2. CONTENTS
1. FISH SEED PRODUCTION
2. FISH SEED
3. TECHNIQUES OF FISH CULTURE
4. MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING
OF FISHES AND THEIR PRODUCTS
5. LATEST ADVANCEMENTS IN
AQUACULTURE
3. INTRODUCTION
• Aquaculture is also known as Aquafarming,
is the farming of fish, crustaceans, molluscs
and aquatic plants and other organisms.
• Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater
and saltwater populations under controlled
conditions, and can be contrasted with
commercial fishing, which is harvesting of
wild fish.
4. 1. FISH SEED PRODUCTION
• FISH SEED – Fish seed is a term used
in pisciculture for spawn (fertilized egg),
hatchlings (just hatched young ones with
yolk sac), sac fry (larvae with yolk sac),
fry (3-14 days old young ones), fingerling
(youngones of large fishes measuring 4-
12 cm in length). But commonly this term
means spawn.
5. NATURAL FISH SEED RESOURCES
• The natural fish seed resources include
the fish seed obtained from Rivers and
Streams and from Natural bundh breeding
spawns.
• (1) The Ganga river system – present in
states of U.P., Uttranchal, M.P., Bihar
(a) Egg collection – The egg collection at
large scale is possible only at such location
where breeding grounds are known.
6. (b) Spawn collection – The Ganga river
system contribute about 50% of country’s
total production in spawn collection.
(c) Fry and fingerling collection – There are
more than 200 centres for fry and fingerling
collection at the Ganga river system.
• (2) Brahmputra river system- The fish
seed production is poor in this system
due to fast flowing river , heavy silt and
coarse bed of north tributaries.
7. • (3) The Indus River System- The Indus river
system is rich for seed production as compared
to Brahmputra river system.
• (4) The West Coast River System- The river
Narmada contributes in spawn collection of
Indian major carps and mahseers.
• (5) The East Coast River System- The seed
collection on river Mahanadi is not very good.
The delta region of Godavary and Krishna are
rich in carps.
8. RIVERINE SPAWN RESOURCE
INVESIGATION TECHNIQUE
• (a) Selection of spawn collection site –
i. The distribution and combination of fish fauna in selected
stretch of river.
ii. Topography of river bed and river bank.
iii. Accesibility of the site.
• (b) Gears used for collection of spawn –
The spawn is collected by a spawn
collecting net called Shooting net
or Benchi jal
9. • (c) Methods of colletion of spawn-
1.Identify spot of maximum availability of spawn.
2.Full battery of nets should be commisioned.
3.The spawn should be accumulated in gamcha and collected.
• (d) Methods of measuring spawn quantity and temporary
storage- collection is to be measured in 200ml, 100ml, 50ml,
or 30ml measuring containers. The collected spawn may be
kept hapas fixed in ponds or in rivers close to bank.
• (e) Indices of spawn quantity and quality- The index of
quantityof spawn is amount of spawn captured per hour.
The quality index depends upon – 1.The desirable spawn catch
2. Amount of major carps and minor carps in the catch.
10. HATCHERY SEED PRODUCTION
collected fish seed also contain eggs of predatory fish spawn and
is difficult to separate them. So methods devised to obtain fish
seed by breeding methods. The fish breeding is of two types-
o NATURAL BREEDING OR BUNDH BREEDING –
This is breeding of fishes in reverine or natural resource condition.
These bundhs are of three types –
(a) Wet bundhs – These are perennial ponds situated in slope of
vast catchment area.
11. (b) Dry bundhs – These are shallow seasonal bundhs. These
filled by water during monsoon period. All the indian carps
breed in special type of bundhs as decribed above.
o INDUCED BREEDING – The old method of collection of fish
seed from natural breeding places and then putting into
water bodies to rear was having many drawbacks like mixing
of eggs of predatory fishes. To overcome these problems,
method of artificial fertilization were introduced.
12. ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZATION
• It is a method of collection of ova or sperms and
mixing them for fertilization by mechanical means. In
this method breeding is induced in fishes.
• METHODS OF INDUCING IN BREEDING FISHES
• 1.Induced bundh breeding- by heavy showers
• 2.By hypophysation- by injecting pituitary extract
containing gonadotrophins.
Precautions taken for collecting of pituitary hormone
(a) The gland should be collected from fully mature fish
(b) The pituitory of same species should be used.
13.
14. BREEDING HAPA
• These are rectangular structures, formed by cloth
and supported by the bamboo sticks from all sides.
The cloth used is mainly close meshed mosquito net
• The selected breed is held in hand net and
introduced in hapa.
SPAWNING
• The spawning occurs 5-7 hours after injection. The
eggs swell up in water. The fertilized eggs are
transparent and look like pearl whereas unfertilized
eggs look opaque and whitish.
16. ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING
INDUCED BREEDING
• (a) Hydrological factors –
i. Temperature of water should be between24 to 31˚C.The
warm water stimulates maturation of gonads.
ii. The constant flow of water promotes breeding.
iii. The oxygen content should be high
• (b) Light factors – the intensity and increases in light hours
induce early maturation and spawning in fish.
• (c) Nature of habitat – the presence of stones, plants for
egg laying stimulates the fish to breed.
• (d) Seasonal changes – this affect hypothalamus, which in
turn effect secretion of pituitary hormone.
17. 2. FISH SEED
• Fishes are adapted to have wide range of feeding
habits. Some fishes are herbivorous, some are
carnivorous and majority of are omnivorous.
• Some fishes are plankton feeders e.g. Cirrhinus
reba, Hilsa hilsa.
• Schaperclaus classified natural food in 3 groups-
i. Main food – it is called natural food.
ii. Occasional food – the food is also liked and
consumed when available.
iii. Emergency food – this food is taken when
prefered food is not available.
19. ARTIFICIAL FOOD
• The artificial food is given to fishes, in addition to
natural food. So supplementary food is required to
survival and growth. It is called artificial food.
• The commonly used artificialfood for carps are rice
bran and oil cakes of groundnut,coconut, etc.
• The artificial feed is of different types –
i. The artificial feed of spawn is powdered oil cakes.
The feed should pass through fine meshed sieve.
ii. The artificial feed of Catla catla consists of mustard
oil cake wheat mixture and silk worm pupae.
20. iii. The poultry feed consists of crude protein 16%,
ash 3.5%, acid unsoluble ash 2%, phosphate 0.8%,
moisture 10%,other extracts 11% and added vitamin
A, B2 and D3 also gave satisfactory results in spawn
rearing.
iv. The powdered algae and aquatic weeds also used
as artificial feed.
• The artificial feed should have following
characteristics –
a) Readily acceptable d) Easy transportation
b) Easy digestibility e) Abundantly available
c) Low cost
21. Conversion rate = Quantity of feed
Weight increases
It is also called food quotient , food coefficient
or growth coefficient.
22. PELLETING
• The dry feed is called pellet. The compressed pellet
are formed initially by steam and later by moist heat,
having temperature around 80-90%. The ingredients
of pellet includes fibre and carbohydrates and
spraying of fat or oil.
• The various types of mechanical feedersare used for
distribution of pellet. The mechanical feeder includes
a hopper, a motor, and device with timer for
regulation of supply of pellets to the pond.
24. USE OF GROWTH PROMOTING
HORMONES FOR FISH GROWTH
• The hormones are also used in modern fish culture
to incease the growth rate of fishes.
• The main hormones used are –
i. Sex steroids – Natural oestrogen and androgens
ii. Thyroid hormone
iii. Growth hormone(bovine growth hormone)
iv. Insulin
25. 3. TECHNIQUES OF FISH
CUUTURE
• INTRODUCTION - Fish culture in india is very old.
Upto 19th century, the fish culture involving
collection and transport of carp spawn from rivers
and stocking of ponds was mainly confined to
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Later it gradully spread
to other states. In 1911, Madras state formed a big
fish farm for breeding, rearing, and stocking carps.
Following this example, many states like Bengal,
U.P.,Mysore, Punjab, etc. developed pond culture.
26. I.POND CULTURE
• Ponds are small and shallow water bodies of standing
water with slight wind action. No exact limit of size and
depth are laid down for a pond. The ponds are of 3
types –
i. The small water bodies, remanant of lakes earlier.
ii. The small shallow bodies, which not develop as lake.
iii. Those bodies which are constructed or excavated.
• The ponds also classified as village ponds, irrigation
ponds, spill ponds, rain water ponds. The ponds also
called perennial pond if water is always present and if
water is present seasonally, called temporary ponds.
27. VARIOUS TYPES OF PONDS
i. NURSERY POND – Where hatchlings and fries
are kept for growth. These are small water
reservoirs near the hapas. These prepared before
hatching of hatchlings. The nursery ponds should
be kept free of predatory and weed fishes.
In nursery ponds heavy mortality of fries due to –
• Lack of suitable food .
• Decreased O2 level due to overgrowyh of planktons
• sudden changes in the quality of water.
• Presence of predatory fishes.
The precautions should be taken.
29. ii. REARING PONDS – The rearing ponds are to
maintain proper growth of fingerlings.these are
longer and narrower to provide long distance
swimming to the fishes. It helps in proper growth of
fishes. The food supply should be according to
population of the fingerlings. These ponds should
not have any type of predators.
When fingerlings attain size of more than 20cm,
these are tansferred to the stocking ponds. To avoid
transportation of parasites antibiotics like methyl
blue, copper sulphate, etc.,are used.
31. iii. STOCKING PONDS – These are large sized
ponds where fingerlings are allowed to attain full
size and kept there till harvesting.
In these ponds, the fishes are provided artificial
food in the form of oil cakes, mustard, powdered
rice, groundnut, etc.
HARVESTING – The process in which the full
grown fishes are captured from water is called
harvesting. The metohod of capturing fishes from
water is called as fishing.
33. ARRANGEMENT OF VARIOUS TYPES
OF FISH PONDS -
i. ROSARY SYSTEM – In this, the various types of
ponds are consructed in a series. All ponds are
linked by channel which supplied to first pond by
water source, it is drained by a channel which
supplies water to other pond.
34. ii. PARALLEL SYSTEM – In this type of arrangement,
the ponds may be built in a single series or two parallel
series. All ponds are arranged in parallel lines. But
they have separate inlets and outlets.
35. • To increase the fish growth, the running water system can
also be applied.
• In this culture water of the ponds is changed regularly by the
flowing water system.
• ADVANTAGES OF RUNNING WATER CULTURE –
i. Small ponds are sufficient if enough water supply is there.
ii. Fish growth occurs at higher rate so shortening of time.
iii. Income of farmers increases due more growth of fishes.
• The main fish variety used for this culture is Cyprinus carpio.
• This culture is also performed in reservoirsformed across the
rivers and lakes present on the way of rivers.
2. RUNNING WATER CULTURE
36. 3. RECYCLED WATER CULTURE
• The recycled water culture is a technique to conserve water
while performing the fish culture.
• In this technique, nursery ponds,rearing ponds and stocking
ponds are interconnected by the channels.
• This helps in conservation of water and pisciculture can be
performed with small amount of water.
• This culture of fishes practised as recirculation aquaculture
sysetm(RAS).
• There is continous supply of clean water.
• The dissolved oxygen(DO) level is maintained.
• The optimum temperature is maintanined
• The fishes can be grown thoroughout the year.
37. 4. CAGE CULTURE
• The rearing of spawn to produce fry or fingerlings in cages is
called cage culture.
• This technique was first time used in poonger swamp in Tamil
Nadu.
• The cages are made of galvanisedsteel wire frames with nylon
meshes or simply bamboo frames are used.
• In india the fishes cultured are channa sps., Clarius, Anabas,
Mystus, Sardinella.
• the bottom of cages just kept above to prevent entry of
predatory fishes and escape of fry.
• Optimum use of resources by doing many culture at same place
• convenient to monitor.
39. 5. POLYCULTURE
• During fish culture, two or more complementary species of
fishes are cultured together in a pond or water body. It is
called composite fish culture or polyculture.
• In india is very old practice in which Catla catla (surface
feeder) Labeo rohita (column feeder) and Cirrhinus mrigla
(bottom feeder) are cultured.
• ADVANTAGES –
• All niches are completely exploited.
• Among different species of fishes no competition occurs.
• These fishes are beneficial to each other.
• This results in more fish production at low cost.
40. 4. MANAGEMENT AND
MARKETING OF FISHES AND
THEIR PRODUCTS
• MANAGEMENT OF FISHERY –To get maximum
yeild and good quality of fishes from any type of
fishery,the proper fishery management should be
done.
• It is more successful in culture fishery than capture
fishery.
41. • It can be performed in 4 steps –
i. Proper selection of culturable fish – the
culturable fishes should be selected on the basis of
cropping pattern of fishes.
a) Fish selection for single cropping – if single fish
crop is produced in a year the following factors
should be looked into –
Monoculture or polyculture
Place in food chain
b) Fish selection for multiple cropping – to reduce
unproductive period, the fish varieties producing
multiple cropsshould be used.
42. ii. Management of pond- by pond drying, pond
oxygenation, liming of pond,control of weeds, control
of fish predators and pathogens, control of pollution,
addition of fertilizers for fish growth.
iii. Proper use of supplementary food – feed once a
day during autumn months and twice a day in other
two seasons.
iv. Proper stocking of ponds – to get optimum size
of fish the pond should be stocked much below its
carrying capacity.
43. ECONOMICS OF FISH FARMING
• Fishery is of great importance to human beings by
providing food, most of fishing industries yield a
number of by products of commercial importance.
• Fish as food – Fishes are of great importance to
humans in form of food. Fish contains less
calories, good amount of proteins and less fat.
Fish meat also contains omega-3 fatty acids;
vitamins like A, D and E; minerals like zinc, iodine
and selenium.
45. • Liver oil - it is extracted from liver of fishes. It is
main source of vitamin-A though some fihes
also contain vitamin C,D and E. vitamin-E acts
as an antioxidant of vitamin-A.
• Fish meal – it is prepared from waste of fish oil
or canning industry or from the whole fish of
non-oil type. Fish meal is used as major food of
domestic animals like pig, cattle, poultry, etc.
• Fish protein - it is in the form of white powder
extracted from fish wastes by removing fat and
contains 80 to 90%of soluble proteins.
47. • Fish fertilizer – the waste of fish meal
preparation is widely used as manure for coffee,
tea and tobacco plantation.
• Fish glue - it is obtained from skin and ones of
fishes like cod, haddock, pollock and hake.
• Pharmacopoeia - these are those by products
which are used in ayurvedic an unani system of
medicine.
• Health benefits - fish contain omega-3 fatty
acid which are heart friendly and make
improvements in brain development and also
prevent osteoarthritis.
49. 5. LATEST ADVANCEMENTS IN
AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY
• The fisheries and aquaculture in asia contribute
about 45% of world fish production. The
production of cultured fish can be increased by
introduction of transgenic fish, which can grow
faster and have more nutrients.
50. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FISHERIES
• Biotechnology offers great promises for fish
production, increasing nutritive value of fishes and
fish disease control.
• Biotechnology in fisheries is done by various
techniques.
• Genetic identification and genetic manipulation
act as very potent tools. These techniques are -
51. A. CRYOPRESERVATION OF
GAMETES
• Cryopreservation of semen find widespread use in
artificial insemination of cattle and now applied in
horse, pig and fishes.
• Fish spermatozoa remain quiscent and become
activated after coming in contact with water.
• Thawing is done in water bath at 10˚C to 60˚ C.
• The success of cryopreservation of sperms
depends upon retention of mobility and capability
to fertilize ova.
52. B. MONOSEX CULTURE
• In some fishes, one sex has more growth rate
than other sex. So that sex is commercially more
important.
• In fish sex can be reversed, the female can
change to male and vice versa.
• So sometimes all thefishes of one sex are allowed
to produce.
• It is called monosex culture.
• Monosex cuture can be done in Tilapia.
53. C . SEX REVERSAL
• The process of conversion of male into female
and vice versa is called sex reversal.
• At early stage, the gonads have undifferentiated
tissue which can develop into either of the sexes,
male or female.
• Hormones are responsible for differentiation of
gonads.
• The complete sex reversal was achieved in case
of Carassius (gold fish).
54. D. HYBRIDIZATION
• If the breeding takes place between two different
species which ordinarily do not breed, it is called
hybridization.
• It is very common in families of fishes like
Cyprinidae, Salmonidae, Poecillidae and Percidae
and 50 other families.
• The crosses between two different species suc as
Cyprinus carpio and Labeo rohita results in
production of diploid hybrid called carp – rohu
hybrid
55. E. TRANSGENIC FISH
• Transgenesis, also called Transfection, is the
mechanism involving transfer of desired isolated
genes, or gene fragments, or individual
chromosome or isolated nuclei from one organism
of another, while organisms so produced are
transgenic organisms.
• On the other hand, uptake of genes by cells of
bacteria or other microbes, is called
transformation.
56.
57. CONCLUSION
• We have develop a strategy that simultaneously
satisfies consumer demand and environmental
conservation with an on land aquaculture system.
By implementing this solution, the current
aquaculture issues such as water pollution, high
energy inputs, and improperly nourished fish is to
be eliminated. We believe that the fish farming
can be a very positive industry if right steps are
taken to protect the environment and produce
fishes that are healthy.
58. DISCUSSION
• Aquaculture is the production of aquatic animald
and plants under managed and partially controlled
conditions. It may be done for recreational
purposes, e.g; aquarium keeping, water gardens,
but most aquaculture of aquatic plants and animals
is done for human consumption. Aquaculture is
conducted by rural farmers in developing nations to
supply food for their families. It is done worldwide to
produce fish and other aquatic organisms for
domestic and international markets.
