The History and Current Status of Banana Fusarium Wilt: From bananarama to bananageddon?
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This document discusses the history and current status of banana Fusarium wilt disease. It details how Fusarium wilt caused by race 1 wiped out the Gros Michel banana cultivar in the 1900s, leading farmers to switch to the now dominant Cavendish cultivar. Race 4 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc TR4) is now infecting and damaging Cavendish crops around the world. The document outlines the global spread of Foc TR4, its management strategies, efforts to develop resistant banana varieties through somaclonal variation and other methods, and challenges in containing the disease.
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The History and Current Status of Banana Fusarium Wilt: From bananarama to bananageddon?
- 1. Department of Plant Pathology Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences A. Viljoen Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa Email: altus@sun.ac.za The History and Current Status of Banana Fusarium Wilt : From bananarama to bananageddon?
- 2. According to one legend the fruit that Eve found irresistible in the Garden of Eden was not the apple, but the banana. Whether true or not, for thousands of years since the banana has been the source of pleasure, and occasionally trouble Bananarama
- 3. Fusarium Wilt (Panama disease) in Central America
- 4. BELIZE PANAMA HAITI Gulf of Mexico Pacific Ocean GUATEMALA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA COSTA RICA CUBA CAYMAN ISLANDS JAMAICA THE BAHAMAS DOMINICAN REPUBLIC PUERTO RICO MARTINIQUE ST. LUCIA GRENADA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINESCaribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean GUYANA 1906 1907 1908 1913 1916 1919 1926 1930 1910 1910 1929 1890 1890 1903 SURINAMEVENENZUELA COLOMBIA Spread of Fusarium wilt
- 5. Gros Michel converts to Cavendish Gros Michel - 1919 Cavendish - 2014
- 6. Fusarium wilt on Cavendish bananas CAMBODIA INDIA PAKISTAN SRI LANKA CHINA THAILAND VIETNAM MALAYSIA INDONESIA NEPAL JAPAN PD on Cavendish in Taiwan 1967 PD found in Australia The Philippines 2005 2012 Northern Australia 1997 Southern China 19981876 2014 1990 Malaysia Indonesia Foc TR4 PHILIPPINES TAIWAN
- 7. Infection biology and symptomology
- 8. Fusarium wilt: Races in Foc Race 1 ‘Gros Michel’ (AAA), ‘Silk’ (AAB), ‘Pome’ (AAB), ‘Pisang Awak’ (ABB) ‘Bluggoe’ (ABB) Heliconia species Cavendish (AAA), ‘Pisang Mas’ (AA), cvs susceptible to Foc races 1 and 2 Race 2 Race 3 Race 4 “tropical” “sub-tropical”
- 9. Global distribution of Foc TR4 2013 2012 2005 1976++1998 1997 1990 1990 2013 1990 - 2014??? 2012 - 2014 2015
- 10. Banana Fusarium wilt in The Philippines • The Philippines is the second largest exporter of bananas • Cavendish cultivars accounting for about 51% of national banana production, Saba 29%, Lakatan 10% and Latundan about 11%. • More than 80% of the bananas (and 99% of the Cavendish cultivars) are produced in Mindanao. • 2001: Cavendish bananas in the highlands severely affected by Fusarium wilt • 2003: Sporadic cases observed in lowlands • 2005: Significant increase in lowlands • 2013: Small-scale growers severely affected
- 11. Fujian VCGs 0120, 01213/16 Guangdong VCGs 0120, 0123, 0124/22, 01220, 01221, 01213/16 Hainan VCGs 0123, 0124/22, 01221, 01213/16 Guangxi VCGs 0123, 01221, 01213/16 Yunnan (VCGs 0120, 01221) 14 14 000 20 000 40 000 • Fusarium wilt was first discovered in Fanyu of Guangzhou city in 2001 • The disease now occurs in all of the main production areas • Cost of Fusarium wilt estimated to be more than 500 million Yuan/year Occurrence of Fusarium wilt in China
- 12. Foc TR4 in Mozambique
- 13. Page 13 Efforts to contain Foc TR4 on-farm
- 14. • Run-off water is a major source of Foc TR4 spread on and off farm • Flooding and poor drainage all contribute to waterlogging • No means to treat run-off water before flowing into Monapo river Page 14 Flooding and poor drainage
- 15. Foc TR4 epidemic in Mozambique
- 16. Three common ways to deal with Foc TR4: a. Exclusion (preventing it from entering countries/regions/farms): Latin America, India b. Early detection and containment: Jacaranda in Mozambique; north Queensland c. Management: Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia Dealing with Foc TR4 When disease cannot be prevented/controlled (stopped), and has to be managed: a. Basis would be resistant plants b. In the case of Cavendish bananas, only somaclones are available c. Supported by an integrated disease management strategy d. Replacement of bananas with other crops
- 17. Improved Foc TR4 management strategy The new, improved strategy for Foc TR4 consists of two main components: 1. The management of Fusarium wilt on the farm where containment was no further possible • Proper destruction of infected plants • Water management • Soil management • Planting of resistant plants 2. The prevention of Foc TR4 to spread beyond farm borders • Movement of planting materials • Movement of soil (shoes, vehicles) • Movement of water
- 18. Conventional improvement – Classical breeding Unconventional improvement – Somaclonal variation – Mutation breeding – Genetic engineering Resistance in banana to Foc
- 19. Cavendish somaclones Bananas resistant to Foc TR4
- 20. Somaclones in Philippines Farm name Planting date Variety # seedlings FW incidence (%) Aug 2013 Feb 2014 Phil Fresh Fruits Oct 2012 GCTCV 219 3800 0.1 1.39 G Naine 200 79.5 100 Bancud Farm Oct 2012 GCTCV 219 500 0 2 G Naine 100 46 97 Lapiz Farm Oct 2012 GCTCV 219 1800 0 0 G Naine 200 2.5 76
- 22. Banana production in Africa • Approximately 30% of global bananas are produced in Africa • Africans consume more bananas than any other continent (up to 250 kg/person/yr in Uganda) • Most bananas are grown for local consumption, with limited exports • Production systems include small and large commercial growers, subsistence farming and backyard plantings • Production is affected by biotic and abiotic stresses, such as soil fertility decline and diseases • Large monoculture Cavendish plantations are expanding in eastern Africa
- 23. Mixed cropping systems - Nampula
- 24. Photo by Gerardo GutiérrezSource of map: Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection Cavendish production in east Africa
- 25. Evaluation of African bananas in Asia • Natural infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4
- 26. BANANA CULTIVARS ITC CODE NAME VARIETY # PLANTS As of week 2, 2013 Mortality% PD % Moko % BBT African Varieties 1 ITC0081 Igitsiri (Intuntu) EAHB - AAA 100 3 12 2 ITC0084 Mbwazirumi EAHB- AAA 100 3 2 7 18 4 ITC0166 Ingagara EAHB- AAA 100 5 2 11 5 ITC0179 Inkira EAHB- AAA 100 4 18 8 ITC0217 Akpakpak Plantain – AAB 100 1 4 9 ITC0519 Obubit Ntanga Plantain – AAB 100 0 2 13 13 ITC1354 Enzirabahima EAHB- AAA 100 3 1 1 12 14 ITC1355 Kazirakwe EAHB- AAA 100 1 6 7 15 ITC1465 Ibwi EAHB- AAA 100 32 11 3 10 ITC0570 Williams EAHB- AAA 100 46 3 1 Results: Mindanao, Philippines
- 27. Prospects and challenges • Is Foc TR4 more damaging than Foc race 1 • How did Foc TR4 spread to the Middle East and Mozambique? • Can banana production continue in the presence of Foc TR4? • What are the differences in managing Foc TR4 by small subsistence growers and large commercial growers? • Will Foc TR4 wipe out the world’s bananas?
- 28. • FAO • CGIAR – RTB program • Matanuska • Jacaranda • IIAM • Dr Gus Molina • GDAAS, China • TBRI, Taiwan • Stellenbosch students Acknowledgements