Basic Principal of FO Installation

1. Basic Principal of
FO INSTALLATION
1

2. Fiber Connector Types
Epoxy
Epoxy-less
Pre-polished
2

3. Splicing
3

4. CONNECTING IT ALL TOGETHER
4

5. Mechanical Splices
Flat plate
V-grooved
substrate
Butt jointed fiber
5

6. Fusion Splices
Electrodes
Fixed block Movable block
Fiber
Fiber alignment
groove
6

7. MT-RJ
7

8. AMP SC Duplex Style Connector
Cable Boot
Crimp Sleeve
Ferrule Assembly
Connector Body
Dust Cover
8

9. SC Connector (Epoxy)
9

10. SC Connector (Epoxyless)
10

11. ST Connector (Epoxyless)
11

12. Fiber Cleaving
Method A (Using Scribe Tool) Method B (Using Cleave Tool)
12

13. Fiber Connector Polishing
Step 1 : Air polishing Step 2 : Polishing on polishing plate
Procedure:
Air polish the connector tip by gently Procedure :
rubbing the tip of the connector in Install the connector into the polishing bush
small circles (or figure 8) until the and polish the connector tip using the 5 µm
cleaved fiber no longer makes polishing film.
scratches on the film. With a thin layer of epoxy on the connector
tip, replace the 5 µm with a 1 µm polishing
film and continue polishing until the epoxy
is totally removed.
Finally, using 0.3 µm polishing film, polish
until a smooth clear finishing on the fiber
tip is achieved.
13

14. Inspecting The Fiber Termination
14

15. Optical Fiber Cabling Systems
15

16. Optical Fiber Parameters
• Optical Fiber Type
• Cable Performance
• Cabling Distance
• Connector Performance
• Splice Performance
• System Performance
• Performance Testing
16

17. Optical Fiber Cable Types
• Horizontal Cabling
− 50/125µm multimode
− 62.5/125µm multimode
• Backbone Cabling
− 50/125µm multimode
− 62.5/125µm multimode
− Singlemode
• Optical fiber types must be manufactured to meet
attenuation specifications measured at both
wavelengths specified for each type
17

18. Optical Fiber Transmission Performance
Maximum Minimum Info.
Optical Fiber Wavelength Transmission
Attenuation
Cable Type (nm) Capacity
(dB/km)
(MHz•km)
850 3.5 500
50/125µm
1300 1.5 500
850 3.5 160
62.5/125µm
1300 1.5 500
Singlemode 1310 1.0 N/A
Inside Plant 1550 1.0 N/A
Singlemode 1310 0.5 N/A
Outside Plant 1550 0.5 N/A
18

19. Horizontal Cabling Distance
6m 90 m 3m
19

20. Backbone Cabling Distance
HC/FD 2000m MC/CD EP
3000m
500m
500m
1500m Multi-mode
HC/FD IC/BD
2500m Singlemode
Cross-connect jumpers/patch cables = 20m
Telecommunications equipment cables = 30m
20

21. Centralized Optical Fiber Cabling
90 meters
Pull-through
TC
WA
Splice/Interconnect WA
TC
90 meters
Centralized 300 meters
Cross-
Connect
21

22. TIA-568B.1 Maximum Fiber Distances
50/125 62.5/125
Network Platforms (850MHz/1300MHz) (850MHz/1300MHz)
10BASE-FL 2000m/--- 2000m/---
4 & 16 Mbps Token Ring 2000m/--- 2000m/---
IEEE 802.12: Demand Priority 500m/2000m 500m/2000m
ATM @ 52Mbps ---/3000m ---/3000m
ATM @ 155 Mbps 1000m/2000m 1000m/2000m
ATM @ 622 Mbps 300m/500m 300m/500m
Fiber Channel (FC-PH) @ 133 Mbps ---/1500m ---/1500m
Fiber Channel (FC-PH) @ 266 Mbps 2000m/1500m 700m/1500m
Fiber Channel (FC-PH) @ 531 Mbps 1000m/--- 350m/---
Fiber Channel (FC-PH) @ 1062 Mbps 500m/--- 300m/---
1000BASE-SX/LX 550m/550m 220m/550m
FDDI LCF-PMD (low-cost) ---/500m ---/500m
FDDI PMD ---/2000m ---/2000m
100BASE-FX ---/2000m ---/2000m
22

23. Connector Performance
• Attenuation Specifications
- 0.75 dB max/mated pair
- 1.5 dB max through a cross-connect
(based on 2 panels)
• Typical Attenuation
- SC - .3 dB
- ST - .3 dB
23

24. Splice Performance
• Attenuation Specifications
- 0.3 dB max
- Fusion or Mechanical
• Typical Attenuation
- Fusion - 0.1 dB
- Mechanical - 0.2 dB
24

25. Power Budgets - Definition
“The difference in optical power between what
the transmitter delivers into a fiber and what
the receiver requires from the fiber
to operate properly”
-19dBm -36dBm
15dB
TX RX
25

26. System Power Budget
Tx Rx
Launch Power (dBm) Input power
Output Power = Power launched Sensitivity = Minimum input
into a specific type fiber (i.e. power to obtain specified bit error
62./125) rate
Example = Power -14 dBm to -19 Sensitivity = -14 dBm to -36
dBm dBm
Power Budget : -19-(-36) =17dB
26

27. Power Budgets - Units of Measure
• dB
- A Measurement of Loss/Gain
- In This Case a Positive Number
• dBm, dBu
- A Measurement of Power as Compared
to One Milliwatt or One Microwatt
- Normally a Negative Number
27

28. Power Budgets - Elements for Calculation
• TX Power Out
• RX Sensitivity
• Margin (Average = @3 dB)
− Aging
− Safety Aging
- Safety
28

29. Power Budgets - Calculation Example
TX Power: -19dBm
RX Sensitivity: -36dBm
Margin: 3dB
Formula: -19-(-36)-3
Power Budget = 14dB
29

30. Link Loss Budget
Elements for Calculation
−Fiber Attenuation
−Connector Loss
−Splice Loss
−Passive Component Loss
30

31. Link Loss Budgets - Calculation Example
Splice
TX RX
Connectors
1Km
(62.5/125µm)
Link Loss Budget
3.5 dB
- _______ (Fiber Attenuation)
1.5 dB
- _______ (Connector Loss)
0.3 dB
- _______ (Splice Loss)
0.0 dB
- _______ (Passive Component Loss)
= 5.3 dB
System loss measurement should always be less than the link loss budget
31

32. Link Margin - Calculation Example
Splice
TX RX
Connectors
1Km
(62.5/125µm)
System Power Budget = 17 dB
Link Loss = 5.3 dB
Link Margin = 11.7
32

33. Inspection & Test Equipment
∗ Microscope : 100 - 200x
Visual Inspection of Connector End Faces
∗ Power Meters : Measure power (mW) and relative
power (dB)
∗ OTDR : Measures length of fiber
Attenuation
Connector and Splice
Return Loss
Look for :
Multiple wavelengths - 850 -1300 -1550
Short dead zone
Accuracy & resolution 33

34. Testing Requirements
• Link Attenuation
− Required
• Polarization
− Recommended
34

35. Horizontal Link Attenuation
Horizontal Link Measurement
• Measured at only one Wavelength
− Either 850 nm or 1300 nm
− Only one direction required
• ANSI/EIA/TIA-526-14A, Method B
− One Reference Jumper
• Attenuation results less than 2.0 dB
− Based on the loss of two connector pairs plus 90 meters of optical
fiber cable
35

36. Centralized Link Attenuation
Centralized Link Measurement
• Measured at only one Wavelength
− Either 850 nm and 1300 nm
− Only one direction required
• ANSI/EIA/TIA-526-14A, Method B
− One Reference Jumper
• Attenuation results less than 2.9 dB
A
− Based on the loss of two connector pairs plus 300m meters of optical
fiber cable and 1 splice in the TC
• Attenuation results less than 3.3 dB
− Based on the loss of two connector pairs plus 300m meters of optical
B
fiber cable and an interconnection
36

37. Centralized Link Attenuation Example
300 meters
(1.05 dB)
A
.75 dB .3 dB .75 dB
(mated pair) (splice) (mated pair)
B
.75 dB .75 dB .75 dB
(Interconnection) (mated pair)
37

38. Backbone Link Attenuation Measurement
Backbone Link Measurement
• Measured at both operating Wavelengths
− Multi-mode at 850 nm and 1300 nm
− Singlemode at 1310 nm and 1550 nm
− Only one direction required
• ANSI/EIA/TIA-526-14A, Method B
− Multi-mode - one Reference Jumper
• ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-7, Method A.1
− Singlemode - one Reference Jumper
38

39. Backbone Link Attenuation Specifications
Backbone Link Attn. = Cable Attn. + Connector Attn. + Splice Attn.
Maximum
Optical Fiber Wavelength
Attenuation
Cable Type (nm)
(dB/km)
850 3.5
50/125µm
1300 1.5
850 3.5
62.5/125µm
1300 1.5
Singlemode 1310 1.0
Inside Plant 1550 1.0
Singlemode 1310 0.5
Outside Plant 1550 0.5
Connector Attenuation (mated pair) = 0.75 dB Splice Attenuation = 0.3 dB
39

40. Backbone Link Attenuation Example
300 meters
(1.05 dB)
.75 dB .3 dB .75 dB
(mated pair) (splice) (mated pair)
40

41. Optical Fiber Link Certification
EIA/TIA-526-14A EIA/TIA-526-7
• Measures Optical Loss of Cable • Measures Optical Loss of Cable
Plant Plant
• Specifies Power Meters • Specifies Power Meters and OTDR
• Indicates if Cable Plant Meets • Indicates if Cable Plant Meets
Power Budget Power Budget
• For Multimode Fiber Only • For Singlemode Fiber Only
• Includes Two Methods • Includes Two Methods
• Includes Three Methods for Power
Meters and One for OTDR
41

42. EIA-TIA-526-14A(B)/TIA/EIA-526-7(A.1)
Test Jumper 1
Reference
P1
Source Detectors
Cable Plant
Test Jumper 1 Test Jumper 2
Test
P2
42

43. Troubleshooting
Flashlight
Microscope
OTDR
VFL Power Meters
43

44. Common Failures/Faults
• Polarity
− Patch/drop cables reversed
• Attenuation
− Cable Breaks
− May be caused by exceeding tensile load or bend radius
− Core Mismatch/Misalignment
− Caused by mixing different fiber types in the same channel
− Caused by connecting hardware imperfections/installation/assembly
− Poor Splice
− Poor cleave, fusion arc, mechanical assembly
− Poor Finish on Connector
− Dust, chipped/cracked/pistoned fiber
44

45. Loss Mechanisms in Connections
Loss from Angular
Loss from End Separation Misalignment
Loss from Lateral Displacement
45

46. OTDR Troubleshooting
Cable Plant
Dead Zone Fiber
46

47. Backscatter plot from a fiber under test with an OTDR
Reflected
power Backscatter
Reflection
from joint
Fresnel end
reflection
Light pulse Fault loss
launched
into fiber
Faulty region of Splice
high attenuation
Fiber end test
under
F ib e r
Time
Distance
from
launch
47

48. WHAT IS BACK REFLECTION ?
Air
Refractive Barriers Caused by Polishing
Reflected Signals Travel Backward Toward Light Source
48

49. ANGLED PC FERRULES
Back Reflection is Directed Away from the Core and Cladding
Angle PC (APC) 8 ° Angle, PC Polish
60dB
49

50. Summary
• Identified performance characteristics and industry
standard specifications of optical fiber types and
connecting hardware
• Defined power budgets
• Determined how to calculate unused margins
• Identified attenuation specifications for both
horizontal and backbone optical fiber cabling links
• Identified the industry standards methods for the
certification of an optical fiber cabling system
• Determined how to recognize common faults in an
optical fiber cabling system
50