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ISSN: 2278 –
1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 Simulation and Analysis of Dropped Packets for DSR Protocol in VANETs Avleen Kaur Malhi, A. K. Verma communications. While the major objective has clearly been Abstract— VANET (Vehicular Adhoc Network) is a new to improve the overall safety of vehicular traffic, promising concept in the field of wireless networks. The main objective of traffic management solutions. VANET is to build a powerful network between mobile vehicles so that the vehicles can talk to each other for the safety of the humans. The various protocols are being used in VANET environment. The aim of work is to simulate and analyze the DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) protocol in VANET. DSR protocol is simulated under realistic scenario with the help of mobility models. The work has been carried out with the help of open-source simulation tools on realistic scenario of traffic with the help of MOVE, SUMO and NS-2. The performance of DSR protocol is tested for the number of dropped packets during the simulation and results are also compared by varying the number of nodes used for simulation. The analysis indicate that there is increase in the number of dropped packets used as and the average throughput of dropped packets also increases the number of nodes are increased. Index Terms— VANET, DSR, NS-2, SUMO, MOVE Figure 1. VANET Example I. INTRODUCTION VANETs are characterized by[2]: In the recent years, vehicular networking has gained a lot of high velocity of the vehicles popularity among the industry and academic research environment factors: obstacles, traffic jams, etc. community and is seen to be the most valuable concept for determined mobility patterns that depend on source to improving efficiency and safety for future transportations. A destination path and on traffic conditions Vehicular Ad-Hoc network is a form of Mobile ad-hoc intermittent communications (isolated networks of cars Networks, to provide communication among nearby vehicles due to the fragmentation of the network) and between vehicles and nearby fixed equipment i.e. roadside equipment. The main goal of VANET is providing high congestion channels (e.g. due to high density of safety and comfort for passengers. nodes). The important factors that would influence the adoption of In this paper, we have analyzed the performance of Adhoc VANET architecture for future vehicular applications would Routing Protocol, DSR protocol by taking the different be - parameters such as cumulative sum of dropped packets, Low latency requirements for safety applications throughput and packet size. Extensive growth of interactive and multimedia applications Increasing concerns about privacy and security II. APPLICATIONS IN VANETS Transportation-related applications[3] are those applications A view of such a network is shown in Figure 1. It is estimated that increase the safety of the driver and passengers. that the first systems that will integrate this technology are Transportation-related applications range from safety police and fire vehicles to communicate with each other for applications such as cooperative forward collision warning or safety purposes. Further, A novel type of wireless access extended electronic brake lights to traffic management called Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) applications such as road-condition warnings or alternative is dedicated to vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside route warnings. Convenience and personalized applications Manuscript received june 20, 2012. increase the comfort of the driver and passengers. Avleen Kaur Malhi, Computer Scince and Engineering Department, Transportation-related applications and Convenience and Thapar University, Patiala, India, Mobile No. 9530505253,(e-mail: avleen.malhi@gmail.com) personalized applications have a set of requirements that is A. K. Verma, Computer Scince and Engineering Department, Thapar common to almost all applications. The most interesting University, Patiala, India, Mobile No. 9888601667, (e-mail: requirements are: coverage should be in the range of 10 to akverma@thapar.edu) 267 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
2.
ISSN: 2278 –
1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 1000 meters with a car maximum relative speed of 500 Km/h. The proactive routing means that the routing information like Latency ranges between 50 ms to 500 ms. next forwarding hope is maintained in the background In general, safety applications should not wait more than 200 irrespective of communication requests. Reactive Routing ms. A likely situation may arise in case there are traffic jams Protocols implement route determination on a demand or and redundant packets of multiple nodes consume the need basis and maintain only the routes that are currently in bandwidth. use, thereby reducing the burden on the network when only a subset of available routes is in use at any time . Position based routing Protocols share the property of using geographic A. Safety Related Applications positioning information in order to select the next forwarding Typical safety applications are characterized as being hops. applications in which the main objective is to disseminate In our simulation, we have used the Reactive Routing certain event that have occurred in the vicinity of the sender. Protocols, namely DSR. Some examples described are: A. DSR Cooperative awareness: to extend non-cooperative driver Dynamic source routing (DSR) [6] protocol is one of the assistance systems whose perception is limited to the example of an on-demand routing protocol that is based on operative range of on-board sensors (adverse weather, the concept of source routing. The DSR network is totally obstacles or dangerous road conditions). self organizing and self configuring. DSR uses no periodic Cooperative assistance: distribution of data (e.g. warning routing messages like AODV, thereby reduces network of accidents). bandwidth overhead, conserves battery power and avoids large routing updates. B. Convenience and Personalized Applications The DSR routing protocol discovers routes and maintains Typical Convenience and personalized applications[4] are: information regarding the routes from one node to other by Car to Mobile devices: Those applications between the car using two main mechanisms: route discovery and route and mobile devices (e.g. mobile phone, MP3, laptop, etc). maintenance. The DSR regularly updates its route cache for Car to Home and Car to Office: Communications between the sake of new available easy routes. Route Discovery is the the car and private networks either at home or at office. mechanism by which a node S wishing to send a packet to a Car to Enterprise: Communications between the car and destination node D obtains a source route to D. Route companies (e.g. restaurants, gas stations, parking areas, Discovery is used only when S attempts to send a packet to D etc) that give road services. and does not already know a route to D. Route Maintenance Car to infrastructure: Information received by a car from is the mechanism by which node S is able to detect, with the hot spots giving road and traffic information and car help of a source route to D, if the network topology has access to Internet. changed such that it can no longer use its route to D because a Car to Car: Exchange of information between car users link along the route no longer works. If a link failure is found (e.g. files, platoon traveling, etc). between source and destination, the source node tries to find another route to the destination or invokes Route Discovery DSR has a unique advantage of source routing. As the route is part of the packet itself, routing loops, either III. ROUTING PROTOCOLS short – lived or long – lived, cannot be formed as they can be immediately detected and eliminated. The packet in DSR In VANET, the routing protocols are classified into two carries all information pertaining to route in its preamble categories: Topology based and Position based Routing (header) thus permitting the intermediate nodes to cache the Protocols. Topology based routing protocols use links routing information in their route tables for their future use. information that exist in the network to perform packet forwarding. They are further divided into Proactive and IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY USED Reactive. To carry out the experiments in this paper, MOVE along with SUMO and NS2 is used. A. MOVE A tool MOVE (MObility model generator for Vehicular networks) [7] to facilitate users to rapidly generate realistic mobility models for VANET simulations. MOVE is currently implemented in java and is built on top of an open source micro-traffic simulator SUMO. By providing a set of Graphical User Interfaces that automate the simulation script generation, MOVE allows the user to quickly generate realistic simulation scenarios without the hassle of writing simulation scripts as well as learning about the internal details of the simulator. The output of MOVE is a mobility Figure 2. Classification of routing protocols[5] trace file that contains information about realistic vehicle movements which can be immediately used by popular 268 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 simulation tools such as ns-2. The architecture of MOVE is It consists of two simulation tools. The network simulator shown in Figure 3. (ns) contains all commonly used IP protocols. The network The two main function of MOVE are: animator (NAM) is use to visualize the simulations. MAP Editor It is packaged with a bundle of rich libraries for simulating Vehicle Movement Editor wireless networks. All the mobile nodes in NS-2 quickly The Map Editor is used to create the road topology. Currently assume that they are the part of Ad-hoc network and the our implementation provides three different ways to create simulation mobile nodes connected with infrastructure the road map – the map can be manually created by the user, networks are not really possible. generated automatically, or imported from existing real world maps such as publicly available TIGER. We have also V. SIMULATION integrated Google Earth into MOVE to facilitate the creation The simulation parameters used and the simulation setup of nodes in a realistic setting. The Vehicle Movement Editor for this study are described in this section. allows the user to specify the trips of vehicles and the route that each vehicle will take for one particular trip. A. Simulation Setup Simulation environment consists of 4,10 and 15 wireless vehicle nodes which are moving on the lanes of mobility model used and forming a Vehicular Ad-hoc Network, moving about over a 652meters X 752 meters area for 1000 seconds of simulated time. The table below list the details of the simulation setup used in this simulation based analysis of DSR protocol. Table 1: Simulation Setup Figure 3. MOVE architecture B. SUMO NS version NS-2.33 “Simulation of Urban MObility" (SUMO) [8] is an open MOVE version 2.64 source, highly portable, microscopic road traffic simulation package designed to handle large road networks. It allows the SUMO version 0.12.3 user to build a customized road topology, in addition to the import of different readymade map formats of many cities Tracegraph version 2.0.2 and towns of the world. Figure 4. shows SUMO visualization. DSR NS-2 Default No. Of nodes 4,10,15 Traffic type TCP Channel Type Wireless Channel Network Interface Type Wireless physical Antenna model Omnidirectional Radio Propagation Model Two Ray Ground Adhoc Routing Protocol DSR Figure 4. SUMO Visualization MAC type IEEE 802.11 C. NS-2 The Network Simulator (ns2) [9] is a discrete event Simulation Time 1000 seconds driven simulator developed at UC Berkeley. We are using Network Simulator NS2 for simulations of protocols. It Data Type CBR(Constant Bit Rate) provides substantial support for simulation of TCP, routing and multicast protocols over wired and wireless networks. Data packet size 1000 bytes Ns-2 code is written either in C++ and OTCL and is kept in a Window Size 20 separate file that is executed by OTCL interpreter, thus generating an output file for NAM (Network animator) [10]. Scenario Urban It then plots the nodes in a position defined by the code script Road Traffic Direction and exhibits the output of the nodes communicating with Multidirectional each other. Queue Length 50 269 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 B. Simulation Parameters For this study three performance metrics are selected namely:- 1) Throughput: Throughput describes as the total number of received packets at the destination out of total transmitted packets. It is the average rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel. It is the number of received packets per TIL (Time Interval Length). This data may be delivered over a physical or logical link, or pass through a certain network node. The throughput is usually measured Figure 6. Cumulative sum of dropped packets vs event time in bits per second (bit/s or bps), and sometimes in data for 10 nodes packets per second or data packets per time interval length(TIL). Total no. of received packets at destination * packet size T = ---------------------------------------------------------- Total simulation time 2) Packets drop: The number of packets dropped at a given instance of time in the simulation run determines the efficiency of the protocol. The reason for packet drop may arise due to congestion, faulty hardware and queue overflow etc. 3) Simulation Time: It describes the total time taken by the Figure 7. Cumulative sum of dropped packets vs event time simulator NS-2 to simulate the individual routing protocol. for 15 nodes VI. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS INFERENCE: The number of dropped packets increases with the increase in number of nodes. The packet loss is The DSR protocol is being simulated over a realistic mobility always more at the initial stage and then increases slowly model and the results are analyzed in different node densities with the event time. The event time interval also decreases as of 4 nodes, 10 nodes and 15 nodes. the number of nodes increases due to the increase in dropped packets. A. Cumulative sum of dropped packets vs event time B. Throughput of dropping packets In this case, the number of dropped packets are analysed in three cases of 4 nodes, 10 nodes, and 15 nodes. Now, the throughput of dropped packets is analysed for 4, 10 and 15 nodes. Figure 5. Cumulative sum of dropped packets vs event time for 4 nodes Figure 8. Throughput of dropping packets for 4 nodes 270 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 Figure 9. Throughput of dropping packets for 10 nodes Figure 12. Packet size vs Average throughput of dropping packets for 10 nodes Figure 10. Throughput of dropping packets for 15 nodes Figure 13. Packet size vs Average throughput of dropping INFERENCE: As the number of nodes increases, the packets for 15 nodes steepness of graph increases as the throughput of dropping packets increases with the number of nodes. INFERENCE: The highest ratio of dropped packets are of lower sizes around 100 bytes. The maximum number of C. Packet size vs Average throughput of dropping packets dropped packets are of size below 110 bytes. The packet sizes are analysed for which there are more number of packets dropped. VII. CONCLUSION VANETs are an important research field which is emerging nowdays. It defines the important technology required to support Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications. Instead of developing the all new protocols for VANET, an insight has been made to already existing MANET protocols such as DSR. DSR is a reactive routing protocol and has been extended on VANET for simulations under MOVE and SUMO with mobility models taken from MOVE. The experiment has been conducted for 4 nodes, 10 nodes and 15 nodes to understand the behavior of dropped packets. The analysis against different parameters such as sum of dropped packets, throughput and packet size has been done and following Figure 11. Packet size vs Average throughput of dropping observations has been made: packets for 4 nodes 1) The number of dropped packets increases with increase in number of nodes. 2) The throughput of dropping packets increases with the increase in the number of nodes from 4 to 15, as the 271 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 number of dropped packets increases. 3) The more number of dropped packets are recorded for the packet sizes between 80 to 100 bytes for all the three scenarios of 4, 10 and 15 nodes. The maximum nodes considered in the work are 15 due to hardware constraints of the computer. So, it would be interesting to see the behaviour of the DSR protocol for the higher number of nodes, for which the machine of higher configuration will be required. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thank all the anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback on the work presented over here. REFERENCES [1] Vanet Simulator, Report for the Computer Security exam at the Politecnico di Torino Walter Dal Mut, Armand Sofack. [2] Thomas D.C. Little and Ashish Agarwal, “An Information Propagation Scheme for VANETs”, Proceedings of the 8th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vienna, Austria, September 13-16, 2005. [3] Gayathri Chandrasekaran, “VANETs: The Networking Platform for Future Vehicular Applications”, Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University. [4] R. Mangharam, D. Weller, R. Rajkumar, P. Mudalige, and F. Bai, “Groovenet: A hybrid simulator for vehicle-to-vehicle networks,” in Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems - Workshops, 3rd Annual International Conference , 2006. [5] Kevin C. Lee, Uichin Lee, Mario Gerla,“Survey of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks”, RoutingBookChapterKLULMario.pdf. [6] Johnson, D. B. and Maltz, D. A. (1996), “Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks,” Mobile Computing, T. Imielinski and H. Korth, Eds., Ch. 5, Kluwer, 1996, pp. 153–81. [7] Pranav Kumar Singh, Kapang Lego and Dr. Themrichon Tuithung, “Simulation based Analysis of Adhoc Routing Protocol in Urban and Highway Scenario of VANET”, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 12– No.10, January 2011. [8] SUMO (2012). “Simulation of Urban Mobility”. Accessed on 11 May, 2012 from http://sumo.sourceforge.net/docs/bibliography.shtml. [9] Ke Liu “Network Simulator 2: Introduction”, Dept. Of Computer Science, SUNY Binghamton, available at http://www.cs.binghamton.edu/~kliu/cs580t/ns2pre.pdf. [10] NAM Network Animator. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/nam/ Dr. A K Verma is currently a faculty in the department of Computer Science and Engineering at Thapar University, Patiala. He received his B.S., M.S. and Doctorate in 1991, 2001 and 2008, respectively, majoring in Computer science and engineering. He has worked as Lecturer at M.M.M. Engg. College, Gorakhpur from 1991 to 1996. He joined Thapar University in 1996 and is presently associated with the same Institute. He has been a visiting faculty to many institutions. He has published over 100 papers in referred journals and conferences (India and Abroad). He has chaired various sessions in the International and National Conferences. He is a MIEEE, MACM, MISCI, LMCSI, MIETE, GMAIMA. He is a certified software quality auditor by MoCIT, Govt. of India. His research interests include wireless networks, routing algorithms and cloud computing. Avleen Kaur Malhi is currently pursuing her M.E. in Computer Science and Engineering from Thapar University. She is doing her thesis work in the area of Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks. She has completed her B.Tech from Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana in 2010. Her research interests are VANETs and Wireless Ad-hoc Networks. 272 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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