Presentation 1: FAO efforts on shrimp aquaculture health management including the AHPND International Technical Seminar (Dr Melba B. Reantaso, FAO)

FAO TCP/INT/3502 “Reducing and managing the risk of
Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) of Cultured Shrimp”
FAO efforts on shrimp aquaculture
health management including the
AHPND International Technical
Seminar
Melba B. Reantaso
Lead Technical Officer:TCP/INT/3502 &
Aquaculture Officer
Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations
Melba.Reantaso@fao.org
Skype: mreantaso
7/24/2017
International Technical Seminar/Workshop “EMS/AHPND: Government, Scientist and Farmer Responses”
22-24 June 2015, Tryp Hotel, Panama City 1

Outline
7/24/2017 International Technical Seminar/Workshop “EMS/AHPND:
Government, Scientist and Farmer Responses”
2
• Global aquaculture production, top 10 P. vannamei
and P. monodon producers
• Transboundary aquatic animal diseases (TAADs)
• Chronology of shrimp pathogen emergence in
aquaculture
• FAO efforts on shrimp aquaculture health
management
• FAO response to EMS/AHPND
• Why are we here?

Capture vs Aquaculture
Aqua Aquaria India 2015
Capture: plateau
Aquaculture:
increasing steadily
2011: 62.7 million MT

Crustaceans (including shrimps –
are important!
4
• aquatic food protein
• production (food and ornamental) and trade
extremely important for developing nations (high
value commodity)
• livelihood and employment (economic
empowerment)
• high value exports can buy lower value products on
the world market; thus positively contribute to food
security in producing and exporting countries

7/24/2017
International Technical Seminar/Workshop “EMS/AHPND:
5
Top 10 P. vannamei producers (2013, FAOStat)
1. China 2. Indonesia 3. Thailand, 4. Ecuador, 5. Vietnam 6. India
7. Mexico 8. Brazil 9. Honduras 10. Malaysia
#8. Brazil
#9 Honduras
#7 Mexico
#4 Ecuador
#1 China
#2 Indonesia
#10 Malaysia
#5 Vietnam
#3 Thailand
#6 India

7/24/2017
6
Top 10 P. monodon producers (2013, FAOStat)
1. Vietnam 2. Indonesia 3. India 4. China 5. Bangladesh
6. Myanmar 7. Philippines 8. Thailand 9. Madagascar
10. Malaysia
#1 Vietnam
#7 Philippines
#9 Madagascar
#2 Indonesia
#10 Malaysia
#3 India
#5 Bangladesh
#4 China
#8 Thailand
#6 Myanmar

Diseases (infectious) in Aquaculture
• Diseases that are important to trade (OIE list of
diseases), governed by international standards, set of
criteria to be met to be included in the list,
pathogens/diseases of important traded species (e.g.
finfish, crustaceans, molluscs), mandatory
reporting/notification is required during an outbreak
• Diseases that are consistently affecting aquaculture
species: hatchery, nursery and grow-out levels, e.g.
bacteria, parasites, fungal, virus
• Emerging diseases: known and unknown

Diseases in aquaculture
Not caused by a single event
End result of a series of linked
events involving the
interactions between the host,
the environment and the
presence of a
pathogen (Snieszko, 1974).
STRESS is an important factor!!
Snieszko, 1974
Bondad-Reantaso et al., 2002

9
Transboundary aquatic animal diseases
(TAADs)
• highly contagious/transmissible (infectious!)
• potential for very rapid spread irrespective of national
borders (no passport!)
• cause serious socio-economic and possibly health
consequences (high risk and high impact!)
• OIE lists more than 30 aquatic pathogens/diseases which
fit established criteria for listed diseases in terms of
consequence, spread and diagnosis (important to trade!)
• one of the negative impacts trade globalization (important
pathway!)

Factors contributing to the current
disease problems in aquaculture
• intensification of aquaculture through
translocation of broodstock, post-larvae,
fry and fingerlings
• development and expansion of the
ornamental fish trade
• misunderstanding and misuse of specific
pathogen free (SPF) stocks in hatcheries
global distribution of shrimp
diseases
koi herpesvirus (KHV)
Taura syndrome, Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV)
of Specific pathogen free (SPF) Peneaus vannamei

Factors contributing to the current disease
problems in aquaculture
• slow awareness on emerging diseases
• inadequate or poorly implemented
biosecurity measures
• unanticipated negative interactions
between cultured and wild fish populations
• enhancement of marine and coastal areas
through stocking of aquatic animals reared
in hatcheries
KHV in Indonesia and EUS
incursion in Africa
exemplified by Kudoa amamiensis
pilchard mortalities with feeding with live
or fresh food as pathway

Chronology of shrimp pathogen emergence
in aquaculture
7/24/2017
12
1970s
1990s
BMNV
Baculoviral
midgut gland
necrosis virus
MBV
Monodon
baculovirus
WSSV
White spot
syndrome virus
IHHNV
Infectious
hypodermal and
haematopoietic
necrosis virus
HPV
Hepatopancreatic
parvovirus
YHV
Yellow head
virus
1980s
TSV
Taura syndrome
virus
MoV
Mourilyan
virus
2000
IMNV
Infectious
myonecrosis virus
LSNV
Laem-Singh
Virus
EMS/AHPND: a strain of V.
parahaemolyticus
Vibriosis: Vibrio (harveyi, damsela,
alginolyticus, vulnificus, penaeicida)
NHP Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis
BP
Baculo penaeid
virus
EHP Enterocytozoon
hepatopenaei
CMNV Covert
Mortality Nodavirus

7/24/2017
13
Shrimp diseases in aquaculture:
scale of geographic distribution and numbers

7/24/2017
14
FAO efforts on shrimp
aquaculture health management
including the AHPND
International Technical Seminar

15
1999 (Cebu, Philippines): FAO Expert
Workshop:14 shrimp-producing
countries, including five Latin American
countries, attended. The workshop
discussed and agreed upon a number of
strategies for controlling shrimp disease
problems and made recommendations
for future activities.
2000 (Puerto Vallarta, Mexico):
APEC/NACA/FAO/SEMARNAP Expert
Workshop on Transboundary aquatic
animal pathogen transfer and the
development of harmonized standards
on aquaculture health management

7/24/2017
16
2001: TCP/RLA/0071 (A): Assistance to health
management of shrimp culture in Latin America: 14
countries: Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba,
Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico,
Nicaragua, Panama, Peru and Venezuela.
FAO/ASEAN/AAHRI: IMNV
FAO/World Bank: WSSV in
Madagascar/Mozambique
TCP/SUR/3402: Suriname
TCP/INS/3401: Indonesia
TCP/MAL/3501: Malaysia
Subcommittee on Aquaculture (SCA V, 2010
Thailand): Biosecurity agenda
SCA 8: Brasilia; Side event on Biosecurity
(October 2015)

FAO response to EMS/AHPND
7/24/2017
17
2012-2014
2015-2016
CMC
Emergency
Mission
(Jul 2012)
TCP/VIE/3304
(2012-2013)
Development of
two inter-regional
TCPs
Round-table
discussion on
EMS/AHPND
in K Saudi
Arabia
(March 2015)
TCP/INT/3502
EMS/AHPND
(2015-2016)
TCP/INT/3501:
IMNV (2015-2016): includes
an update on EMS/AHPNS:
Brasil, China, Ecuador,
Indonesia, Mexico, Thailand
Development of
technical guidance on
application of
SPF/SPR in
aquaculture (2015)
Hanoi Technical
Consultation on
EMS/AHPND
(June 2013)
Mexico
Technical
Consultation
(July 2014)

• Aquaculture is very important to Viet Nam in
terms of food security & livelihood generation
• Viet Nam is the world’s #1 producer of Black
Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) at 316,000
tonnes and the world #3 for total shrimp,
including white-legged shrimp (P. vannamei)
at 410, 697 tonnes (2009)
• Export value of shrimp: USD 2.1Billion (2010)
• 82% of production in Mekong Delta; 70%
comes for 3 affected provinces
• Unknown disease reported
Red River Delta
Mekong River Delta
82%
3%
15%
Mekong River
Delta
Red River
Delta
Remaining
area
Shrimp
3%
15%
82%
Mekong River Delta
Red River Delta
Remaining Area
EMERGENCY TCP for VIETNAM

Unknown
Disease
EMS/AHPNS
FAO
TCP/VIE/3304
Diagnostic studies:
pathogens: virus,
bacteria, parasites, fungi:
methods: histology, PCR,
Rep-PCR fresh smear,
bacterial metagenomics,
API 20E kit, 16S rRNA
sequencing
Environmental studies
• toxins in water, feed,
sediment
• survey of pesticides in the
environment
Epidemiology
studies
risk factors through
cross-sectional study
2 Technical Consultations
November 2012: Project Team and
National Team
June 2013: Project Team and
international experiences
Philippines, China, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Thailand, USA
(+ topics on vibriosis,
bacteriophage)
Transmission
and challenge
studies:
• per os (orally
administered)
• co-habitation
(water)
• pathogen/pesticide
challenge tests

Unknown
Shrimp
Disease
EMS/AHPNS
Early Mortality
Syndrome
Acute
hepatopancreatic
necrosis syndrome
TCP/VIE/3304
Output 1:
Causative agent
confirmed
Output 2: Affected
farmers trained on farm
biosecurity and good
aquaculture practices
Output 3:
Emergency
preparedness guidelines
improved
Output 4: National
strategy on aquatic
animal health in place
Implementing Partners:
Local Partners
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development
DAH, DFish, RIAs, DOST,
Can Tho University, Regional
field offices
International Partners
FAO
Auburn University (AU)
Kasetsart University (KU)
Mahidol University (MU)
Network of Aquaculture Centres
in Asia-Pacific (NACA)
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
(UPM)
University of Arizona (UA)
CMC-AH Mission: July 2011
Emergency TCP Project Formulation Mission: September 2011
TCP/VIE/3304: April 2012- August 2013

Hanoi EMS Technical Consultation12-point
EMS Actions and Risk Management measures
“Complacency in the shrimp aquaculture sector resulting to laxity, during
a period of trouble-free shrimp production, led to vulnerability of the
sector to any newly emerging pathogen that might arise
unexpectedly, as is the case of EMS/AHPNS.
Poor management practices, weak compliance with standard good
biosecurity, and good aquaculture practices still evident.
Shrimp aquaculture sector needs to improve and continue to implement
responsible and science-based farming practices.”

7/24/2017
23
FAO TCP/INT/3502: “Reducing and managing
the risk of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis
Disease (AHPND) of Cultured Shrimp”
June 2015: (1) International technical seminar on EMS/AHPND; (2) Workshop to prepare EMS/AHPN risk
management and risk reduction strategy at country levels
2nd/3rd quarter 2015: intersessional period for countries to conduct national level consultations
1st or 2nd quarter 2016: Final regional workshop (Asia)
Asia: India,
Iran, Saudi
Arabia,
Philippines,
Sri Lanka
LAC:
Colombia,
Ecuador,
Guatemala,
Honduras,
Mexico,
Nicaragua,
Panama, Peru

7/24/2017
International Technical Seminar/Workshop
“EMS/AHPND: Government, Scientist and
Farmer Responses”
24
Currently known distribution of EMS/AHPND
Confirmed: China, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam
From scientific literature: the Philippines, Mexico
Suspicion: some Asian and LAC countries

25
Transmission to other cultured species?
Transmission to wild stocks?
Frozen commodity shrimp
Live/fresh feed
Live broodstock/PL
risk
risk
risk
risk
Economic
impacts
???

Why are we here??
7/24/2017
26
+/- 22 government delegates
+/=20 experts
+/=50-60 (?) producers: Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico,
Panama
Different agenda but common interest:
• Share knowledge/experience
• Learn and understand the risks
• Contribute to finding solutions
• Recognize opportunities
• Take actions
• Reach a consensus for cooperation

EMS/AHPND Technical Seminar
7/24/2017
Farmer Responses”
27
Day 1 to Day 2 (22-23 June)
• Session 1: Government and inter-governmental responses to
EMS/AHPND (4 presentations)
• Session 2: Vibrio and Vibriosis in shrimp farming (4
presentations)
• Session 3: Farmers’ experiences dealing with EMS/AHPND (4
presentations)
• Session 4: Scientists’ understanding of EMS/AHPND, other
emerging shrimp pathogens, disease resistance (7
presentations
• Session 5: Farmers’ best practices in shrimp farming (2
presentations)

7/24/2017
Farmer Responses”
28
Day 3 (24 June)
• Session 6: Working Group discussions and more
interactions between producers, governments and
scientists/experts that are expected to generate
generic and specific recommendations and action
packages addressed to:
• (1) Competent Authorities, regional/international
intergovernmental organizations;
• (2) farmer/producers and
• (3) scientists/experts.

7/24/2017
Farmer Responses”
29
Day 3 (24 June)
• Session 6: Working Group discussions and more
interactions between producers, governments and
scientists/experts that are expected to generate
generic and specific recommendations and action
packages addressed to:
• (1) Competent Authorities, regional/international
intergovernmental organizations;
• (2) farmer/producers and
• (3) scientists/experts.

Time to rethink! Change the mindset
• Aquaculture is a highly complex sector!
• Aquatic (fluid) environment and its’ trans-boundary
nature
• Over 500 species
• Different habitats
• Different food habits
• Different production systems
• Different production practices
FIRA Seminar 26 February 2015

Hazard and
critical
point
at farm
facility
Value
chain risk
management
Biosecurity governance:
National, regional
international
RISK
Risky
areas in
the value
chain
Supplier of
inputs and
products
Trading
practices
• hatchery
• nursery
• grow-out
• processing
plants
Enabling
environment
Policies,
legislation and
enforcement
AAH services
Extension
services
Compliance: GAP
CoC, trading
standards
RISKRISK
Surveillance, emergency
preparedness, contingency plans
Breeding programs
SPF/SPR stocks

A few last thoughts…..
TAADs will continue to threaten the sector unless appropriate and
effective biosecurity measures are put in place
Government and private sectors will be faced with more costs in
terms of production losses and efforts to contain and eradicate
them, funds which would have been better spent in preventing
their entry into the system, in the first place.
Eradication programmes, extremely difficult and costly, may be
unlikely for shrimp diseases
Focussing efforts on prevention, appropriate pre-border and
border controls, good husbandry and biosecurity practices and
maintaining a healthy environment are still the key to managing
risks from diseases.

Questions and issues
7/24/2017
33
• Private sector recognize the presence of the disease but
countries not officially reporting. OIE during the last General
Session (May 2015) already included AHPND in the OIE list:
will this encourage transparent reporting?
• What is the role of inbreeding?
• Can shrimp be bred for tolerance and/or resistance?
• Can SPF/SPR stocks solve the problem?
• Are there lessons from WSSV?
• Can we stop illegal movements?
• Government actions on banning shrimp
trade/importation/movements justified?

Questions and issues
7/24/2017
34
• Will rumours remain as they are – is someone going to
take action?
• Virulence factors? Is there a specific toxin responsible?
Phage or plasmid involved? Stressors from the
environment?
• Precise mechanism of infection? Diagnostics?
• Green water technology, polyculture, immunostimulants,
etc.
• Biosecurity for a pathogen that is
ubiquitous in the environment?

Chronology of shrimp pathogen emergence
in aquaculture
7/24/2017
35
1970s
1990s
1980s
2000
2015
? ? ?
2020 2030

7/24/2017
36
“A health threat anywhere is a
health threat everywhere”
Muchas gracias. Thank you very much.

Presentation 1: FAO efforts on shrimp aquaculture health management including the AHPND International Technical Seminar (Dr Melba B. Reantaso, FAO)

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Presentation 1: FAO efforts on shrimp aquaculture health management including the AHPND International Technical Seminar (Dr Melba B. Reantaso, FAO)