1. BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCES
By:
MARIA KRISIA
FAE DELOS
REYES DE ASIS,
BSN-RN

2. CLASSIFY!
WOLF
KINGDOM: Animalia
PHYLUM: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genus: Canis
Species: lupus

3. CLASSIFY!
LION
KINGDOM: Animalia
PHYLUM: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Genus: Panthera
Species: leo

4. CLASSIFY!
WALRUS
KINGDOM: Animalia
PHYLUM: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Pinnipedia
Family: Odobenidae
Genus: Odobenus
Species: rosmarus

5. CLASSIFY!
BLUE WHALE
KINGDOM: Animalia
PHYLUM: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Cetacea
Family: Balaenopteridae
Genus: Balaenoptera
Species: musculus

6. CLASSIFY!
POLAR BEAR
KINGDOM: Animalia
PHYLUM: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species: maritimus

7. CELLULAR LEVEL OF
ORGANIZATION
+ MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
- Stated that all plants are
composed of cells
+ THEODOR SCHWANN
- Stated that all animals are
composed of cells
+ RUDOLF VIRCHOW
- Used a microscope to study the
life of cells

8. CELL THEORY
= states that all organisms are
composed of cells and that cells
come only from preexisting cells
+ ROBERT HOOKE
- First person to use the term
“cell”

9. CELL
= the structural and functional
unit of organs and organisms
= “building block of life”
+ CYTOLOGY
- Study of
cells

10. CELL COMPONENTS
= PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS,
CARBOHYDRATES and LIPIDS are the
four major molecules that
underlie cell structure and also
participate in cell function
+ Plasma membrane
- Formed by a tightly organized
arrangement of lipids, proteins,
and protein-sugar compounds

11. CELL COMPONENTS
= PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS,
CARBOHYDRATES and LIPIDS are the
four major molecules that
underlie cell structure and also
participate in cell function

12. CELL COMPONENTS
+ ENZYMES
- Specialized proteins that speed
up chemical reactions
+ RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
- works with DNA to build the
thousands of proteins the cell
needs
+ DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
- Nucleic acid that contains the
hereditary information for cells

13. CELL STRUCTURE
O PROKARYOTIC
- all the components, including
the DNA, mingle freely in the
cell’s interior as a single
compartment
O EUKARYOTIC
- contain numerous compartments,
or organelles, within each cell

14. PROKARYOTIC CELL
= Among the smallest of all cells
= can be rodlike, spherical, or
spiral in shape, are surrounded by a
protective CELL WALL
+ PLASMA MEMBRANE
-composed of two layers of flexible
lipid molecules and interspersed with
durable proteins
-selectively permeable

15. PROKARYOTIC CELL
+ CYTOPLASM
-Semifluid that fills the cells and
enclosed by the plasma membrane
+ RIBOSOMES
-The only organelle in prokaryotic
cells
-Tiny bead-like structures that serve
as the cell’s protein factories
(PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)

16. PROKARYOTIC CELL
+ DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
-a complex molecule in the form of a
double helix
-it repeatedly twists and folds to
form a compact structure called a
CHROMOSOME
-Found within the cytoplasm of a
prokaryotic cell (nucleoid)
-divided into units called GENES
found in the PLASMID

18. EUKARYOTIC ANIMAL CELL
= typically about ten times larger
than prokaryotic cells
+ PLASMA MEMBRANE
-it separates the cell from its
surroundings and regulates the
traffic across the membrane
+ CYTOPLASM
-Semifluid that fills the cells and
enclosed by the plasma membrane
-house a nucleus and numerous other
membrane-enclosed organelles

19. EUKARYOTIC ANIMAL CELL
ORGANELLES:
o NUCLEUS
-surrounded by a doublelayered membrane that
protects the DNA from
potentially damaging chemical
reactions that occur in the
cytoplasm
-Command center of the cell
-In constant communication
with the cytoplasm

20. EUKARYOTIC ANIMAL CELL
o ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
-An elongated membranous sac
attached to the nuclear membrane
+ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Studded with ribosomes
-Function: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, forms
VESICLES (in which large molecules
are transported to other parts of the
cell – plasma membrane or Golgi
apparatus)

21. EUKARYOTIC ANIMAL CELL
+ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Has no attached ribosomes
-Function: LIPID SYNTHESIS
(phospholipids & steroids)
-Other functions are dependent on the
type of cell (ex. Testes – produces
testosterone, Liver – detoxifies
drugs)

23. EUKARYOTIC ANIMAL CELL
o GOLGI APPARATUS
-Named after Camillo Golgi
-An organelle that resembles a
stack of pancakes
-“packaging center of the cell”
-packed with enzymes that complete
the processing of proteins and
lipids by sorting and packaging
them in vesicles for transport

25. EUKARYOTIC ANIMAL CELL
o LYSOSOMES
-small, often spherical organelles
that function as the cell’s recycling
center and garbage disposal
-Powerful digestive enzymes break
down worn-out organelles and ship
their building blocks to the
cytoplasm where they are used to
construct new organelles
-also dismantle and recycle proteins,
lipids, and other molecules

26. EUKARYOTIC ANIMAL CELL
o MITOCHONDRIA
-Powerhouses of the cell
-enzymes convert the sugar glucose
and other nutrients into adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
-they contain their own DNA in the
form of a prokaryote-like circular
chromosome; have their own ribosomes,
which resemble prokaryotic ribosomes;
and divide independently of the cell

27. EUKARYOTIC ANIMAL CELL
+ CYTOSKELETON
- a dynamic network
of protein tubes,
filaments, and
fibers, crisscrosses
the cytoplasm,
anchoring the
organelles in place
and providing shape
and structure to the
cell

29. EUKARYOTIC PLANT CELL
= have all the components of animal
cells with several added features,
including chloroplasts, a central
vacuole, and a cell wall
+ CHLOROPLASTS
-convert light energy into the sugar
glucose by means of photosynthesis

30. EUKARYOTIC PLANT CELL
+ VACUOLE
-stores water, salts, sugars,
proteins, and other nutrients
-it stores the blue, red, and purple
pigments that give certain flowers
their colors
-also contains plant wastes that
taste bitter to certain insects, thus
discouraging the insects from
feasting on the plant

31. EUKARYOTIC PLANT CELL
+ CELL WALL
-surrounds and protects the plasma
membrane
-Its pores enable materials to pass
freely into and out of the cell
-The strength of the wall also
enables a cell to absorb water into
the central vacuole and swell without
bursting
-provides plants with rigidity and
support for stems, leaves, and
flowers