EASILY TO UNDERSTAD WITH THI PPT

1. LIFE PROCCESS
(TRANSPIRATIN – EXCRETION)
BY HARSHITA’ GROUP

2. HARSHITA’S GROUP
• ADIL ANSARI
• HARSHITA SINGHAL
• PRABHAT
• ANAM SAIFI
• MOIN AKHTAR

3. Transportation in human beings

4. THE HEART

5. Human Heart
• 4 chambers:
- 2 atria (thin-walled)
- 2 ventricles (thick- walled)
• Veins: deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein
• Arteries: Oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery
• Valves: They stop blood flowing backwards.
• Coronary arteries: They supply the heart muscle with food and oxygen.

6. Human heart

7. Valves of the heart

8. CONTROL OF THE HEART BEAT
• At rest: normal heart rate, 50-100 beats per minutes.
• During exercise: 200 beats/min
• The heart beat is initiated by the pacemaker, a small group of
specialized muscles cells at the top of the right atrium.

9. CIRCULATION

10. BLOOD VESSELS

11. Arteries, veins: hystology

12. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
• RED CELLS
• WHITE CELLS
• PLATELETS
floating in a liquid called
PLASMA

13. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

14. RED BLOOD CELLS
• Biconcave discs
• No nuclei
• Spongy cytoplasm enclosed in an elastic cell membrane
• Red pigment called haemoglobin
• Are made by the red bone marrow of certain bones in the skeleton:
ribs, vertebrae and breastbone

15. WHITE CELLS
• Different types
• Larger than red cells
• They have nuclei
• They are made in the same bone marrow that red cells.

16. White blood cells

17. PLATELETS
They help to clot the blood

18. PLASMA
• Ions: sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, hydrogen carbonate.
• Proteins: fibrinogen (clotting), albumin and globulins (antibodies).
• Food substances: aa, glucose and fats.
• Hormones
• Urea

19. Functions of blood: Transport
Substance From To
Oxygen Lungs Whole body
Carbon dioxide Whole body lungs
Urea liver kidneys
Hormones glands Target organs
Digested food intestine Whole body
Heat (opening and closing of
blood vessels)
Abdomen and muscle Whole body

20. TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS

21. WHATIS
TRANSPIRATION
Transpiration is the evaporation of
water from plants. It occurs chiefly at
the leaves while their stomata are
open for the passage of CO2 and O2
during photosynthesis.

23. GASEXCHANGE
In order to carry on
photosynthesis, green plants need
a supply of carbon dioxide and a
means of disposing of oxygen. In
order to carry on cellular
respiration, plant cells need
oxygen and a means of disposing
of carbon dioxide (just as animal
cells do).

24. Leaves
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in
the leaf (as well as the loss of water vapor in
transpiration) occurs through pores called
stomata (singular = stoma).
Normally stomata open when the light strikes
the leaf in the morning and close during the
night.

25. Environmental factors that
affect the rate of transpiration
1. Light
Plants transpire more rapidly in the light
than in the dark. This is largely because
light stimulates the opening of the stomata
(mechanism). Light also speeds up
transpiration by warming the leaf.

26. 2. Temperature
Plants transpire more rapidly at
higher temperatures because water
evaporates more rapidly as the
temperature rises. At 30°C, a leaf
may transpire three times as fast
as it does at 20°C.

27. 3. Humidity
The rate of diffusion of any substance
increases as the difference in
concentration of the substances in the
two regions increases.When the
surrounding air is dry, diffusion of
water out of the leaf goes on more
rapidly.

28. 4. Wind
When there is no breeze, the air
surrounding a leaf becomes increasingly
humid thus reducing the rate of
transpiration. When a breeze is present,
the humid air is carried away and replaced
by drier air.

29. 5. Soil water
A plant cannot continue to transpire
rapidly if its water loss is not made up by
replacement from the soil. This
immediately reduces the rate of
transpiration (as well as of
photosynthesis).
The volume of water lost in transpiration
can be very high.

33. 1. Filtration:
 The excretory tubule collects filtrate from the blood. Water and
solutes are forced by blood pressure across the selectively
permeable membranes of a cluster of capillaries and into the
excretory tubule.
2. Reabsorption:
 The transport epithelium reclaims valuable substances from the
filtrate and returns them.
3. Secretion:
 Other substances are extracted from body fluids and added to
the contents of the excretory tube.
4. Excretion:
 The filtrate leaves the system and the body.

34. This system consists of specialized structures and capillary networks
that assist in the excretory process.
The human excretory system includes the kidney and its functional
unit, the nephron.
The excretory activity of the kidney is changed by specialized
hormones that regulate the amount of absorption within the
nephron.
Bladder Kidneys
Urethra
Ureters
Meatus

35.  Located both sides of the spine between
thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
 Blood enters the kidneys through renal
arteries and leaves through renal veins.
 Tubes called ureters carry waste products
from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for
storage or for release.
During urination, urine is expelled from the urinary bladder
through the urethra.

36. Flow of UrineFlow of Urine
Glomerulus
Renal Tubules
Renal Pelvis
Renal Calices
Ureters
Renal cortex
Renal capsule
Renal medulla
Ureter
Renal vein
Renal artery
Nephron

37. Parts of the KidneyKidneys filter about 1700 liters of blood daily in the average adult.
Parts of the kidneys
• Cortex
-outer protective portion
• Medulla
-inner soft portion
• Hilum
-a depression located in the middle of the concave
side of the kidney where blood vessels, nerves,
and the ureters enter and exit the kidneys
Cortex
Medulla
Hilum
 The cortex is where the blood is filtered.
 The medulla contains the collecting ducts which carry filtrate
(filtered substances) to the pelvis.
 The pelvis is a hollow cavity where urine accumulates and drains into
the ureter.

38. The functional units of the kidney are called nephrons.
Nephrons are located in the renal cortex, except for their loops of Henle,
which descend into the renal medulla.
Nephron

39. Artery
Vein
Loop of Henle
Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
Capillaries
Collecting
duct
To the ureter
Nephron

40.  The glomerulus is a mass of thin-walled capillaries.
 The Bowman’s capsule is a double-walled, cup-shaped structure.
 The proximal tubule leads from the Bowman’s capsule to the Loop of
Henle.
 The loop of Henle is a long loop which extends into the medulla.
 The distal tubule connects the loop of Henle to the collecting duct.
 Each nephron has its own blood supply:
 An arteriole
 A venule
 A network of capillaries connecting them
Each nephron releases fluids to a
collecting duct, which leads to the
ureter.

41. Each kidney contains more than 1 million nephrons.
 Blood Flow through the Kidneys
Blood enters through the renal artery Arterioles
Each arteriole leads to a nephron Renal corpuscle
The glomerulus filters fluid from the blood, and is the first place
where urine is formed in the kidneys.
Blood flows through the glomerulus at a constant rate.
Each glomerulus is surrounded by a capsule known as Bowman’s
capsule.
Blood then passes into the renal tubules where some substances are
reabsorbed and the remaining become urine.

42. • As blood enters a nephron through the arteriole, impurities
are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct.
• The purified blood exits the nephron through the venule.
How is blood filtered?
The mechanism of blood purification involves two
distinct processes:
Filtration
Reabsorption

43. • Filtration
• Passing a liquid or gas through a filter to remove wastes is called
filtration.
• The filtration of blood mainly takes place in the glomerulus.
• The glomerulus is a small network of capillaries encased in the top of
the nephron by a hollow, cup-shaped structure called Bowman's
capsule.
• Fluid from the blood flows into Bowman’s capsule.
• The materials filtered from the blood include water, urea, glucose,
salts, amino acids, and some vitamins.
• Plasma proteins, cells, and platelets remain in the blood because they
are too large to pass through the capillary walls.

44. Glomerular
Filtration
• Reabsorption
• Most of the material removed from the blood at Bowman's capsule
makes its way back into the blood.
• The process in which liquid is taken back into a vessel is called
reabsorption.
• Almost 99% of the water that enters Bowman’s capsule is
reabsorbed into the blood.
• When the filtrate drains in the collecting ducts, most water and
nutrients have been reabsorbed into the blood.
Glomerulus
Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole
Bowman’s
capsule

45. Remaining material, called urine, is emptied into a collecting duct.
Urine is primarily concentrated in the loop of Henle.
The loop of Henle is a section of the nephron tubule in which water
is conserved and the volume of urine minimized.
As the kidney works, purified blood is returned to circulation while
urine is collected in the urinary bladder.
Urine is stored here until it is released from the body through a tube
called the urethra.

46. Ureters
Peristalsis, a rhythmic contraction of the
ureter smooth muscle which helps to
move the urine into the bladder.
A tube approximately 6 to 7 inches
long attached to each kidney.
 Made up of three layers of tissue
 Smooth muscle
 Fibrous tissue
 Mucous layer Ureter

47. Urinary BladderUrinary Bladder
•Hollow, muscular organ that stores
urine
•Sphincter muscles hold the urine in
place
•Holds 300 to 400 milliliters of urine
before emptying
•Walls contain epithelial tissue that
stretch to allow the bladder to hold
twice its capacity
Urethra
Prostate
gland
Ureter
Urinary bladder
•The trigone is a triangular area at the
base of the bladder where the ureters
enter and the urethra exits

48. UrethraUrethra
Female Urethra Male Urethra
•Approximately 1.5
inches long
•Opens through the
meatus
•Approximately 8 inches long
•Passes through three different
regions:
Prostate gland
Membranous portion
Penis
A tube of smooth muscle with a mucous lining that carries urine from
the bladder to the outside of the body.

49.  Tiny pores in the tubing allow salts
and small molecules to pass through.
 Wastes diffuse out of the blood into
the fluid-filled chamber, allowing
purified blood to be returned to the
body.
Dialysis
Air detector Dialysis
machine
Fresh dialysis fluid
Compressed air
Vein
Artery
Shunt
Blood pump
Blood in tubing flows through
dialysis fluid
Used dialysis fluid
 Blood is removed by a tube and
pumped through special tubing that
acts like nephrons.

50. THE END
SPECIAL THANKS TO
MRS. NIDHI MAM