Abstract The Batteries form a significant part of many electronic devices. Typical electrochemical batteries or cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries based on the charging ability are classified into primary and secondary cells. Secondary cells are widely used because of their rechargeable nature. Presently, battery takes up a huge amount of space and contributes to a large part of the device's weight. There is strong recent interest in ultrathin, flexible, safe energy storage devices to meet the various design and power needs of modern gadgets. New research suggests that carbon nanotubes may eventually provide the best hope of implementing the flexible batteries which can shrink our gadgets even more. The paper batteries could meet the energy demands of the next generation gadgets. A paper battery is flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor, combining two components that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy. Non- toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.

1. PAPER BATTERY
S. Gobika, H.J.Naren Rathna, D.Sajin De Michel, M.Praveen
UG Scholars,
Velalar college of Engineering and Technology, Thindal, Erode.
gobikasubramaniyam3012@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The Batteries form a significant part of many
electronic devices. Typical electrochemical
batteries or cells convert chemical energy into
electrical energy. Batteries based on the
charging ability are classified into primary and
secondary cells. Secondary cells are widely
used because of their rechargeable nature.
Presently, battery takes up a huge amount of
space and contributes to a large part of the
device's weight. There is strong recent interest
in ultrathin, flexible, safe energy storage
devices to meet the various design and power
needs of modern gadgets. New research
suggests that carbon nanotubes may eventually
provide the best hope of implementing the
flexible batteries which can shrink our gadgets
even more. The paper batteries could meet the
energy demands of the next generation gadgets.
A paper battery is flexible, ultra-thin energy
storage and production device formed by
combining carbon nanotubes with a
conventional sheet of cellulose based paper. A
paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery
and super capacitor, combining two
components that are separate in traditional
electronics. This combination allows the
battery to provide both long-term, steady power
production and bursts of energy. Non- toxic,
flexible paper batteries have the potential to
power the next generation of electronics,
medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing
for radical new designs and medical
technologies.
I INTRODUCTION
1.1 The basic problems associated with the
present Electro-Chemical batteries are:
(1) Limited Lifetime: Primary batteries
irreversibly transform chemical energy to
electrical energy. Secondary batteries can be
recharged; that is, they can have their chemical
reactions reversed by supplying electrical
energy to the cell, restoring their original
composition. But,Rechargeable batteries are
still costlier than Primary Batteries in the
markets of developing countries like India.
(2) Leakage: If leakage occurs, either
spontaneously or through accident, the
chemicals released may be dangerous. For
example, disposable batteries often use zinc
"can" as both a reactant and as the container to
hold the other reagents. If this kind of battery is
run all the way down, or if it is recharged after
running down too far, the reagents can emerge
through the cardboard and plastic that forms the
remainder of the container. The active chemical
leakage can then damage the equipment that the
The limitations of Fuel cells are:
Cost: A paper battery is an electric battery
which was engineered to use a spacer formed
largely of cellulose -the major constituent of
paper.

2. Hydrogen-based fuel cells are still extremely
costly for general consumer use. Their use is
still restricted to rocket launch vehicles. Liquid
Hydrogen and Hydrogen Peroxide are essential
ingredients that make them costly.
Portability & Size:
Fuel cells are still not portable in size, which
makes it very difficult for use in electronic and
medical gadgets.
The limitations of Solar Cells are: Versatility:
Solar cells cannot be used under all situations,
like Emergency Power-Backup, Emergency
Energy Purge. Adaptability: Solar cells cannot
be used in all battery-powered equipment.
Portability & Size: They are not at all portable
or robust.
Need of an Auxiliary back-up battery: The solar
cells need an auxiliary back-up battery during
failures.
II LITERATURE REVIEW
There has to be a compromise between the
charge producing device (Battery) and a charge
storingdevice (Capacitor). Batteries (whether
primary or secondary) cannot possess indefinite
recyclability. Same is the case with capacitors.
So, if a balance be sought between them in such
a way so as to utilize the properties of both, the
results would be more rewarding. Owing to this
fact and to the miraculous properties of the
Carbon nanotubes, there has been a steady and
progressive interest in the global scientific
community aimed at its utilization in the
production of Paper Batteries. Significant
works have been carried out independently,
notable among which are by Pushparaj et
al.[2007] and Yi Cui et al.[2010] in the field of
preparing the first prototypes. Previous designs
of flexible energy- storage devices have been
based on separated thin- electrode and spacer
layers, proving less-than-optimum in
performance and handling because of the
existence of multiple interfaces between the
layers.
Pushparaj et al. demonstrated the fabrication of
electrode-space relectrolyte integrated nano
composite units to build a variety of thin
flexible energy-storage devices. The robust
integrated thin- film structure allows not only
good electrochemical performance but also the
ability to function over large ranges of
mechanical deformation, record temperatures
and with a wide variety of electrolytes.
The attempt to integrate the components on to a
single unit was revived by Yi Cui et al. with a
much simpler and more promising approach. In
this paper, they integrated all of the components
of a Li-ion battery into a single sheet of paper
with a simple lamination process. Although a
paper-like membrane has been used as the
separator for other energy storage systems
including super capacitors, it was the first
demonstration of the use of commercial paper
in Li-ion batteries, where paper is used as both
separator and mechanical support.
Another significant attempt to exploit the
properties of Paper batteries was made by Dr.
Mangilal Agrawal, Lousiana Tech University.
Having done much work with biosensors and
bio-capacitors, he successfully demonstrated
how the relative proportion of CNT and Paper
could be used to customize the voltage output
of the Paper Battery
Since the field is so promising and potent, there
has been a huge amount of work done over
CNTs and Paper Batteries. However, the entire
work in literature is neither lucidly arranged nor
easily accessible. This paper is solely aimed at
analyzing and accumulating the available
works on Paper Batteries and then evaluating
their properties, Applications, advantages and
disadvantages in depth.
DEFINITION OF PAPER BATTERY
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy
storage and production device formed by
combining carbon nanotube s with a
conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A
paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery
and supercapacitor , combining two
components that are separate in traditional
electronics .
This combination allows the battery to provide
both long-term, steady power production and
bursts of energy. Non-toxic, flexible paper
batteries have the potential to power the next
generation of electronics, medical devices and
hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new
designs and medical technologies.
Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise
shaped for different applications without any
loss of integrity or efficiency . Cutting one in
half halves its energy production. Stacking the
multiplies power output. Early prototypes of the

3. device are able to produce 2.5 volt s
ofelectricity from a sample the size of a postage
stamp.
APPLICATIONS
With the developing technologies and reducing
cost of CNTs, the paper batteries will
findapplications in the following fields:
In Electronics:
• In laptop batteries, mobile phones, handheld
digital cameras: The weight of these devices
can be significantly reduced by replacing the
alkaline batteries with light-weight
PaperBatteries, without compromising with the
power requirement. Moreover, the electrical
hazards related to recharging will be greatly
reduced.
• In calculators, wrist watch and other low drain
devices.
• In wireless communication devices like
speakers, mouse, keyboard ,Bluetooth headsets
etc.
• In Enhanced Printed Circuit Board(PCB)
wherein both the sides of the PCB can be used:
one for the circuit and the other side (containing
the components )would contain a layer of
customized Paper Battery. This would
eliminate heavy step-downtransformers and the
need of separate power supply unit for most
electronic circuits.
In Medical Sciences:
•In Pacemakers for the heart
• In Artificial tissues (using Carbon nanotubes)
• In Cosmetics, Drug-delivery systems
• In Biosensors, such as Glucose meters,Sugar
meters, etc.
In Automobiles and Aircrafts:
• In Hybrid Car batteries
• In Long Air Flights reducing Refueling
• For Light weight guided missiles
• For powering electronic devices in Satellite
programs
Use of paper battery
• While a conventional battery contains a
number of separate components, the paper
battery integrates all of the battery components
in a single structure, making it more energy
efficient.
• A paper battery is a battery engineered to use
a paper-thin sheet of cellulose infused with
aligned carbon nanotubes.Nanotubes act as
electrodes; allowing the storage devices to
conduct electricity.
• Functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a
super capacitor, can provide a long, steady
power output comparable to a conventional
battery, as well as a supercapacitor's quick burst
of high energy.
• Integrates all of the battery components in a
single structure, making it more energy
efficient.
• Paper battery extreme flexibility; the sheets
can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into
numerous shapes with no loss of integrity or
efficiency, or stacked, like printer paper (or a
Voltaic pile), to boost total output.
• Can be made in a variety of sizes, from
postage stamp to broadsheet.
• The paper-like quality of the battery combined
with the structure of the nanotubes embedded
within gives them their light weight and low
cost, making them attractive for portable
electronics, aircraft, automobiles, and toys .
• Ability to use electrolytes in blood make them
potentially useful for medical devices such as
pacemakers & do not contain any toxic
materials and can be biodegradable; a major
drawback of chemical cells .
Paper Battery Properties

4. The properties of paper battery can be
recognized from the properties of cellulose
such as excellent porosity, biodegradability,
non-toxic, recyclability, high-tensile strength,
good absorption capacity, and low-shear
strength and also from the properties of carbon
nanotubes such as low mass density, flexibility,
high packing density, lightness, better electrical
conductivity than silicon, thin (around 0.5 to
0.7mm), and low resistance.
FUTURE SCOPE
It holds great potential to advance capabilities
in portable power design for applications
ranging from
bioinstrumentation to consumer electronics and
even large power systems served by
conventional batteries.
The paper like qualities of the material make it
especially attractive for energy storage in
medically implanted devices (for example, a
pacemaker, insulin pump or the implantable
radio chip).
CONSTRUCTION OF A PAPER
BATTERY
Paper battery is made of following:
• carbon nanotubes (CNT) acts as cathode
• Lithium metal (Li+) acts as anode
• Electrolytes including bio-electrolytes such as
sweat, blood and urine.
• cellulose based paper acts as separator.
7-Simple Steps for the Construction of Paper
Battery
Step 1: Take a cellulose-based paper and apply
black carbon ink on it
Step2: Spread this ink applied on the paper
Step3: After spreading ink, laminate a thin film
over the cellulose surface
Step4: Heat the cellulose paper for 5min at 80
degrees C
Step5: Then, peel off the film from the substrate
Step6: The electrodes of paper battery are
formed by film. The electrolytes LTO and LCO
are connected to different films
Step7: The functioning of paper battery can be
checked by connecting battery terminals to the
LED
PAPER BATTERY WORKING
The conventional rechargeable batteries which
we use in our day-to-day life consist of various
separating components which are used for
producing electrons with the chemical reaction
of a metal and electrolyte. If once the paper of
the battery is dipped in ion-based liquid, then
the battery starts working i.e., electricity is
generated by the movement of electrons from
cathode terminal to anode terminal. This is due
to the chemical reaction between the electrodes
of paper battery and liquid. Due to the quick
flow of the ions within a few seconds (10sec)
energy will be stored in the paper-electrode
during the recharging. By stacking various
paper-batteries up on each other, the output of
the paper battery can be increased.
As the paper batteries are connected each other
very closely for increasing their output, there is
chance of occurring short between the anode
terminal and cathode terminal. If once the
anode terminal contacts with cathode terminal,
then there will be no flow of current in the
external circuit. Thus, to avoid the short circuit
between anode and cathode a barrier or
separator is needed, which can be fulfilled by
the paper separator.

5. Paper Battery= Paper (Cellulose) + Carbon
Nanotubes
The paper battery can be used for various
applications as it facilitates advantages such as
folding, twisting, molding, crumpling, shaping,
and cutting without affecting on its efficiency.
As the paper batteries are the combination of
cellulose paper and carbon nanotubes, which
facilitates advantages of long term usage,
steady power, and bursts of energy. These types
of paper batteries are estimated to use for
powering the next generation vehicles and
medical devices.
Advantages
 Used as both battery and capacitor.
 It is flexible.
 It is ultra thin energy storage device.
 Long lasting.
 Non toxic.
 Steady power production.
 Shaped for different applications.
 High efficiency.
 Available in different sizes.
 Energy efficient.
 It is light weight.
 It is more economical.
 Can be easily disposed.
 Can be recharged.
 Generates close to 1.5 Volts of energy.
CONCLUSION
A paper battery is a paper like device formed by
the combination of carbon nanotubes and a
conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper
which act as a flexible ultra-thin energy storage
and energy production device. In addition to
using the aqueous and RTIL (Room
Temperature Ionic liquids) electrolytes, the
device operates with a suite of electrolytes
based on bodily fluids. It suggests the
possibility of the device being useful as a dry-
body implant or for use under special
circumstances.
As a precedent, a urine-activated battery was
recently demonstrated for bio-MEMS device
applications. Body sweat, composed of water,
Na, Cl and K ions, used as electrolyte (a drop
of sweat placed on the film gets sucked into the
porous cellulose) in the RTIL-free
nanocomposite affords good capacitive
behavior for the device (specific capacitance of
12 F/g, operating voltage of 2.4V). Blood
(human whole blood in K2 EDTA from
Innovative Research, Southfield, MI) worked
even better as an electrolyte, enhancing the
capacitive behavior of the supercapacitor,
resulting in a specific capacitance of 18 F/g. As
this technology is adapted it will prove to be
extremely useful and could even save not only
cost but lives also.
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