history

1. HARRAPAN AND
MESOPOTAMIAN
CIVILIZATION
By Fenil shah

2. Sr Number Topic Page number
01 Introduction 5th
Slide
02 Time line 7th
slide
03 Town planning 9th
slide
04 Religious belief 11th
slide
05 Trade 13th
slide
06 Seal 15th
slide
07 Food 17th
slide
Index Harappan civilization

3. Sr Number Topic Page Number
08 Script 19th
slide
09 Burial
procedure
21th
slide
10 Ornaments 23th
slide
11 Clothes 25th
slide

4. HARAPPAN
CIVILIZATION

5. Introduction
◦Harappa is known to be a 4700 years old city in
the subcontinent which was discovered around
the time 1920. Soon after the discovery of cities
like Lothal, Dholavira, Mohenjodaro, and
Kalibangan have also been discovered and
were come to be known as the Harappan cities
or also the advent of Harappan Civilization.

7. Time line
◦The Indus Valley Civilization is often separated
into three phases: the Early Harappan Phase
from 3300 to 2600 BCE, the Mature Harappan
Phase from 2600 to 1900 BCE, and the Late
Harappan Phase from 1900 to 1300 BCE. This
map shows the extent of the Indus Valley
Civilization during the Mature Harappan Phase.

9. Town planning
◦ Indus Valley Civilization town planning
◦ The town planning of the Harappan civilization upholds the fact that the civic
establishments of the city were highly developed. They followed a system of centralized
administration.
◦ Settlements of Harappans with Town planning
◦ ● Harappa or Mohenjodaro in Pakistan
◦ ● Kalibangan, Lothal or Sarkotada in India

11. Religious belief
◦The Indus Valley religion is polytheistic and is
made up of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.
There are many seals to support the evidence
of the Indus Valley Gods. Some seals show
animals which resemble the two gods, Shiva
and Rudra. Other seals depict a tree which the
Indus Valley believed to be the tree of life.

13. Trade
◦Other trade goods included terracotta
pots, gold, silver, metals, beads, flints for
making tools, seashells, pearls, and
colored gem stones, such as lapis lazuli
and turquoise. There was an extensive
maritime trade network operating
between the Harappan and
Mesopotamian civilizations.

15. Seal
◦Indus Valley Civilisation produced a lot of
artefacts and art forms. ... Thousands of seals
have been discovered by archaeologists from
the Harappan sites. Most of the seals were
made of steatite, which is a kind of soft stone.
A few of them were also made of terracotta,
gold, agate, chert, ivory and faience.

17. Food
◦he people of the Indus Valley
Civilisation in northwest India had a
predominantly meat-heavy diet,
comprising animals like pigs, cattle,
buffalo and sheep, along with dairy
products, a study published in Journal
of Archaeological Science has shown.

19. Script
◦The Indus script is a corpus of symbols
produced by the Indus Valley Civilization. Most
inscriptions containing these symbols are
extremely short, making it difficult to judge
whether or not these symbols constituted a
script used to record a language, or even
symbolise a writing system.

21. Burial Procedure
◦In general, the burials in the Harappan period
were all in brick or stone lined rectangular or
oval pits. The body was usually interred clothed
shrouded or in a wooden coffin in the north
south direction in a straight direction. It was
important that the body did not come into
contact with the ground.

23. Ornaments
◦Ornaments were made of gold, silver,
copper, ivory, precious and semi-precious
stones, bones and shells etc. Other pieces
that women frequently wore were thin
bands of gold that would be worn on the
forehead, earrings, primitive brooches,
chokers and gold rings.

25. Clothes
◦The fashion of the Harappan and
Mohenjo-Daro people consisted of loin cloth
for men, wrap skirts and shoulder shawls for
women, sandals made out of cloth and wood,
and their cloths were made out of cotton and
woolen yarn. Most of the time, the people
would wear ornaments, necklaces, fillets,
armlets.

27. MESOPOTAMIAN
CIVILISATION
By Fenil shah

28. Sr Number Topic Page number
01 Introduction 30th
Slide
02 Time line 32th
slide
03 Town planning 34th
slide
04 Religious belief 35th
slide
05 Trade 37th
slide
06 Seal 40th
slide
07 Food 42th
slide
Index Mesopotamian civilization

29. Sr Number Topic Page number
08 Script 44th
slide
09 Burial
procedure
46th
slide
10 Ornaments 48th
slide
11 Clothes 50th
slide
12 Bibliography 52th
slide
13 Acknowledgem
ent
53st
slide
14 Thank you 54nd
slide

30. Introduction
◦Mesopotamia is the Greek word meaning "land
between the rivers." Ancient civilization
developed in this area because of the Tigris
and the Euphrates Rivers. The land was fertile,
the nearby rivers provided water, and settled
farming was practiced. ... Mesopotamians
were probably the first peoples to use the
wheel.

32. Time line
◦ Mesopotamia Timeline
◦ c. 11700 BCE. ...
◦ 10000 BCE. Beginnings of agriculture in the Middle East.
◦ 9000 BCE. Cultivation of wild cereals in the Fertile Crescent.
◦ 8000 BCE. Ovens in use in the Near East are applied to pottery production.
◦ c. 6000 BCE. ...
◦ c. 5400 BCE. ...
◦ 5000 BCE. Irrigation and agriculture begin in earnest in Mesopotamia.
◦ c. 5000 BCE.

34. Town planning
◦The Mesopotamian cities fell short in terms of
town planning as compared to the Harappan
centres but followed a uniform pattern
nevertheless. ... People resided in the walled
city and the outer town areas. Houses were
constructed along the streets, and each house
had a central courtyard with rooms attached
around it.

36. Religious belive
◦Religion was central to Mesopotamians as they
believed the divine affected every aspect of
human life. Mesopotamians were polytheistic;
they worshipped several major gods and
thousands of minor gods. Each Mesopotamian
city, whether Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian
or Assyrian, had its own patron god or goddess.

38. Trade
◦By the time of the Assyrian Empire,
Mesopotamia was trading exporting grains,
cooking oil, pottery, leather goods, baskets,
textiles and jewelry and importing Egyptian
gold, Indian ivory and pearls, Anatolian silver,
Arabian copper and Persian tin. Trade was
always vital to resource-poor Mesopotamia.

40. Seal
◦Cylinder seals were a small, carved stone cylinder
that was used to make an impression in wet clay.
When rolled on the wet clay, the seal left an
impression that could prove ownership or identity. A
cylinder seal is a small round cylinder, typically about
one inch in length, engraved with written characters
or figurative scenes or both, used in ancient times to
roll an impression onto a two-dimensional surface,
generally wet clay

42. Food
◦Grains, such as barley and wheat, legumes
including lentils and chickpeas, beans, onions,
garlic, leeks, melons, eggplants, turnips,
lettuce, cucumbers, apples, grapes, plums,
figs, pears, dates, pomegranates, apricots,
pistachios and a variety of herbs and spices
were all grown and eaten by Mesopotamians.

44. Script
◦The principal languages of ancient
Mesopotamia were Sumerian, Babylonian and
Assyrian (together sometimes known as
'Akkadian'), Amorite, and - later - Aramaic.
They have come down to us in the "cuneiform"
(i.e. wedge-shaped) script, deciphered by
Henry Rawlinson and other scholars in the
1850s.

46. Burial procedure
◦Those who were not royal were buried under
their home with some of their possessions. They
interred them with food, drinks, tools, and other
offerings. Often, they wrapped the deceased
in mats or carpets. ... They also believed the
deceased should be buried so their souls were
closer to the underworld.

48. Ornaments
◦The preferred jewellery designs used in
Mesopotamia were natural and geometric
motifs such as leaves, cones, spirals, and
bunches of grapes. Sumerian and Akkadian
jewellery was created from gold and silver leaf
and set with many semiprecious stones (mostly
agate, carnelian, jasper, lapis lazuli and
chalcedony).

50. Clothes
◦Both men and women were clothed in
a large piece of material—most
commonly of wool, though later also of
linen—draped around the body over a
skirt. This garment, similar to a shawl,
was characteristically edged with
tassels or fringe.

52. Bibligraphy
◦ www.google.com

53. Acknowledgement
◦I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher Rajita Ma’am as well as our principal Dr Kavita
Sharma who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic Harappan and
Mesopotamian civilization, which also helped me in doing a
lot of Research and i came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to them.
◦Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.

54. Thank you