The document provides an overview of philosophy, including its meaning, nature, scope, goals, importance, branches, and epochs. It discusses how philosophy begins from wonder and wandering. Key points include: - Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom and arises from curiosity and desire to learn and understand things. - Major branches of philosophy discussed are ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, politics, aesthetics, logic, religion, and philosophy of science. - The origins and early development of philosophy are traced back to ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Socrates used questioning to arrive at truth and believed the unexamined life was not worth living.

1. PHILOSOPHY
Prepared by Raizza Corpuz

2. INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY
• MEANING
• NATURE
• SCOPE
• GOALS
• IMPORTANCE
• BRANCHES
• EPOCH

3. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? WHERE IT
BEGINS?

5. FROM WONDER
TO WANDER

6. Wonder
• To be filled with curiosity or doubt
• An event inexplicable by the laws of nature; a
miracle.
• A feeling of puzzlement or doubt.
Source: Thesaurus Dictionary

7. Wander: Verb
• Walk or move in a leisurely, casual, or aimless
way.
• An act or instance of wandering.
verb. roam - ramble - rove -
straynoun. wandering - stroll - saunter -
ramble
Source: Thesaurus Dictionary

9. • Philosophers’ definition-arises out of wonder, out of
curiosity, out of desire to learn, and to understand
things.
• -According to the Philosopher, Philosophy is a process of
analysis, criticism, interpretation and speculation
• Analysis-if we know how to synthesis and antithesis.
• Synthesis- put idea together or event of the same
characteristic.
• Antithesis- remove from or put it out, removing ideas
• Criticism- is a process of commenting or giving a
judgment, even if its positive or negative.
• Interpretation-demonstration of ideas.
• Speculation-being satisfied.

10. Etymology- or etymological definition of Philosophy
-derived for Greek words etimos and logos
Etimos-root, origin, cause, basis, history
Logos-study
Etymology-study of the history of the word
Philosophy comes from the Geek Words Philia and Sofia.
Sofia-wisdom
Philia-love, desire for, interest in
Philia and Sofia join by Pythagoras-600 B.C.
Episteme-means knowledge
Wisdom-defining deeply, wise, according to etymology
-is an awareness of something which is basic.
-knowledge of the basic principle.
Knowledge-is only a million formation
-simple data that comes from the outside that pass to our
senses.
Etymology
A. Meaning of Philosophy

11. What is Philosophy?What is Philosophy?
The term “philosophy” comes from the Greek
language. It consists of two words :
• philos, (love, or philia )– friendship, affection
• sophos (learned scholar, sage, or
• sophia - wisdom, knowledge, talent)

12. ““philo” - lovephilo” - love
““sophia” - wisdomsophia” - wisdom
THUS:THUS:
1.1. Philosophy is the love of wisdomPhilosophy is the love of wisdom
2.2. Philosophy attempts to answer life's BigPhilosophy attempts to answer life's Big
QuestionsQuestions
3.3. Philosophy is about QuestionsPhilosophy is about Questions
4.4. Philosophers ask Questions about what peoplePhilosophers ask Questions about what people
BelieveBelieve
5.5. Philosophy is about Examining Ourselves & OurPhilosophy is about Examining Ourselves & Our
BeliefsBeliefs

13. THERE ARE MANY QUESTIONS but
there are SOME BIG QUESTION
WhatWhat??
WhyWhy??
HOWHOW

14. What are theWhat are the REASONSREASONS for afor a
particular belief?particular belief?

15. Have you ever looked in the mirrorHave you ever looked in the mirror
and asked:and asked:
The UnexaminedThe Unexamined
Life is not worthLife is not worth
living.living.”” (Socrates)(Socrates)
Who am I?Who am I?
Why am I here?Why am I here?
What should I do with myWhat should I do with my
life?life?

16. Have you ever looked in the mirrorHave you ever looked in the mirror
and asked:and asked: OR???

17. Examining Our BeliefsExamining Our Beliefs
Behavior
I talk to my friend
Beliefs and Values
I believe that my
friend is real
World-View
I Exist.
Other People Exist.

18. What is ‘Philosophy’?

19. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

20. Branches of PhilosophyBranches of Philosophy
Ethics
PoliticsPolitics
Religion
Metaphysics
Logic
Epistemology
Aesthetics
Science
Philosophy

21. Branches of Philosophy

22. Ethics
Questions:
How should we live?
What is good and evil?
What is the best way to
live?
What is Justice?
Is right and wrong the
same everywhere or
different everywhere?

23. Ethics

24. Epistemology
Knowledge Science
Explores the nature
and limitations of
knowledge
Definition of knowledge
Investigates how knowledge
is obtained
Explores the relationship
between belief, truth and
knowledge

25. Epistemology
Questions:
What is knowledge?
How is knowledge
acquired?
How do we know what
we know?

26. What is Epistemology?

27. Epistemological Questions

28. Metaphysics
Knowledge Science
Explores the
fundamental nature of
reality and being
Ontology
Existence
Objects
Properties
Space and Time
Cause and Effect

29. Metaphysics
Questions:
What is real?
What is reality?
What is reality like?

30. Metaphysics

31. Politics
Political Philosophy
Explores the relationship
between citizens and
governments
Liberty
Legal Justice
Property Ownership
Citizen's Rights
System of Law

32. PoliticsPolitics
Questions:Questions:
How should government beHow should government be
organized?organized?
What makes a governmentWhat makes a government
legitimate?legitimate?
Who decides who theWho decides who the
leaders should be?leaders should be?
What laws are good andWhat laws are good and
necessary?necessary?
How should law beHow should law be
enforced?enforced?

33. Aesthetics
Sensori-Emotional
Values
Explores the nature of
beauty, art, and taste
with the creation and
appreciation of beauty

34. Aesthetics
Questions
What is beauty?
What is art?
What is the value of beauty and
art?
Who should judge what is
beautiful or artistic?
How should art and beauty be
judged?

35. Aesthetics
Discussion:
On the left is Marcel
Duchamp's ready-made
“sculpture” called
“Fountain”. It's a factory-
made urinal on a stand.
Is this “Art”?
Why / Why not?
Is it beautiful? Offensive?
Why?

36. Logic
Rules for Thinking
The systematic
principles (or rules) for
thinking rationally.
Inferences are made by
construction of Arguments
Rules of Logic determine
which arguments are VALID and
which are FALACIES

37. Logic

38. Religion
Philosophy of Religion
Branch of philosophy
concerned with questions
regarding religion
Nature & Existence of God
Theology
Examination of Religious
Experience
Analysis of Religious language
and texts
Relationship between Religion
and Science

39. Religion
Questions
Does God exist?
What is God?
What is the nature of the
relationship between God and
humans?
Is God active in the world?
How?
Is there life after death?
What is the relationship
between Religion and
Ethics? ...Religion and Science?

40. Religion
Pantheism
What is God?
God is the Universe and the
Universe is God.
There is no distinction
between God and the universe
(nature).
Some forms of Buddhism are
examples of pantheism.

41. Religion
Panentheism
What is God?
God is in the Universe and the
Universe is in God
God is more than the
Universe.
God and the Universe are
connected but not identical.

42. Philosophy of Science
Science
Concerned with the
assumptions,
foundations, methods
and implications of
science.
Empirical Verification
Inductive Logic
Objectivity of the Observer

43. Philosophy of Science
Questions
What is the natural world?
How should we study nature?
What methods are useful in the
study of nature?
Can science establish Natural
Laws which are absolute (true
everywhere and for everyone)?
What are the limits of scientific
knowledge?

44. HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

45. What are the origins of philosophy?
The Ancient Greek World

46. Socrates (c.469-399BCE)
called philosophy down
from the skies.’ (Cicero)
Teacher of Plato

47. The Death of Socrates
(Jacques-Louis David, 1787)• Socrates most important contribution to Western thought is his dialogical method
of enquiry, known as the Socratic method where one finds truth by eliminating
what one knows to be false by following a line of enquiry to a contridiction.
• Socrates believed that his wisdom sprung from an awareness of his own
ignorance. He knew that he knew nothing, and that all error came out of
ignorance.
• Socrates believed that the best way for people to live was to focus not on
accumulating possessions, but on self-development. Socrates believed that “ideals
belong in a world that only the wise man can understand” making the philosopher
the only type of person suitable to govern others.
• Socrates views angered the leaders of Athens and he was accused of being anti-
democratic and corrupting the youth of the country. Though neither charge
demanded the death sentence the number of jurors who voted to condemn him
to death was actually larger than the number who voted to convict him in the first
place. In other words even jurors who believed he was innocent condemned him
to death. If he was not anti-democratic before, this most certainly convinced him,
and others of the flaws in a democratic system.
• Though Socrates left no writings of his own his exploits have been chronicled by a
number of ancient writers, formost among them Plato whose works are based on
the teachings of Socrates.

48. The Death of Socrates

49. Methods of Philosophy
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50. Hi(s)tory of Philosophy
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51. Medieval Philosophy – 600 ~ 1600
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52. Contemporary – 1900 ~ present

53. Ancient Greek Philosophers
School of Athens - Raphael Sanzio

54. “The unexamined life is not worth living. ...
Wisdom begins in wonder. ... There is only
one good, knowledge, and one evil,
ignorance.”
(Socrates, 469 - 399 B.C.)

55. “The philosopher is in love with truth, that is, not
with the changing world of sensation, which is
the object of opinion, but with the unchanging
reality which is the object of knowledge.”
(Plato, 429 - 347 B.C.)

56. “We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not
an act, but a habit. ... At his best, man is the noblest
of all animals; separated from law and justice he is
the worst.”
(Aristotle, 384 - 322 B.C.)

57. • Philosophy- love of wisdom
• Greek Philosophers
– Pythagoras- universe followed the same laws that
govern music & numbers
• Pythagorean Theorem- determine the length of the
sides of a triangle
• Sophists- professional teachers
– Taught students how to win
arguments
– Rejected the idea of an Absolute Right
& Wrong

58. • Socrates- criticized
Sophists
– left no writings behind
– Believed in absolute
truth
– Socratic Method- asked
pointed questions to
force pupils to discover
their own knowledge
– Sentenced to death for
his teachings
• Plato- Socrates student
– Republic book that
explained ideas about
gov’t
– Philosopher King –ruled
using logic & wisdom, 2nd
group-warriors, 3rd
rest
of ppl
– Women’s rights-
believed men & women
should have access at an
education
– Academy- Plato’s school

59. • Aristotle- student of Plato
– Lyceum- Plato’s school
– “golden mean”- do nothing in excess
– Politics- in book he compares governments
– Mixture of oligarchy & democracy – he felt would
be the best gov’t
excavation of the Lyceum

60. • Greek Historians
– History is the study of human past
– Herodotus wrote the history of the Persian Wars
• Tried to separate fact from fiction but still used
mythology to explained some events
• “father of history”
– Thucydides wrote History of the Peloponnesian
War
• Stressed the importance of having accurate facts
• Primary Source- fought in the war

61. THREE TRIUMVIRATE IN ANCIENT
PHILOSOPHY

62. Ancient Greek Philosophy

63. Philosophers
• Socrates, 469-399
– Believed that one arrives at the truth by questioning
the assumptions on which all things are based
• Plato, 428-347
– Student of Socrates
• Aristotle, 384-322
– Student of Plato
– “THE” philosopher by Medievalists

64. Greek Philosophy & Its Origins
• Philosophy = love of wisdom
• Mesopotamians and Egyptians
contemplated how the natural
world around them worked
• Early Greeks (time of Homer,
c.800 BCE) used mythological
stories to explain the natural
world
• 7th
Century BCE – Greeks
looked for new, more practical
explanations

65. Socratic Philosophers

66. So Many Questions…
• What should we do? (i.e. how should we
behave)
• What is the meaning of life?
• What is the meaning of happiness?
• Is perfection possible?
• What constitutes the good or just life?
• What is virtue?
• How should a man best conduct his life?

67. Socrates (469-399 BCE)
• What little we know comes from his students, Plato
and Xenophon, and his enemy, Aristophanes
• Humble birth
• Wrote nothing down
• Founded no formal school – taught in the agora
• Believed material things would not bring happiness
• Died for his principles

68. Exercise
• For each statement ask as many follow up
questions as you can with a partner. Record
questions that were brainstormed
• Statement #1 – Only people over the age of 19
should be allowed to drink
• Statement #2 – Canada should abolish the sale
of firearms to the public

69. Socratic Method
• Method of elenchus (i.e. rigorous questioning
technique)
• Designed to “sting” people into realizing their own
ignorance
– Provoke genuine intellectual curiosity
• True knowledge gained only by constantly questioning
assumptions that underly all we do
– To achieve truth is to engage in a permanent state of critical
thinking

70. Socrates’ End
• Alcibiades, Socrates’ pupil, betrayed fellow
Athenians by defecting to Sparta in
Peloponnesian War
• Socrates scapegoated by Alcibiades’ actions,
accused of “not believing in the gods” and
“corrupting the youth”
• Tried and sentenced to death
• Refused to plead for lesser punishment
• Drank poison hemlock

72. Legacy
• Socrates used the claim of wisdom as his moral
basis
• Chief goodness consists in the caring of the soul
concerned with moral truth and understanding
• “Wealth does not bring goodness, but goodness
brings wealth and every other blessing, both to
the individual and to the state”
• “Life without examination (dialogue) is not worth
living”
• He would want you to evaluate society and your
own life regularly!

73. Plato (429-347 BCE)
• The “idealist” or “utopian” or “dreamer”
• Born into a wealthy family in the second year of the
Peloponnesian War
• Name means “high forehead”
• Student of Socrates
• Left Athens when Socrates died but
returned to open a school called the Academy
in 385 BCE
• Wrote 20 books, many in the dialectic style
(a story which attempts to teach a specific
concept) with Socrates as the main character

74. Plato’s Ideas
• Idealist, believes in order and harmony,
morality and self-denial
• Immortality of the soul
• Virtue as knowledge
• Theory of Forms – the highest function of the
human soul is to achieve the vision of the
form of the good

75. Plato’s Cave Exercise
1. Read through the allegory of the cave as a class
1. When reading, highlight any parts of the story that is
detailed and offers you a clear mental picture
2. Now, instead of writing about the cave, draw a
picture of the cave using your highlighted
material
3. Share your drawing with some classmates
around you. What differences do you have?
4. What do you think about the allegories made?

77. Anti-Democratic Plato
• Most perfect form of government: “Philosopher
Kings” (i.e. very smartest) rule over an essentially
communistic society
• Why Philosopher Kings?
– Plato believed they alone possess the intellectual
capacity to achieve the highest form of human
contemplation
• Such penetrating powers of insight necessary to distinguish
between truth (i.e. that which is eternal and unchanging and
therefore is “really real”) from that which is untrue
(changeable stimuli received by our faulty instruments of
perception that serve to trick us into thinking that
something is in fact “real”)

78. Plato’s Impact
• Plato’s thinking on the immortality of the soul,
Plato’s conception of a world beyond the
sensory and his god-like form of good have
very much shaped Christian thinking on God,
the soul, and an afterlife
• Nietsche called Christianity “Plato for the
people”

79. Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
• The “real” or “encyclopedist” or “inspired
common sense” or “the prince of those who
know”
• Studied under Plato at the Academy
• Son of a Macedonian doctor, returned home to
become the teacher of Alexander of Macedon for
three years, beginning in 343 BCE
• Later returned to Athens to open
school called the Lyceum in 335 BCE

80. Mark Steel Lectures: Aristotle
1. Why were there so many philosophers during
Aristotle’s time?
2. What does Plato mean by the perfect form?
3. What are some examples of what Aristotle
researched?
4. What is his ‘4 Essence’ theory?
5. What did Politics address concerning nature?
6. Why did he feel the rich AND poor were unfit to
rule?
7. How was he before his time?

81. Aristotle, continued
• Believed in the Golden Mean
– i.e. all things follow the middle course; by avoiding
extremes, one will enjoy a maximum of happiness and
a minimum of pain
• Called the “encycolpedist” as he had a profound
love of order
• Numerous fields of scientific study he either
invented or contributed to:
– Logic, biology, zoology, botany, psychology,
chemistry, astronomy, cosmology, metaphysics,
ethics, political theory, constitutional history, history
of sport

82. Aristotle, continued
• Founder of scientific method
– A valid and reliable process by which all scientific
analyses of a given phenomenon could take place
• Led to explosive advances in the Greek
scientists’ capacity to conduct scientific
research
• Middle Ages’ scholars felt Aristotle knew
almost as much as God, therefore called him
“The Philosopher”

83. Elements of the Art of Rhetoric
• Ethos = Ethics
– Appeal based on the trustworthiness/character of the speaker
– Relies on the reputation of the author
• Logos = Logic
– Appeal based on logic or reason
– Found primarily in scholarly articles and corporate financial reports
• Pathos = Pathetic, sympathy, empathy
– Appeal based on emotion
– Found in advertisements
– The more people react without full consideration for the “why,” the
more effective an argument can be
– Although it can be manipulative, it is the cornerstone of moving
people to action

84. Legacy of Greek Philosophers
• Taught us how to think
• Provided a great deal of insight into the natural
world
• Provided many of the most profound and
meaningful answers to the great philosophical
questions that have befuddled humans since the
dawn of civilization
• Provided a comprehensive, valid, and reliable
method by which we could test whether or not a
given idea is true

85. Aristotle (384-322 BCE)

86. ARISTOTLE
• Aristotle is a towering
figure in ancient
Greek philosopher,
making contribution
to logic, metaphysics,
mathematics, biology,
botany, ethics,
politics, agriculture,
medicine, dance and
theater.

87. • He was a student of Plato who in turn studied
under Socrates. He was more empirically-
minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous
for rejecting Plato’s theory of forms.

88. • As a prolific writer
and polymath,
Aristotle radically
transformed most, if
not all, areas of
knowledge he
touched. It is no
wonder that Aquinas
referred to him simply
as “The Philosopher.”
In his lifetime,
Aristotle wrote as
many as 200 treatises,
of which only 31
survive.
Saint Thomas AquinasSaint Thomas Aquinas
“The
Socrates

89. • Aristotle was the first to classify areas of human knowledge
into distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and
ethics. Some of these classifications are still used today.
• As the father of the field of logic, he was the first to
develop a formalized system for reasoning. Aristotle
observed that the validity of any argument can be
determined by its structure rather than its content. A
classic example of a valid argument is his syllogism: All men
are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is
mortal.
Mathematics
Biology Ethics

90. Aristotle’s

91. ARISTOTLE’S LIFE
• Aristotle was born in 384
BCE at Stagirus, a now
extinct Greek colony and
seaport on the coast of
Thrace. His father
Nichomachus was court
physician to King Amyntas
of Macedonia, and from
this began Aristotle’s long
association with the
Macedonian Court, which
considerably influenced his
life.

92. • While he was still a boy his father died. At age 17 his guardian,
Proxenus, sent him to Athens, the intellectual center of the world,
to complete his education. He joined the Academy and studied
under Plato, attending his lectures for a period of twenty years.
ARISTOTLE’S LIFE

93. Aristotle’s

94. • It is reported that Aristotle’s writings were
held by his student Theophrastus, who
had succeeded Aristotle in leadership of
the Peripatetic School.
ARISTOTLE’S WRITINGS
The works of Aristotle
fall under three
headings:
• Among his writings of a popular nature the only
one which we possess of any consequence is the
interesting tract On the Polity of the Athenians.

95. Aristotle’s

96. ARISTOTLE’S LOGIC
• Aristotle’s writings on the general subject of logic were
grouped by the later Peripatetics under the name Organon,
or instrument. From their perspective, logic and reasoning
was the chief preparatory instrument of scientific
investigation. Aristotle himself, however, uses the term
“logic” as equivalent to verbal reasoning.
“Organon
”
Peripatetic
s

97. Aristotle’s

98. ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS
• Aristotle’s editors gave the name
“Metaphysics” to his works on first
philosophy, either because they
went beyond or followed after his
physical investigations. Aristotle
begins by sketching the history of
philosophy. For Aristotle,
philosophy arose historically after
basic necessities were secured. It
grew out of a feeling of curiosity
and wonder, to which religious
myth gave only provisional
satisfaction.

99. Aristotle’s

100. • Aristotle sees the universe as a scale lying between the two
extremes: form without matter is on one end, and matter
without form is on the other end. The passage of matter into
form must be shown in its various stages in the world of
nature. To do this is the object of Aristotle’s physics, or
philosophy of nature. It is important to keep in mind that the
passage from form to matter
within nature is a movement
towards ends or purposes.
Everything in nature has its
end and function, and nothing
is without its purpose. Everywhere
we find evidences of design and rational plan.
ARISTOTLE’S PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE

101. Aristotle’s

102. ARISTOTLE’S THE SOUL AND
PSYCHOLOGY
• Soul is defined by Aristotle as
the perfect expression or
realization of a natural body.
From this definition it follows
that there is a close
connection between
psychological states, and
physiological processes. Body
and soul are unified in the
same way that wax and an
impression stamped on it are
unified.

103. Aristotle’s

104. ARISTOTLE’S ETHICS
• Ethics, as viewed by Aristotle, is an
attempt to find out our chief end
or highest good: an end which he
maintains is really final. Though
many ends of life are only means to
further ends, our aspirations and
desires must have some final object
or pursuit. Such a chief end is
universally called happiness. But
people mean such different things
by the expression that he finds it
necessary to discuss the nature of it
for himself.

105. Aristotle’s

106. • Aristotle does not regard politics
as a separate science from
ethics, but as the completion,
and almost a verification of it.
The moral ideal in political
administration is only a different
aspect of that which also applies
to individual happiness. Humans
are by nature social beings, and
the possession of rational
speech (logos) in itself leads us
to social union.
ARISTOTLE’S POLITICS

107. Aristotle’s

108. ARISTOTLE’S ART AND POETICS
• Art is defined by Aristotle as the
realization in external form of a
true idea, and is traced back to
that natural love of imitation
which characterizes humans, and
to the pleasure which we feel in
recognizing likenesses. Art
however is not limited to mere
copying. It idealizes nature and
completes its deficiencies: it
seeks to grasp the universal type
in the individual phenomenon.