Role of agriculture extension in ipm A Lecture By Mr.Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the university of Agriculture Peshawar

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2. Agricultural Extension role in
Integrated Pest Management
By
Mr. Allah Dad Khan
Visiting professor
The University of Agriculture
Peshawar

3. In this class we will learn about:
Definition of Extension
Importance of Extension in Ag. Development
Elements for a Effective Agricultural
Extension Service
Alternative models in organizing Agricultural
Extension in developing countries

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Agricultural research is important
because:
Help to improve development
economic growth
poverty alleviation
rural development
improve management of natural resources
Ag research is central for boosting
productivity
It is the primary engine of the economic
growth

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Importance of Agriculture in
Economic Development
Increase the supply of food for consumption
Release labor for industrial employment
Enlarge the size of the market for industrial
output
Increase the supply of domestic savings; and
Earn foreign exchange
Eicher and Staatz, 1998

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Definition of Extension
Extension is an on-going process that have
two dimensions:
Communication
Educational
Communicate useful information to people
Assist people to acquire the knowledge to
use the information or technology
Extension or non-formal education can be used in
agriculture and non-agric. programs
Swanson and Claar, 1984

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Agricultural Extension
Agricultural Extension is an on-going process
that Communicate useful information to the
people and assist them to use the
information or technology to improve the
quality of their life, their families and
communities.
Swanson and Claar, 1984

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The Adoption Process
(AKAP sequence)
A: Farmer awareness
K: Farmer knowledge
Testing, and
Experimenting
A: Farmer adoption of technology or
practices
P: Changes in farmers’ productivity

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Conditions for a successful
Agricultural Extension Service
Organized Information based on
accumulated knowledge and/or
research, suitable for a particular
environment.
Information used to educate
professional agriculturists. (higher
education in Ag)
Appropriate funds and administrative
organization structure
Legislative or official mandate that
prescribes Agricultural Extension

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Elements for an Effective
Agricultural Extension Service
Extension Agent
Good communication skills
Good technical knowledge
Teaching method
Demonstration
• Methods
• Results
• Type
Supporting Funds
Infrastructure

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How is Extension doing in
Developing countries?

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The Many Faces of Extension in
Developing Countries
Because extension is a process it can be
organized in different ways.
Extension may be implemented by the
public or private sector
Public sector has more Educational
purposes (broader)
Private extension service main purpose is
to transfer technology (narrow)

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Agricultural Extension is not a one-shot
effort.
It entails a continuos, long term
process of contact with farmers to
understand their production
conditions and to guide research to
develop recommendations that
respond to farmers’ needs.
Benor D., Harrison J. Q., Baxter M. 1984

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General Problems with Extension
in Developing Countries
Organization
Dilution of Effort
Coverage and Mobility
Demonstrations
Training
Unspecialized Staff
Lack of Ties with research
Status of Extension Personnel
Duplication of Services

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Who does Extension in Developing
countries?
Federal government trough Ministry of
Agriculture conducted most of the extension
work in Developing Countries
But, other institutions could be involved:
Private Sector
Agricultural Universities
Non-governmental Organizations

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Alternative Models to Organizing
Extension
General models
Ministry-Based General Extension
Training and Visit Extension (T&V)
World Bank
University-Based Extension
Agricultural Universities (Land grant
system)

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Alternative Models to Organizing
Extension
Extension to selected clientele
Commodity based Extension
Extension as a Commercial Service
Participatory Extension services

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Training & Visit system
Its goal was to improve Ministry based
Extension system in developing countries
Developed by Daniel Benor in 1970’s
Supported by World Bank loans
A professional system of extension based on
frequently updated training of extension
workers and regular field visits. (T&V)

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Commodity based Extension
an example of private Extension service in
Mexico
Nestle Dairy Company Extension service
Goal: improve quality of milk supplied to
Nestle factory
Extension agent: Nestle employee
Clientele: small and medium dairy producers
Company provides some inputs ( feed, vet
medicine, as loan

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IPM is not a new philosophy. The concept has been around since
the 1920’s when a cotton pest management program was
developed. However, the development of inexpensive
pesticides caused us to get on what is commonly referred to as
the “Pesticide Treadmill”. That is, because these new
pesticides were extremely effective and inexpensive, we used
them as the answer to all pest problems.. This overuse led to
specific problems like:
Pesticide resistance

21. Pre plant - Post harvest IPM
Weed Management
Key weeds: Pigweed, Marestail, Cocklebur
Lambsquarters, Black nightshade, G. Ragweed,
Velvetleaf, Grasses, others
(PP) Site selection and crop rotation, clean fields
only
(PP) Stale seedbed
(AP) Use of Pre-emerge herbicides
(IS) Cultivate conventional fields until vines run
(IS) Post (spot spray) programs, hoe, hand pull
(PH) Reduced tillage combined w/ cover crops

22. Multiple Approaches to IPM
PAMS
Prevention, Avoidance, Monitoring, Suppression
VS.
Seasonal
Pre plant, At plant, In season, Harvest, Post harvest
VS.
Discipline
Weeds, Insects, Disease, Culture, etc.
Can couch IPM in various combinations or
formats

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