Breaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path Mount
Chapter 2 energetics
1. Metabolism: The sum of the chemical reactions
in an organism
A metabolic pathway is a sequence of enzymatically
catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell
Metabolic pathways are determined by enzymes
2. Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions
Catabolism: Provides energy and building blocks for
anabolism. (Break down)
Anabolism: Uses energy and building blocks to build
large molecules. (Synthesis)
3. Metabolism: the sum of Catabolism and
Anabolism
Oxidation: the loss or removal of electrons
Reduction: the gain of electrons
6. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
In biological systems, the electrons are often associated
with hydrogen atoms. Biological oxidations are often
dehydrogenations
7. The Generation of ATP
ATP is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP
9. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation)
of one compound to another (reduction) is used to
generate ATP in the electron transport chain
10. Carbohydrate Catabolism
The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
21. The Electron Transport Chain
A series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, oxidized
and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain
Energy released can be used to produce ATP by
chemiosmosis
25. A Summary of Respiration
Aerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in
the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2).
Anaerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in
the electron transport chain is not O2. Yields less
energy than aerobic respiration because only part of
the Krebs cycles operates under anaerobic conditions.
27. Carbohydrate Catabolism
Energy produced from complete oxidation of one
glucose using aerobic respiration
Pathway ATP Produced NADH FADH2
Produced Produced
Glycolysis 2 2 0
Intermediate step 0 2 0
Krebs cycle 2 6 2
Total 4 10 2
28. Carbohydrate Catabolism
ATP produced from complete oxidation of one glucose
using aerobic respiration
By Oxidative Phosphorylation
Pathway By Substrate-Level
Phosphorylation
From NADH From FADH
Glycolysis 2 6 0
Intermediate step 0 6 0
Krebs cycle 2 18 4
Total 4 30 4
29. Carbohydrate Catabolism
36 ATPs are produced in eukaryotes
By Oxidative Phosphorylation
Pathway By Substrate-Level
Phosphorylation
From NADH From FADH
Glycolysis 2 6 0
Intermediate step 0 6
Krebs cycle 2 18 4
Total 4 30 4
30. Fermentation
One process by which pyruvate is subsequently
metabolized in the absence of oxygen
The result of the need to recycle the limited amount
of NAD by passing the electrons of reduced NAD to
other molecules
Homolactic acid fermentation: pyruvate is
converted directly to lactic acid, using electrons
from reduced NAD
Alcoholic fermentation: carbon dioxide is released
from pyruvate to form acetaldehyde, which is
reduced to ethanol
31. Fermentation
Any spoilage of food by microorganisms (general use)
Any process that produces alcoholic beverages or
acidic dairy products (general use)
Any large-scale microbial process occurring with or
without air (common definition used in industry)
32. Fermentation
Scientific definition:
Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules
Does not require oxygen
Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETC
Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor