2. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, long, thread-like polymers
made up of a linear array of monomers called nucleotides
All nucleotides contain three components:
1. A nitrogen base
2. A pentose sugar
3. A phosphate residue
6. The discovery of DNA double
helix
Chargaff's Rule
(A=T, G=C in DNA)
Franklin, Wilkins:
X-ray Diffraction
Refined Structure
7. Properties of a DNA double helix
The strands of DNA are antiparallel
The strands are complimentary
There are Hydrogen bond forces
There are base stacking interactions
There are 10 base pairs per turn
11. Secondary structure
— DNA double helix structure
•Watson and Crick , 1953
•The genetic material of
all organisms except for
some viruses.
•The foundation of the
molecular biology.
James D. Watson
Francis H.C. Crick
12. The complex folding of large chromosomes within
eukaryotic chromatin and bacterial nucleoids is generally
considered tertiary structure.
Supercoils: double-stranded circular DNA form supercoils if
the strands are underwound (negatively supercoiled) or
overwound (positively supercoiled).
Tertiary structure
Relaxed supercoiled
13. • If the strands
are overwound,
form positively
supercoiled;
• If the strands
are underwound,
form negatively
supercoiled.
14. The DNA in a prokaryotic cell is a
supercoil.
• Supercoiling makes the DNA molecule more
compact thus important for its packaging
in cells.
40. Eukaryotic DNA
• DNA in eukaryotic cells is highly packed.
• DNA appears in a highly ordered form
called chromosomes during metaphase,
whereas shows a relatively loose form of
chromatin in other phases.
• The basic unit of chromatin is
nucleosome.
• Nucleosomes are composed of DNA and
histone proteins.
41. Nucleosome
• The chromosomal DNA is
complexed with five types
of histones.
•H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4.
•Histones are very basic
proteins, rich in Arginine and
Lysine.
•Nucleosomes: regular association of DNA with
histones to form a structure effectively compacting
DNA. ”beads”
42. Beads on a string
• 146 bp of
negatively
supercoiled DNA
winds 1 ¾ turns
around a histone
octomer.
• H1 histone binds
to the DNA
spacer.
44. The importance of packing of DNA
into chromosomes
Chromosome is a compact form of the DNA that
readily fits inside the cell
To protect DNA from damage
DNA in a chromosome can be transmitted
efficiently to both daughter cells during cell division
Chromosome confers an overall organization to
each molecule of DNA, which facilitates gene
expression as well as recombination.
45. Functions of DNA
The carrier of genetic information.
The template strand is involved in
replication and transcription.
Gene: the minimum functional unit in DNA
Genome: the total genes in a living cell or
living beings.
46.
47. Structures and functions of RNA
Conformational variability of RNA is important for the much
more diverse roles of RNA in the cell, when compared to
DNA.
Types :
• mRNA: messenger RNA, the carrier of genetic information from DNA to
translate into protein
• tRNA: transfer RNA , to transport amino acid to ribosomes to
synthesize protein
• rRNA: ribosomal RNA, the components of ribosomes
• hnRNA: Heterogeneous nuclear RNA
• snRNA: small nuclear RNA
48. RNA structure
RNA molecules are largely single-stranded but there are
double-stranded regions.
49. 3.1 Messenger RNA( mRNA)
• Function: the carrier of genetic information
from DNA for the synthesis of protein.
• Comprises only about 5% of the RNA in the
cell.
• Composition: vary considerably in size (500-
6000 bases in E. coli)
50. Eukaryotic mRNA Structure
Capping: linkage of 7-methylguanosine to the 5’
terminal residue.
Tailing: attachment of an adennylate polymer (poly A,
20~250 nucleotides) at the 3’ terminal