course material

1. Green engineering is process of Design, commercialization and use of
products and process that …
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Green engineering is process of Design, commercialization and use of products and
processthat are feasible and economical while reducing Risk to human health and the
environment andgeneration of pollution at the source. This concept can be applied on
number of products, likehomes, vehicles, offices, consumer products, electrical equipments
and many other things.It has been designed for the purpose of getting environmental,
economic and social benefits.Following are its potential benefits.Economic benefits of green
engineering include operating costs reduction (i.e., efficiency, wastemanagement, water,
energy, repair and improvement) and optimization of life-cycle
economicperformance.Environmental benefits include protection of natural resources,
increased utilization ofrenewable energy sources, improvements in water and air quality
and diminution of solid wastegeneration.Social benefits include improved health and
comfort, reduced impact on local resources andinfrastructure, and use of reused /recycled
materials.Green engineering is that process which has least negative impact on the
environment possible. Itwill follows the philosophy that designing and manufacturing that
products having minimizedamage to humans and the environment, so these products and
processes will be more costfriendly in the long run. In green engineering before starting the
work on any project engineersneeds to analyze the situation and try to find
environmentally friendly ways to produce theproduct which will lass effect human beings
and the Earth. Sometimes this process demandsmore capital expenditure initially so that
product being created is longer lasting and durable, sothe costs in the long-run are reduced.
So green engineering focuses on creatinga sustainableservice, product or process that will
be environmentally friendly. Answer
2 2 Design for
Environment (DfE) is considered as a systematic consideration during design ofissues
associated with environmental safety and health over the entire product life cycle.Some
firms still avoid because they believe it is a time-consuming profit drain. But the
oppositecan be true, if the firm recognizes that a lot of design effort needs to the product.
ThenPreliminary decisions made collectively with engineers can save time later in design.
Staff timecan also be saved through the process efficiencies that come with integrated
design.BY successfully integrating green design —product and process —firms can achieve
morebusiness performance and quality that are not just related to green engineering,

2. includingprofitability and internal process efficiency. Achieving cultural change may involve
a long andchallenging process. Organizations trying to execute sustainable development
often find theirpredictable operations and culture fundamental challenge. Some argue that a
serious commitmentto sustainability requires extensive redesign of organizations and their
basic operating practices.So sustainable engineering is a designing approach that has the
ability to fulfill the needs ofpresent and future generation without compromise. Following
are the Benefits of Sustainable Design include on culture:Reduction in Life Cycle Costs
(irrigation, power, maintenance, etc)Environment Restoration and ProtectionBetter
Working Environments for inhabitantsReduction in pollutionReduction in Disposal Costs
and Waste Material Answer
3 3In any project
environment Conflict is as inevitable because When project team membersinteract each
other during the course of completing their responsibilities and task, then there isalways a
potential for conflict. Actually, it is virtually impossible for people with
differentbackground, skills and norms to work together , make decisions and try to cope
projectobjectives and goals without conflict. Normally people consider that conflict is
unhealthy, undesirable and needs to be avoided at any costs. It is presumed that conflict is
alwaysabnormal and it will produce personality problems or differences. This is not
entirelytrue. Conflict can be healthy and can produce desirable results. Sometimes it can be
good forentity because it enhance open-mindedness and helps to avoid the propensity
toward groupthink that many organizations fall prey to.. It is very important that it is not
necessary thatconflict should always be avoided, but it needs to be managed. When
management understandconflict then they need to strength the relationships; improve
productivity by reducing the timeand energy spent on handling conflict; reduce stress on
lives, and get better results from theconflicts.For the purpose of managing it Project
managers must identify, analyze, and evaluate bothpositive and negative values of conflict
and their effect on employees performance. They mustalso learn how and when to
encourage conflict and how to use it to increase the performance ofteam members. Conflict
need not have negative consequences. So manager needs to dofollowing• Be neutral –
strive to be fair. • Inquire each party to state what they think the problem is and not
ignore other issues. • Listen attentively because Good communication is an essential
ingredient to build a better understanding with staff, and it establishes employees
trust. • Managers need to Develop strong people management skills • Like
motivating staff, information sharing, constructive feedback, coaching, and setting clear
goals around roles and responsibilities play a vital role in preventing
unhealthy conflict. • Encourage individuals for relevant training courses, team
building activities and dealing with different interactions • Conduct a health
assessment of
team~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~here what I’ m looking to readjust to get the full mark ::: Good job. A lot of your
information appears to come from other sources which you didn’ t mention or cite from.
Question 1 is not done in short essay form, its very disorganized. Question 1 talks a lot
about green engineering, but more about what it is and not as much focus in put on the

3. questions asked about it. For question 3, your discussion of conflict is good but your
discussion is more in general, not regarding environmental- conscious environments or
green
engineering. _______________________________________________________________________________________
HW#2 1.a)Municipal Solid Waste or MSW is the waste consisting of everyday items that
are discarded by the public. The Municipal Solid Waste Industry has four components:
Recycling, Composting, Land filling and Waste-to-Energy via incineration.These waste
products can be incinerated to produce energy. Waste-to-Energy (WTE) is the process of
generating energy in form of Electricity and/or heat from the incineration of waste. The
method of using incineration to convert municipal solid waste (MSW) to energy is a
comparatively old method of waste-to-energy production. Incineration is generally a waste
treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste
materials. It entails burning the waste to produce heat, which helps to boil the water and
create hot steam. This steam rotates the steam turbines coupled with the generators, finally
producing electricity. The concept of producing electricity is the same as the Thermal Power
Plants, where fossil fuels (coal, diesel etc.) are burnt in the boiler to heat the water to
produce steam. This steam is passed through the economizer utility to collect the heat for
reusing it, and then this hot steam is passed through the steam turbines. The rotor shafts of
the Steam Turbines are coupled with the Rotor of the Alternator, hence when the rotor of
the Turbine rotates electricity is produced. In the rotor an external field is provided to
control the power that is produced from the alternator. Electricity is produced by using the
same method with the help of MSW, only fossil fuels are substituting with the waste
products.During the 2001-2007 period, there was increase in WTE capacity about four
million metric tons per annum. China and Japan built many plants that were based on direct
smelting or on fluidized bed combustion of solid waste. There are about 50 WTE plants in
China. The largest user in thermal treatment of MSW in the world with 40 million tons is
Japan. There are lots of ways in which the MSW are disposed of .Most famous and well
known methods are dumps. More commonly used today to protect the environment
however, are landfills. These are specially created areas so waste can be put into the ground
with little or no harm to the natural environment through pollution.Nowadays, landfills are
engineered in this way to protect the environment by protecting the pollutants from going
into the soil and contaminating the ground water. The first method is by surrounding the
landfills with clay liner, which can prevent the pollutants from leaving the landfill. These are
called sanitary landfills. The 2nd method is to use synthetic liners like plastic to separate the
landfills trash from the land below it. Once trash is put into these landfills, it is compacted
until the areas is full, at which time the trash is buried. This is done to prevent the trash
from contacting the environment but also to keep it dry and out of contact with air so it will
not quickly decompose. This method is called Municipal Solid Waste Landfills.About 55% of
the waste generated in the United States goes to landfills while around 90% of waste
created in the United Kingdom is disposed in this manner.1.b)Ashes that are created as a
waste from the incineration of the MSW, cannot be buried in the landfills as they leach
throughout the area and cause severe contamination. So disposing the ash is a problem. But
they can be used as a material in the cement industry. But nowadays due to the problems

4. created from the pollution caused from burning the waste the incineration method is
avoided.2)The cost of building the incineration facility is $50 Million. The facility is capable
of burning 750 tons of waste/ day producing 14 MW a day. This means 14/24 MW per
Hour.Now this amount of electricity can be sold for 0.095 per kilowatt hour. It is mentioned
that there will be no additional cost for taking the waste to the facility, only a fee of $105 a
ton has to be paid in order to bury the waste in a landfill.So the total cost for burying the
total 750 tons of waste into the landfill is 750*105= $78,750.Now, as we need to ignore the
operation cost, the revenue that comes from selling the electricity per hour is = hourly
production value* rate per unit = (14/24)*(0.095/0.001) = $55.41Now the total revenue
per day is $1329.84.So the total no. of days the facility will take to pay itself is = 59.21
daysTotal amount of revenue(hourly)= $55.41 Amount of revenue in day= $1329.24
No. of days for paying itself= 59.21 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~here is the
instructor notice::: For the second problem, made a miscalculation about the income from
the electricity generated per day. 14 MW is created, which you need to convert to KW (1
MW = 1000 KW) before you can multiply it by the
$0.095. ______________________________________________________________________________________________H
W#4The Life Cycle Assessment of a Cell phone • List 10 processes that occur as
part of the creation, use, and disposal of that product.• The extraction of materials
such as nickel, copper, beryllium and others• Material processing, such as combining
crude oil, chemicals and natural gases to make plastic• Manufacturing, using the
materials processed to make the basic shapes of the cell phone• Reassembling of the
parts into a complete cell phone• Packaging of a cell phone and its contents using
paper, cartons and other materials• Transporting the packaged product to
destinations accessing to consumers• Useful life of about 18 months• A cell-
phone is re-used, for instance when donated to a charity organization• A cell phone is
recycled, primarily its parts• A cell phone is disposed in landfill (Environmental
Protection Agency, 2013). • List an environmental impact for each
process• Material extraction- use of “ persistent toxins” , such as lead which stay in
the environment for long, after disposal• Material processing- release of Ozone layer
gases, such as carbon monoxide , thus contributing to the global warming
effect• Manufacturing- uses chemicals that release poisonous gases to the
environment• Reassembling process- produce damaged parts, such as chips and
batteries that are non-biodegradable and discarded into the environment and slowly
release toxins into the environment through the out-gassing process• Packaging- uses
environmentally unfriendly materials, such as plastic and cartons that damage the ecology.
When they find their ways to water bodies, they can cause death to fish and other water life
through strangulation and ingestion.• Transporting- causes vehicles to use fuel, such
as diesel that emit Ozone layer gases, thus contributing to the global warming
effect• Useful life- extensive charging, which misuses electricity, thus increasing the
pressure to get electricity from environmental unfriendly sources, such as coal.• Re-
Using- avoids discarding the cell phone, thus limiting the effect that its components could
have when released into the environment for the time the cell phone is in
use.• Recycling- using the cell phone parts to create new phones instead of using

5. newly manufactured parts, thus limiting the effect from extracting and processing cell
phone material; the material is already available from existing phones.• Disposing-
results to releasing plastics and other environmental hazardous materials into the
environment. • What can be done to reduce the environmental impacts created
by the creation, use, and disposal of that product?To reduce the environmental impact
created by a cell phone’ s life cycle, much focus should be directed at reusing, packaging and
recycling. The packaging of a cell phone should be done using environmentally friendly
materials. Instead of discarding phones or storing unused phones, people should reuse
them by donating them to charity organizations, schools, community organizations and
persons who need them. This prolongs the useful time of cell phones and ensures that few
phones are in circulation. Hence, only few phones, primarily those with no useful life are
discarded. Nevertheless, even phones with no useful life should not be discarded. Such cell
phones could be recycled. People should take them to electronic recyclers who could use
the components to make other electronic gadgets or ship them to cell-phone companies for
recycling. Ideally, recycling and reusing limits the number of phones discarded, thus
reducing the amount of non-biodegradable cell phone material present in the environment.
In addition, the materials processed and extracted are minimized as useful parts can be
reused to make new cell phones. This means that the toxins released by the two processed
to the environment and their effects on the environment are reduced (Prasad, Ohmori &
Simunic, 2010). ReferencesEnvironmental Protection Agency. (2013). The life cycle of a
cell phone. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/osw/education/pdfs/life-cell.pdf Prasad,
R., Ohmori, S., & Simunic, D. (2010).Towards green Ict.Denmark:River
Publishers~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ It was full
mark_________________________________________________________ HW# 5 1) From the information
discussed in class on plastics, select one type of plastic from the seven recycling codes. Do
some research and find the process steps that this particular plastic goes through; from the
time it is discarded to when it has been completely recycled into a new product. Describe
this process in your own words; a minimum of 5 steps will be required to receive full points.
(The process of burning the plastic, as a fuel is not an acceptable process answer for this
question.)Recycling is the manufacturing of waste materials to make new products. It
involves collecting and treating discarded materials as raw materials. Recycling is
important as it helps save earth’ s precious resources through treating waste materials. It
also helps the environment by saving energy and reducing pollution, creates the job and
reduces the need for landfill and incinerators (Brown, Foote, Iverson, & Anslyn,
2011).According to Brown et. al., (2011), plastics are often made from more than one kind
of polymer. To aid identification, sorting and recovery of polymers a coding system has
been developed based on the ‘ Recycle Triangle’ which uses a series of numbers and
letters, which is used during recycling.Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET, PETE)This is
a plastic resin, normally produced for the textile industry as ‘ polyester’ . The purer form of
the plastic is commonly used to make containers used for packaging a range of products
such as beverages, drinking water, peanut butter, salad dressings, household cleaners and
many others. This type of plastic is easily recyclable because the chain of polymer it
contains can break down at low temperature. The fact that polymer chain is not degraded

6. by the recycling process, PET can be recycled over and over for a long time until it becomes
unusable (Brown, et. al., 2011).The following are the general steps involved the process of
recyclingPolyethylene Terephthalate (PET) (Stanitski, C., 2000):1) It starts with collecting
the discarded materials usually bottles.2) Sorting- the bottles are sorted by hand or
through automation, while removing unwanted materials from them such only clean
bottles are left.3) Cleaning- next the bottles are cleaned both inside and out. This is
supposed to remove any residual liquid or dirt to avoid contamination.4) The bottles can
then be sorted further using infrared radiation methods so as to determine the types of
polymers present. Sorting by colour, adds value to the plastic.5) Shredding- the bottles are
then shredded into flakes and washed again. The shredding step however may be omitted
and the bottles melted and molded to a variety of shapes.6) After shredding, the plastic is
melted to produce small plastic granulates, or pellets 2) Even though all of the code 1
through code 7 plastics is recyclable, not all plastics are actively being recycled. Do some
research and find 3 of the major issues that are currently blocking a more complete
recycling process. Describe the issues.According to Brown, et. al., (2011) the answer to this
question has more to do with economics and consumer habits than with technological
obstacles. The authors have identified the following issues as to why plastics are not
exhaustively being recycled. These include: i. The durability and chemical inertness
of most plastics make them ideally suited for reuse, therefore the answer to this question
has more to do with economics and consumer habits than with technological
obstacles. ii. Because curbside pickup and centralized drop-off stations for recyclable
are just now becoming common, the amount used of used material available for
reprocessing has traditionally been small. This limitation combined with need for additional
sorting and separation step, rendered the use of recycled plastics in manufacturing
expensive compared with virgin materials. iii. Until recently, consumers perceived
products made from used materials as being inferior to new ones, so the market for
recycled products has not been large.The increase in environmental concerns over the last
few years, however, has resulted in greater demand for recycled products. As manufacturer
adapt to satisfy adapt to satisfy this new market, plastic recycling will eventually catch up
with the recycling of other materials such as glass and aluminum (Brown, et. al.,2011).3)
Plastics can be burned for fuel at a waste to energy plant, just like paper products. However,
the energy return from plastics is not the same as paper products. Do some research and
find out which has the higher energy return rate; the plastics or the paper products? Discuss
the pros and cons of burning plastics versus paper products for their energy.In the modern
world, garbage can is burnt to generate electricity.Recent studies has concluded
that burning waste plastic has lesser environmental damages to the than all other disposal
techniques. The end products of combustion of these wastes are carbon dioxide, water, and
even energy. The rate of energy return differs with the type of garbage. Research has
revealed that plastics are excellent sources of energy when burnt for fuel at a waste to
energy plant; exceeding that of paper products (Stanitski, C., 2000). This is because are
plastics are made from petroleum and natural gas.burning plastics vs. paper products, for
energy; pros and consPros i. Burning of plastics or paper wastes can produce energy.
However, plastics have higher energy return ii. They both reduces the amount of

7. garbage that is buried in landfills iii. Burning of plastic can also prevent pollution. This
is because burnt plastic produce electricity that can be used to make other plastic, thus
providing alternative to coal which pollutes by emitting sulphur. iv. Plastics last longer
than paper. This means that even if it burnt for energy, plastics are stronger than paper and
can be reused because much longer. Cons i. Causes environmental pollution- Burning
garbage be it plastic or paper releases green house gases and the chemicals and substances
present in that waste into the atmosphere. ii. The practice of converting waste to
energy plants is likely to hinder the recycling programs. iii. Burning garbage both
paper and plastic has ecological problem. Further production of these the products will
require more exploitation of natural resources. For instance, more trees are likely to be
felled in order to acquire raw materials for the paper, same with the plastic. Increased
exploitation of resources will cause eventual depletion. ReferencesStanitski, C.
(2000) Chemistry in context: applying chemistry to society. McGraw-HillBrown, W., Foote,
S., Iverson, B. & Anslyn, E. (2011) Organic Chemistry. Mason: Cengage LearningMiller, G.,
(2007)Cengage Advantage Books: Sustaining the Earth: An Integrated
Approach. Mason: Cengage
Learning~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~need to :::::: Good job. The
assignment asked for the problems to be written in short essay format. All 3 problems were
done in a list
format. ______________________!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~___________________!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~_______!!~~but as I said all answers are needed to be paraphrased, only
paraphrase for all of them and 1&2 readjust what he is looking for Thanksneed them within
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