Grammar presentation for past and present perfect

1. PRESENT PERFECT
Vs
SIMPLE PAST
Action begins
in the past
It is connected
To the present
PRESENTPAST
I have practiced soccer many years
She has never had a boyfriend
Scientists have discovered many cures

2. SIMPLE PAST
Action begins in the past
And ends in the past
PRESENTPAST
Before my accident, I practiced soccer for many years
She met her boyfriend 3 years ago
George Bush was the president of The USA from
2001 until 2009

3. Example:
A: Have you traveled this year?
B: Yes, I have. I went to Virginia
A: What did you do there?
B: Well, I went to the beach, I swam and took the
sun
A: Have eaten today?
B: Yes, I have. I ate at Mary’s place
A: How was the food?
B: It was pretty good, she’s been with her mother
these days. I guess she taught her how to do it

4. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or
present perfect simple).
A: (you / play / already) the new computer game?
B: No, not yet. I only (buy) it yesterday and I (have /
not) the time yet.
A: (you / go) to the cinema last night?
B: Yes. I (be) there with Sue and Louis. (you / be) to
the cinema recently?

5. A: I last (go) to the cinema two weeks ago.
B: So you (see / not) the new action film yet.
A: No, unfortunately not. (you / enjoy) it?
B: Oh, I really (love) it. But Sue (like / not) it - too
much action!
A: But why (you / take) her with you? She (tell) me
last week that she (hate) action films.
B: I think she has an eye on Louis. She (try) to flirt
with him all the time. So he (can / concentrate /
not) on the film.

6. USING ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Adjective Adverb Example
beautiful Ann is beautiful.
beautifully Ann sings beautifully
warm The room is warm.
warmly Joe smiles warmly.
slow The car is slow.
slowly Ann drives slowly.

7. ADVERBS
Adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what
conditions something happens or happened.
Basically, most adverbs tell you how, where, or
when something is done. In other words, they
describe the manner, place, or time of an action.
My house is fairly big.
Carol's dog is pretty meek.
Russia is quite large.

8. Adverbs are usually made from adjectives, by
adding -LY. However, there are some exceptions.
These are the rules:
Adjective
ending in...
How to make the
adverb
Examples
y change Y to -LY
heavy - heavily
happy - happily
lazy - lazily
anything
else
Just add -LY
warm - warmly
nice - nicely
loud - loudly
MAKING ADVERBS FROM ADJECTIVES

9. Adjective Adverb
good well
late
Late (“Lately” means recently.
It is not the adverb from “late”.)
early early
fast fast
hard
Hard (“Hardly” means not much.
It is not the adverb from “hard”.)
However, there are some important exceptions:

10. Complete the following sentences with an adverb.
A: The traffic is ________ annoying.
B: Our planet is ________ beautiful.
C: Peter’s grades are _______ outstanding.
D: The bus took ________ long to get here.
E: She is always _______ dressed.
F: You are writing too _______
G: She spoke _______ about him.

11. 1. Sue learned Japanese ________.
a. quickly
b. quick
2. Ann walks ________.
a. heavy
b. heavily
3. The eagle sees ________.
a. good
b. well
4. The soup tastes ________.
a. good
b. well
5. Adriana ran ________.
a. fastly
b. fast

12. 6. Sharon usually sings ________.
a. sad
b. sadly
7. Jin speaks Chinese ________.
a. fluent
b. fluently
8. Mei Li dresses ________.
a. beautifully
b. beautiful
9. Betty is ________.
a. beautifully
b. beautiful
10.David arrived ________.
a. lately
b. late

13. When we want to express agreement in
affirmative sentences we use «So» and «Too»

14. When we want to express agreement in negative
sentences we use «either» and «neither»

15. When we want to express disagreement in negative
or affirmative sentences we use the auxiliar which
corresponds to the sentence tense.

16. 1. He doesn't want to leave. _______________ I
( AGREE).
2. We won't eat a lot tonight ____________
(DISAGREE)
3. He couldn't stand up. _________________ they.
(AGREE)
4. He shaves every morning. ____________
(DISAGREE)
5. You are eating snails. _________________ they.
( AGREE)
6. I am not tired. _________________ we.
( AGREE)

17. 1) He enjoys eating a pear. ______________ I.
a. So do
b. Neither do
c. So enjoy
2) I just can't stop loving you ____________ he.
a. Neither can
b. Neither does
c. So can
3) My cheese has been eaten by mice ____________ theirs.
a. Either must
b. Neither does
c. So has
4) He may drive slowly ________________ she.
a. Neither may
b. So does
c. So may

18. MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very
differently from normal verbs. Here are some important
differences:
1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.
Examples:
He can speak Chinese.
She should be here by 9:00.

19. 2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in
Simple Present and Simple Past.
Examples:
He should not be late.
They might not come to the party.
3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses
or the future tenses.
Examples:
He will can go with us. Not Correct
She musted study very hard. Not Correct

20. Can
"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal
verbs in English. It can be used to express ability or
opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to
show possibility or impossibility.
Examples:
 I can ride a horse. (ABILITY)
 We can stay with my brother when we are in
Paris. (OPPORTUNITY)
 She cannot stay out after 10 PM. (PERMISSION)
 Can you hand me the stapler? (REQUEST)
 Any child can grow up to be president. (POSSIBILITY)

21. Could
"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as
well as to make suggestions and requests. "Could" is
also commonly used in conditional sentences as the
conditional form of "can."
Examples:
 Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the
 city. possibility
 Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11. past ability
 You could see a movie or go out to dinner. suggestion
 Could I use your computer to email my boss? request
 We could go on the trip if I didn't have to work this
 weekend. conditional

22. May
"May" is most commonly used to express possibility. It
can also be used to give or request permission,
although this usage is becoming less common.
Examples:
 Cheryl may be at home, or perhaps at
work. possibility
 Johnny, you may leave the table when you have
finished your dinner. give permission
 May I use your bathroom? request permission

23. Might
"Might" is most commonly used to express possibility. It is
also often used in conditional sentences. English speakers
can also use "might" to make suggestions or requests,
although this is less common in American English.
Examples:
 Your purse might be in the living room. POSSIBILITY
 If I didn't have to work, I might go with you. CONDITIONAL
 You might visit the botanical gardens during your
visit. SUGGESTION
 Might I borrow your pen? REQUEST

24. Shall
"Shall" is used to indicate future action. It is most
commonly used in sentences with "I" or "we," and is often
found in suggestions, such as "Shall we go?" "Shall" is also
frequently used in promises or voluntary actions. In formal
English, the use of "shall" to describe future events often
expresses inevitability or predestination.
Examples:
 Shall I help you? SUGGESTION
 I shall never forget where I came from. PROMISE
 He shall become our next king. PREDESTINATION
 I'm afraid Mr. Smith shall become our new
director. INEVITABILITY

25. Should
"Should" is most commonly used to make
recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to
express obligation as well as expectation.
Examples:
 When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in
Potsdam. RECOMMENDATION
 You should focus more on your family and less on
work. ADVICE
 I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. OBLIGATION
 By now, they should already be in Dubai. EXPECTATION

26. Had Better
"Had better" is most commonly used to make
recommendations. It can also be used to express
desperate hope as well as warn people.
Examples:
 You had better take your umbrella with you
today. RECOMMENDATION
 That bus had better get here soon! DESPERATE HOPE
 You had better watch the way you talk to me in the
future! WARNING

27. Ought To
"Ought to" is used to advise or make recommendations.
"Ought to" also expresses assumption or expectation as
well as strong probability, often with the idea that
something is deserved. "Ought not" (without "to") is used
to advise against doing something, although Americans
prefer the less formal forms "should not" or "had better
not."
Examples:
 You ought to stop smoking. RECOMMENDATION
 Jim ought to get the promotion. IT IS EXPECTED BECAUSE HE
DESERVES IT.
 This stock ought to increase in value. PROBABILITY
 Mark ought not drink so much. ADVICE AGAINST
SOMETHING (NOTICE THERE IS NO "TO")

28. Must
"Must" is most commonly used to express certainty. It can
also be used to express necessity or strong
recommendation although native speakers prefer the more
flexible form "have to." "Must not" can be used to prohibit
actions, but this sounds very severe.
Examples:
 This must be the right address! CERTAINTY
 Students must pass an entrance examination to study at
this school. NECESSITY
 You must take some medicine for that cough. STRONG
RECOMMENDATION
 Jenny, you must not play in the street! PROHIBITION

29. Have To
"Have to" is used to express certainty, necessity, and
obligation.
Examples:
 This answer has to be correct. CERTAINTY
 The soup has to be stirred continuously to prevent
burning. NECESSITY
 They have to leave early. OBLIGATION

30. Complete the sentences using the words listed in the
box below, then click the "Check" button to check your
answers. Don't forget to capitalize when necessary.
Some gaps may have more than one correct answer.
can - could - have to - must - might – should - had better
1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11
hours. He _____________ be exhausted after such a
long flight. He ________ prefer to stay in tonight and
get some rest.
2. Dave: ___________ you hold your breath for more
than a minute?
Nathan: No, I can't.

31. 3. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone.
If they don't get enough water, they ________ die
4. The book is optional. My professor said we
__________ read it if we needed extra credit. But
we __________ read it if we don't want to.
5. You __________ take your umbrella along with you
today. The weatherman on the news said there's a
storm north of here and it __________ rain later on
this afternoon.
6. Ned: __________ I borrow your lighter for a minute?
Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, you __________
keep it if you want to. I've given up smoking.
7. My clothes are dirty _________ wash them.
8. I'm cold. I _________ wear coat.
9. You're driving too fast! You _________ slow down.

32. 1. _____ I have some more tea, please?
a. Could b. Shall c. Will d. Would
2. Everyone´s asleep. We _____ make a noise
a. couldn`t b. mustn`t c. needn´t d. wouldn´t
3. I don`t think I want to see this film.
–Oh, I think you _____ enjoy it.
a. can b. shall d. will d. would
4. _____ I show you the way? – Oh, thank you.
a. Do b. shall c. will d. would

33. WILL - WOULD
Would is sometimes used for offering, inviting or for
requests:
Examples:
• Would you like something to drink? (offer)
• Waiter....I'd like the menu, please...(request)
• Would you like to come to the party with
us? (invitation)

34. To give an answer we can use «will» or «would»
Examples:
Would you like something to drink?
- Yes, thanks. I’ll have a lemonade
What would you like to do?
- I’d like to go to the movies
Remember I would = I’d
I will = I’ll
Invite your friend to do something

35. Will works as an auxiliar and it expresses a spontaneous
decision, an assumption with regard to the future or an
action in the future that cannot be influenced.
a spontaneous decision
 Wait, I will help you.
an opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the
future
 He will probably come back tomorrow.
a promise
 I will not watch TV tonight.
an action in the future that cannot be influenced
 It will rain tomorrow.
Will not = won’t

36. Make questions using the information provided below
in future.
1. (you / ask / him)
2. (Jenny / lock / the door)
3. (it / rain)
4. (the teacher / test / our English)
Make negative sentences
1. (I / answer / the question)
2. (she / read / the book)
3. (they / drink / beer)
4. (we / send / the postcard)

37. COMPARATIVES SUPERLATIVES
Fat - Fatter fattest
Big - Bigger Than The Biggest
Small - smaller Smallest
Good - better Best
Bad - worse Than The worst
Far - farther farthest
Modern modern
More Beautiful Than The Most beautiful
Expensive Expensive
Important Important

38. Hot Is cartagena ?
Cold is the coldest city in colombia?
Far is your house from here?
old are you?
HOW Tall is the tallest person in the class?
Important is your family for you?
Interesting is your sister or brother?
modern are the european countries?
Attractive ____________?
QUESTIONS WITH ADJECTIVES

39. How hot is cartagena ?
Cartagena is 30 Celcius Degrees
Cartagena is very hot
How cold is the coldest city in colombia?
The coldest city in colombia is Tunja with 8 °C
The coldest city in colombia is Tunja and is really Cold.
How far is your house from here?
My house is 30 minutes walking
My house is 5 blocks from here
My house is Quite far from here

40. TELL AND ASK WHEN LEAVING A
MESSAGE
When we leave a message to someone we generally use
two types of sentences:
An imperative sentence ( Verb + complement )
go to the library
don’t play in the house
A declarative sentence ( subject + verb + complement )
I work until late
I didn’t sleep well yesterday

41. When we leave a message using an imperative sentence we
use tell or ask followed by the object and the preposition
“to”:
Could you please tell Susan to call me back?
(imperative sentece)
Can you ask him to bring my book I left on his desk?
(imperative sentece)

42. When we leave a message using a declarative sentence
we use tell followed by the object and the preposition
“that” although this one is not necessary:
can you Tell Dad that I will arrive late?,
(declarative sentece)
tell him there is a lot of traffic.
(declarative sentece)

43. Complete the gaps
1. Jim called this morning to ______ you _____ give him
Anne’s number but I ______ him _____ you were not
at home. I______ him ____ to call you at night. I
_____ him _______ you’ll be here at around 8 p.m.
2. (in the answer machine) Hello, I’m phoning to _____
Jane _____ Mr Douglas has a meeting tomorrow and
to ______ her ______ he wants that she has
everything ready before 7 a.m. Thanks, bye
3. Could you please _____ your brother _____ (not) call
me anymore. ____ him _____ I don’t want to see him
and ____ I’m not going to forgive him, Thanks.