Presented at NuINT 2015 at Osaka, Japan

1. S. V. Cao
Kyoto University
(On behalf of the T2K collaboration )
Charged-Current Pion Production
in T2K
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka

2. Outline
Introduction
Charged pion production
In water, off-axis
Coherent pion production
In carbon, on-axis
In carbon, off-axis
Summary
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 2

3. Needs of 𝜋-production in T2K
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka
 Needed for oscillation analysis
 Main background around oscillation dip
 Energy misreconstruction
 𝜋-production itself: FSI model ( 𝜋 absorption,
scattering, charge exchange…)
 Dominant background to charged-current
quasielastic scattering measurements
 Pion absorption
 Detector inefficiency
 Also background to other cross-section
measurements
 T2K shares same energy peak (0.6 GeV) as
MiniBooNE  Compare results
3
PhysRevD.91.072010
PhysRevC.88.017601
νμ CC candidates
at T2K far detector
6.6x1020 POT

4. Needs of 𝜋-production in T2K (cont’d)
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka
Outstanding issues:
 CC1𝜋+: inconsistency between MINERvA and
MiniBooNE in overall normalization and
pion kinematics
 CC1𝜋 coherent: MINERvA observed this rare
interaction above 1.5 GeV, but prediction
overestimated at low E 𝜋
T2K important keys to these issues:
 Fairly clean N-𝛥 coupling information
(narrow peak at 𝛥 resonance ); multiple
targets (12C, 16O,…) for FSI constraints
 CC1𝜋 coherence below 1.5 GeV
(~0.8 GeV for off-axis, ~1.5 GeV for on-axis)
4
arXiv:1406.6415
PhysRevLett.113.261802
MINERvA

5. The T2K experiment
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 5
 High intensity, pure muon (anti) neutrino beam
 The world’s first off-axis designed neutrino experiment
 Far Detector (SK) is 2.50 off the beam’s axis
 Narrow band beam, peaked at oscillation maximum (0.6 GeV)
5
10
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Angle(degrees)
Data
Best fit
Background component
Momentum (MeV/c)
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MC without Oscillations
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14 No oscillation
Best fit spectra
Data
Energy (GeV)mnReconstructed
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Ratio
0.5
1
1.5
PRL. 112, 181801 (2014)PRL 112, 061802 (2014) Paper preparation Paper preparation
 Primary goal is to measure precisely neutrino oscillations
Stay tuned for:
 Observe
 CP phase
 Unknowns…
T2K Preliminary
T2K Preliminary

6. T2K on-axis detector: INGRID
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 6
Designed for measuring 𝜈 beam intensity,
direction and profile
 16 scintillator-steel interleaved
“standard” modules formed a cross
shape (7.1 tons/each)
 Fully active scintillator Proton Module to
detect protons and pions specifically for
cross-section studies.
Key features for cross-section:
o Broad flux spectrum, mean ~1.51 GeV
o Target materials: scintillator and iron
o Large number of interactions
Upstream view Top view
Display of MC event interacted in
Proton Module and μ tracked by INGRID

7. T2K off-axis detector: ND280
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka
Aim to understand unoscillated 𝜈 beam: constrains flux
and cross-section parameters
 Tracker, composed of Fine-Grained Detector (FGD)
and Time Projection Chamber (TPC), is central part
o Two FGDs: active target w/ scintillator only
(FGD1) or scintillator-water interleaved (FGD2)
o Three TPCs: mainly Argon (95%) filled, for
momentum measurement and particle ID
 𝜋0 detector (POD) for water-scintillator target and 𝜋0
tagging
 Electromagnetic calorimeters (ECal) to detect gamma
rays and reconstruct 𝜋0
 Side muon range detectors (SMRD) to tag entering
cosmic muons or side-exiting muons
Key features for cross-section:
o Narrow flux spectrum , mean ~ 0.85 GeV
o Multiple targets: scintillator, water, argon, lead
o High final state ID resolution, charge separation
7
0.2 T

8. T2K interaction topologies
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 8
 Final state topologies based on the true particles exiting the nucleus
(takes advantage of ND280 high final state ID resolution)
(MeV/c)m
p
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Numberofentries
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Data
pCC-0
pCC-1
CC-Other
BKG
External
No truth
(MeV/c)m
p
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Numberofentries
0
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CCQE
RES
DIS
COH
NC
mnanti-
en
out FGD FV
other
no truth
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p
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other
no truth
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p
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pCC-1
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p
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pCC-0
pCC-1
CC-Other
BKG
External
No truth
Topology
definition
Breakdown by
final state ID
Breakdown by ν
generator truth
T2K Preliminary T2K Preliminary T2K Preliminary
T2K Preliminary T2K Preliminary T2K Preliminary
63% CCQE 39% RES 68% DIS
72% CC0π 51% CC1π 70% CCother

9. T2K recent pion production
measurements
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 9
Various activities on pion production are ongoing at T2K near detectors.
This talk highlights measurements which are official only.
① CC1𝜋+
CC1𝜋+ in water (ND280-FGD2)
② CC1𝜋+ coherent
CC1𝜋+ coherence in carbon (ND280-FGD1)
CC1𝜋+ coherence in carbon (INGRID)

10. 11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 10
① CC1𝜋+
Signal definition
Main contribution from resonance
Simulation: Rein-Sehgal model
NEUT (“official” ν generator)
GENIE (alternative ν generator)

11. CC1𝜋+ in Water (ND280-FGD2)
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka
 Signal: CC w/ 1 𝜋+ in water layer of FGD2
 Event selection:
 Negative muon-like track (TPC)
 Positive pion-like track (TPC ID)
 Reject events w/ 𝜋0 (ECal)
 Muon-like track starts in x-scintillator layer
 Phase-space restriction applied to remove
areas of low detector acceptance
 Dominant backgrounds:
 CC 1𝜋+ in scintillator layers (XY)
 CC non-1𝜋+ (dominated by DIS)
11
x y
True signal
Intrinsic bkg.
for sideband
/ GeVp
p
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Numberofevents/0.05GeV
0
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Data
XYpCC1
waterpCC1
otherpCC1
XYpCC non-1
waterpCC non-1
otherpCC non-1
CCmnnon
Out of FV
Data
XYpCC1
waterpCC1
otherpCC1
XYpCC non-1
waterpCC non-1
otherpCC non-1
CCmnnon
Out of FV
50.6% CC1pi
(30.9% from water)
T2K Preliminary
pqcos
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Numberofevents/0.01
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XYpCC1
waterpCC1
otherpCC1
XYpCC non-1
waterpCC non-1
otherpCC non-1
CCmnnon
Out of FV
Data
XYpCC1
waterpCC1
otherpCC1
XYpCC non-1
waterpCC non-1
otherpCC non-1
CCmnnon
Out of FV
P 𝜋,μ > 200 MeV,
cosθ 𝜋,μ> 0.3
T2K Preliminary
Phase-space restriction
scintillator
water
scintillator

12. CC1𝜋+ in Water (ND280-FGD2)(cont’d)
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka
 Two control samples to constrain background
12
CC-other water-enhancedCC1𝜋+ scintillator
/ GeVp
p
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Numberofevents/0.05GeV
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XYpCC1
waterpCC1
otherpCC1
XYpCC non-1
waterpCC non-1
otherpCC non-1
CCmnnon
Out of FV
Data
XYpCC1
waterpCC1
otherpCC1
XYpCC non-1
waterpCC non-1
otherpCC non-1
CCmnnon
Out of FV
/ GeVp
p
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Numberofevents/0.05GeV
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XYpCC1
waterpCC1
otherpCC1
XYpCC non-1
waterpCC non-1
otherpCC non-1
CCmnnon
Out of FV
Data
XYpCC1
waterpCC1
otherpCC1
XYpCC non-1
waterpCC non-1
otherpCC non-1
CCmnnon
Out of FV
 Flux-integrated differential cross section based on Bayesian
unfolding method
 In muon kinematics
 In pion kinematics
 In muon-pion angle
 In neutrino reconstructed energy
T2K Preliminary T2K Preliminary
38% 1𝜋+ XY
6% 1𝜋+ water
38% non-1𝜋+ water
6% 1𝜋+ water

13. 11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 13
CC1 𝜋+ in Water (ND280-FGD2)(cont’d)
T2K PreliminaryT2K Preliminary

14. CC1 𝜋+ in Water (ND280-FGD2)(cont’d)
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 14
(GeV)nTrue E
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
/Nucleon)2cm-38
)(10n
(Es
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
POT)21
/50MeV/102
flux(/cmmnT2K
0
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10´
fluxmnT2K
NEUT prediction
GENIE prediction
NEUT average
GENIE average
T2K Run II-IV data
T2K Preliminary
T2K Preliminary
T2K Preliminary
 Data lower than GENIE prediction
(same as MiniBooNE result)
 Suppression observed specifically
 P 𝜋+ > 0.3 GeV & P 𝜋+ < 0.8 GeV
 cosθ 𝜋+ > 0.9 (coherent channel
contribution is significant)
(5.56x1020 POT)
(5.56x1020 POT)
(5.56x1020 POT)

15. 11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 15
① CC1𝜋+
CC1𝜋+ in water (ND280-FDG2)
CC1𝜋+ in carbon (ND280-FGD1) (under review -MC only)
CC1𝜋+ in water (ND280-P0D) (under review -MC only)
② CC1𝜋+ coherent
CC1𝜋+ coherence in carbon (ND280-FGD1), ~ 0.8 GeV
CC1𝜋+ coherence in carbon (INGRID), ~1.5 GeV
 Interesting features
 Pion created from off-shell W boson despite small
nucleus binding energy (~10s MeV)
 Very small four-momentum transfer, |t|~ ℏ2/R2 to
leave nucleus in its ground state
 Small angle scattering of produced lepton
 Puzzle: K2K and SciBooNE found no evidence of
CC coherent below 1.5 GeV but NC coherent
signal was clearly observed at same energy
(GeV)nE
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
/nucleus)2
(cmC
pCCcoh.
s
0
1
2
3
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7
39-
10´
POT)21
/50MeV/102
flux(/cmmn
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10´
SciBooNE
K2K SciBar
AnMINER
fluxmnOn-axis
NEUT
GENIE
NEUT flux average
GENIE flux average
W+

16. Coherent in Carbon (ND280-FGD1)
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 16
sideband
sideband
 Phase-space restriction:
 Event pre-selection (CC1𝜋+ )
 Negative muon-like track
 Positive pion-like track
 Additional cuts to enhance coherent interaction
 Vertex activity (<300 Photon Equivalent Unit (PEU))
 t-momentum transfer (<0.15 GeV2)
 Event reduction:
 Dominant backgrounds:
48% resonance, 34% deep-inelastic
T2K Preliminary
T2K Preliminary
300 PEU = 13.8 MeV

17. 11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka
 Sidebands to constrain expected N0 of
backgrounds in the signal box
 Background estimate method
 Split sidebands into bins of reconstructed
invariant hadronic mass, W
 Normalization parameters to fit pion
momentum template for each W bin
 Background in signal box is retuned based
on fitted normalization parameters.
17
Coherent in Carbon (ND280-FGD1)
T2K Preliminary T2K Preliminary
T2K Preliminary

18. 11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka
 An excess of 45±18, with 2.2σ significance
 Two models used to estimate signal efficiency
 Rein-Seghal: PCAC model; relate with pion-nucleus elastic scattering, use “officially”
in event generators, valid for high energy neutrino, less reliable at < 2 GeV
 Alvarez-Ruso: Microscopic model; excitation of Δ resonance, full quantum mechanical
treatment, valid up to 5 GeV
18
Coherent in Carbon (ND280-FGD1) (cont’d)
T2K PreliminaryT2K Preliminary
New result
Rein-Seghal:
Alvarez-Ruso:
 Statistical power limited to distinguish between two models
Data: 5.54x1020 POT
Data: 5.54x1020 POT

19. CC coherent in Carbon (INGRID)
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka
 Challenging:
 Pion momentum is not well-reconstructed
 impossible to reconstruct |t|-transfer
 Unavoidable model-dependence
 Coherent interaction enhanced:
 Muon angle scattering (<150)
 Energy deposit around vertex (<37 MeV)
19
T2K PreliminaryT2K Preliminary
(NEUT 5.1.4.2)(NEUT 5.1.4.2)

20. CC coherent in Carbon (INGRID) (cont’d)
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka
 Flux-averaged cross section
20
(GeV)nE
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
/nucleus)2
(cmC
pCCcoh.s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
39-
10´
POT)21
/50MeV/102
flux(/cmmn
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
9
10´
T2K ND280 (GENIE)
SciBooNE
K2K SciBar
AnMINER
T2K on-axis data
fluxmn
NEUT
GENIE
NEUT flux average
GENIE flux average
 Systematics ~60%, dominated by CC resonance
 1.7σ data excess, suppression observed at high
pion track angle
MINERvA
SciBooNE
T2K Preliminary
T2K Preliminary
(6.04x1020 POT)
(NEUT 5.1.4.2)
(NEUT generator)

21. CC coherent in Carbon (INGRID) (cont’d)
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka
 On-going efforts to improve analysis:
 Increase signal significance (multi-variate
approach to select candidate event)
 Use sidebands to control the dominant
background (CC resonance and CC deep-
inelastic scattering )
 More than 2.5σ excess can be achieved if data
agrees with GENIE prediction
21
True Neutrino Energy (GeV)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Signalefficiency(%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
MVA method
Nominal method
) binsqReconstructed p-cos(
0 2 4 6 8 10
Uncertaintyonsignal(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Signal Only
Signal + Sidebands
) binsqReconstructed p-cos(
0 2 4 6 8 10
Uncertaintyonbackground(%)
0
20
40
60
Signal Only
Signal + Sidebands
Work in progress
Work in progressWork in progress

22. Up-coming results & Prospects
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka
Up-coming results:
 CC1𝜋+ in Carbon (ND280-FGD1)  Under review
 CC1𝜋+ in water (ND280-P0D)  under review
 CC1𝜋+ with proton identification (ND280-FGD1)
 CC1𝜋+ coherent in water (ND280-FGD2)
Prospects:
 CC1𝜋0 in water (ND280-P0D)
 CC1𝜋+ in carbon (INGRID)
22
T2K has near detectors in two different neutrino fluxes simultaneously
 unique capacity to make comparisons, joint fit

23. Summary
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka
 Various cross-section measurements with fine final-state
resolution, thank to ND280 structures
 First exclusive CC1𝜋+ in water indicated suppression at
 low momentum (P 𝜋+ > 0.3 GeV & P 𝜋+ < 0.8 GeV)
 small pion scattering (cosθ 𝜋+ > 0.9)
 First experimental evidence of CC1𝜋+ coherent below 1.5 GeV
 Stay tuned for more interesting results!!!
23

24. Backup: dE/dx w/ TPC
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 24

25. Backup: GENIE vs NEUT
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 25
 NEUT: 5.1.4.2 vs GENIE: 2.8.0
 Differences:
Default values of model parameters
Model for off-shell scattering (Smith-Moniz vs Bodek-Ritchie )
Determine pion multiplicity (W-dependent function vs AGKY)
Coherent pion production: GENIE use a revised version of Rein-
Sehgal (include lepton mass term effect & update pion-nucleon
cross-section)
NEUT GENIE
MACCQE 1.21 GeV/c2 0.99 GeV/c2
MARes 1.21 GeV/c2 1.12 GeV/c2
Threshold for res.
meson prod.
2.0 GeV/c2 1.7 GeV/c2

26. Backup: Pion production
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 26
PhysRevC.88.017601

27. Backup: CC1𝜋+ in Water
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 27
p,mqcos
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/nucleon)2cm-38
10´(p,mq/dcossd
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
NEUT
GENIE
T2K data
)D(nE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
/nucleon)2cm-38
10´))(D(n
(Es
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
NEUT
GENIE
T2K data
mqcos
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/nucleon)2cm-38
10´(mq/dcossd
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
NEUT
GENIE
T2K data
/ GeVm
p
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
/nucleon/GeV)2cm-38
10´(m
/dpsd
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
NEUT
GENIE
T2K data

28. CC1𝜋+ in Water: Event migration
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 28
 Migration (both forward and backward)
 Study
 Going-through sample
 Mask some FGD layer
 Rerun reconstruction to verify that vertex
reconstructed at first non-masked layer

29. CC1 𝜋+ in Water (ND280-FGD2)(cont’d)
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 29
T2K Preliminary
T2K Preliminary
 Effort to reweight NEUT with
MINERvA coherent measurement
 Suppression is smaller, but still
visible
 P 𝜋+ > 0.5 GeV & P 𝜋+ < 0.7 GeV
 cosθ 𝜋+ > 0.9
PhysRevLett.113.261802
MINERvA

30. CC1𝜋+ in Carbon (ND280-FGD1)
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka
 Phase space restriction
 0.18 GeV < P 𝜋< 1.6 GeV, θ 𝜋,μ<700
 Event selections
 Negative muon-like track
 𝜋+-like track
 No 𝜋- in TPC, no e± in TPC or ECAL
 Backgrounds
 Dominated by CC-other (22%)
 Detailed in table
 Three control samples are used
 CC0𝜋1P: to control CC0𝜋 bkg
 CCother1𝜋+: to control CCN𝜋 bkg
 CCother1e±: to control CCX𝜋0 bkg
30
CC1𝜋+ 61% CCres 46%
Work in progress Work in progress

31. CC1𝜋+ in Carbon (ND280-FGD1)
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 31
~2300 candidates (MC), results w/
respect to several variables:
 Reconstructed ν energy
 Muon kinematics (double
differential, Q2,Q3)
 Pion kinematics
 Muon-pion angles
 Hadron invariant mass
 Angles in Adler system, to
compare to ANL data
Analysis is under review.
Work in progress Work in progress
Work in progress Work in progress
Work in progress Work in progress

32. Backup: CC1𝜋+ in Carbon (ND280-FGD1)
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 32
ANL
ANL

33. Backup: Coherent RS vs AR
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 33

34. 11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka
 Dominated systematics: Background model
and vertex activity model
 Vertex activity model:
 Single particle-gun protons are generated
isotropically [0-250 MeV]
 Vertex activity for protons formed
 Extra vertex activity is added randomly
25% of MC events scattering off a neutron
target
34
Wo/ vertex activity added W/ vertex activity added
T2K Preliminary T2K Preliminary
Coherent in Carbon (ND280-FGD1) (cont’d)

35. Backup: Vertex activity
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 35
FGD1
Proton Module

36. Backup: Coherent FGD1
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 36

37. Backup: Vertex activity
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 37
 Use sand muons enhanced
 Data-MC vertex activity
difference is 2.7%
 Vary PE as function of track angle,
simultaneously vary PE in vertex region 
re-estimate cross-section. 13.6%
differences used as systematics
 Add up quenching effect based on Birk’s
law  7.17%, and sum in quadrature
15.37%

38. Backup: INGRID coherent systematics
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 38

39. Backup: MVA for INGRID coherent
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 39
First track angle
0 20 40 60 80
NumberofEvents
0
100
200
300
400
pCC coherentmn
CCQEmn
CC 1pionmn
CC othermn
NCmn
en+mn
B.G. from outside
Second track angle
0 20 40 60 80
NumberofEvents
0
50
100
150
200
pCC coherentmn
CCQEmn
CC 1pionmn
CC othermn
NCmn
en+mn
B.G. from outside
-like track confidence levelm
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
NumberofEvents
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
3
10´
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
100
200
300 pCC coherentmn
CCQEmn
CC 1pionmn
CC othermn
NCmn
en+mn
B.G. from outside
-like track confidence levelp
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
NumberofEvents
0
1
2
3
3
10´
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
100
200
300
400
500
pCC coherentmn
CCQEmn
CC 1pionmn
CC othermn
NCmn
en+mn
B.G. from outside
-like rangem
0 20 40 60 80 100
NumberofEvents
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
3
10´
pCC coherentmn
CCQEmn
CC 1pionmn
CC othermn
NCmn
en+mn
B.G. from outside
-like light yieldpMean of
0 100 200 300 400 500
NumberofEvents
0
100
200
300
400
pCC coherentmn
CCQEmn
CC 1pionmn
CC othermn
NCmn
en+mn
B.G. from outside
-like light yieldmMean of
0 50 100 150 200 250
NumberofEvents
0
200
400
600
800
pCC coherentmn
CCQEmn
CC 1pionmn
CC othermn
NCmn
en+mn
B.G. from outside
Coplanarity btw 2 tracks
0 50 100 150
NumberofEvents
0
50
100
150
200
250
pCC coherentmn
CCQEmn
CC 1pionmn
CC othermn
NCmn
en+mn
B.G. from outside
Opening angle btw 2 tracks
0 50 100 150NumberofEvents 0
50
100
150
pCC coherentmn
CCQEmn
CC 1pionmn
CC othermn
NCmn
en+mn
B.G. from outside

40. Backup: FGD
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 40

41. Backup: INGRID
11/18/15 NuINT 2015, Osaka 41