are shared among nurses.
54. Nursing experience
Experience commonly refers to
longevity or length of time in position.
Nursing experience refers to the
unique and active process of defining,
refining and changing.
