2. Organic farming –An overview
Principles and objectives of organic farming
Organic farming in vegetables crops
Issues and strategies of organic vegetable farming
in India
Conclusion
Content :
3. Organic farming is a production system which avoids or
largely excludes the use of synthetic compounds like fertilizers,
pesticides, weedicides and livestock feed additives. It based on crop
rotations, legumes, green manures, farm organic wastes and
biofertilizers, biological method of pest control which result into the
maintenance of soil health, supply of plant nutrients and controls
insects and weeds. (Lampkin 1990)
Organic Farming
4. Before 19th century most food in the world was organically
produced.
In 1924 Austrian philosopher Dr. Rudolf Steiner
conceptualized and advocated organic agriculture.
In 1927 a trademark “Demeter” was introduced for organically
grown food.
The effects of modern agriculture forced people to demand food
grown without fertilizers and pesticides and this paved the way
for organic farming.
In the late 1930s and early 1940s Sir Albert Howard and his
wife, developed organic agriculture
Historical Background
5. The Howards were influenced by traditional farming methods
practiced in India
He is considered to be the “father of organic farming”, because
he was the first to apply scientific knowledge and principles to
these various traditional and more natural methods
In 1972, International Federation of Organic Agriculture
Movements (IFOAM) gave an international frame work for
discussion and codification of internationally recognized
principles of organic farming.
9. Table-2 Area under organic certification
SOURCE: NCOF, 2014
S. No. Region
Cultivated area under organic
farming in Ha
1 India 757978.71
2 Madhya Pradesh 378572.26
3 Maharashtra 105172.62
4 Orissa 79086.99
5 Sikkim 1726.34
6
Himachal Pradesh 4046.87
10. Nature is the best role model for farming.
The entire system is based on intimate understanding of
nature’s ways of replenishment.
The soil in this system is considered as a living entity.
The soil’s living population of microbes and other organisms
are significant contributions.
The total environment of the soil, from structure to soil cover
is more important and must be conserved.
12. Contributes to preservation of biodiversity.
Produces healthy food.
Ensures jobs in agriculture, food processing and marketing
Improves health of soil
Low water consumption
High demand due to social awareness
Huge export potential
Promotion of sustainable agriculture for small farmers
13. Balanced supply of nutrients ( primary, secondary and
micronutrients)
Improved physical, chemical and biological properties
of soil.
Reduced need for purchased inputs
Environmental security
More healthy and nutritionally superior food for man
and animal
Organically grown plants are more resistant to diseases
and pests and hence require less protective measures.
14. 1. To produce food of high nutritional quality in sufficient
quantity
2. To encourage biological cycles within farming systems by
involving the use of microorganisms, soil flora & fauna,
plants and animals
3. To maintain and increase the long term fertility of soil and
biodiversity
4. To use renewable resources in locally organized production
systems
5. To work with a close system with regard to organic matter
and nutrient elements
6. To avoid all forms of pollution that may results from
agricultural techniques
15. Parameter Organic farming Conventional farming
Size • Smaller
• Marginal
• Dependent operations
• Large scale
• Economically tied to major
food corporation
Method • No external inputs
• Less mechanization
• Use of organic inputs
• Heavy use of chemicals
• Mechanized production using
special equipment and
facilities
Technology • Nature based
• Environment friendly
• Sustainable
• Synthetic, harmful to
environment
• Nutrient depleting
Products • Good in taste, flavour,
nutrition and free from
chemicals
•Tasteless, less nutritious,
contain toxic residues of
chemicals
Market •Local, direct to consumer
•Farmers markets
•Wholesaler market, high
volume of produce
16. Organic Farming Vermi technology
Organic manures
Non-chemical weed management
Biological control
Bio-fertilizers
EM technology
Biodynamic preparation
Green manuring
Techniques, practices and specialized forms of organic farming
17. ORGANIC MANURES
Bulky organic manure
Farm Yard Manure
Concentrated organic manure
Compost
Oilcakes
Meat meal
Blood meal
Fish meal
Sewage and sludge
Sheep and goat manure
Poultry manure Horn and hoof meal
18. BIO-FERTILIZERS
These are biologically active products or microbial inoculants of
bacteria, fungi, algae that may help either directly or indirectly
in the enrichment of soil fertility
Biofertilizers are widely adopted as low cost supplements to
chemical fertilizers and have no harmful effects either on soil
health or environment
Research finding revealed that 25% of the N and P could be met
through biofertilizers for cultivated crops in our country
20. KEY TO BIOFERTILIZER USE
Vegetables like cauliflower,
cabbage, cucumber, squashes,
watermelon, etc.
Azotobacter 1kg + PSB 1 kg for
one acre as seedling root dip
method and 5 kg each soil
application
21. o Liquid bio-fertilizers are special liquid formulation
containing not only the desired microorganisms and their
nutrients but also special cell protectants or chemicals that
promote formation of resting spores or cysts for longer
shelf life and tolerance to adverse conditions.
o Bio-fertilizers manufactured in India are mostly carrier
based and in the carrier-based (solid) bio-fertilizers, the
microorganisms have a shelf life of only six months. They
are not tolerant to UV rays and temperatures more than
300C
22. o The shelf life of the microbes in these liquid bio-fertilizers is
two years
o The application of 1 ml of liquid bio-fertilizers is equivalent to
the application of 1 Kg of 5 months old carrier based bio-
fertilizers (1000 times)
o Since these are liquid formulations the application in the field
is also very simple and easy. They are applied using hand
sprayers, power sprayers, fertigation tanks and as basal
manure mixed along with FYM etc.
23. Longer shelf life -12-24 months
No contamination
No loss of properties due to storage upto 45º C
Greater potentials to fight with native population
Easy identification by typical fermented smell
Cost saving on carrier material, pulverization, neutralization,
sterilization, packing and transport
24. Better survival on seeds and soil
No need of running bio-fertilizer production units throughout the year
Very much easy to use by the farmer
Dosages is 10 time less than carrier based powder bio-fertilizers
High commercial revenues
High export potential
Very high enzymatic activity since contamination is nil
25. EM – TECHNOLOGY
EM or Effective Microorganisms is a combination culture of different
effective microbes commonly occurring in nature. Most important
among them are : N2 -fixers, P-solubilizers, photosynthetic
microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria and various fungi and actinomycetes
EM- 1 EM Fermenters
26. EM Products
EM Silage
N-Hance+ Slurry
Treatment
Vulcamin Bedding
Powder
Ostrea Sea Shell Flour
Organo Fresh TMR Mix EM ceramics
27. ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND COMPOST
‘Organic fertilizers and compost are organic matter that has
been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment’
28. Cow dung 5 Kg
Cow Urine 3 lit
Cow milk 2 lit
Curd 2 lit
Cow deshi ghee 1 kg
Sugarcane juice 3 lit
Tender Coconut water 3 lit
Ripened banana (12 Nos).
1. Mix all the ingredients thoroughly and ferment for 7
days with twice stirring per day
2. Dilute 3 litre of Panchgavya in 100 lit water and
spray over soil
3. 20 litre panchgavya is needed per acre for soil
application along with irrigation water
4. Panchgavya can also be used for seed treatment.
Soak seeds for 20 min before sowing
Panchgavya
Sreenivasa et al., 2011
29. Cow dung 10 Kg
Cow Urine 10 lit
Jaggary 2 kg
Pulse Flour 2 kg
Water 100 kg
Mix all the ingredients thoroughly and kept for one week
incubation.
Jeevamrut
Sreenivasa et al., 2011
Beejamrut
Cowdung (5 kg) tied in a cloth was dipped in a bucket containing 50
liters of water overnight.
Next day morning, the tied dung was frequently squeezed and dipped
in the water.
Five litres of cow urine, a handful of soil and 50 g of calcium chloride
was added to this extract.
30. VERMI TECHNOLOGY :
Vermiculture means the scientific methods of breeding and raising the
earthworms in controlled condition and by products.
There are about 3000 species of earthworms reported throughout the world,
among them 509 are available in India (Mitra and Mitra, 1992).
The earthworms are mainly divided into three groups:
1. Epiegeic : Eisenia foetida, Eudrilus eugenia, etc.
2. Endogeic : Eutopeius sp., Drawida sp., etc.
3. Aneceic : Lampito sp., etc.
31. Basically there are 2 types of BD preparations, i.e. BD field sprays
(BD-500 and BD-501) and BD compost preparations (BD-502 to BD-
507)
All BD preparations are made in descending period of the moon
excluding the BD-507, which is prepared in the day
These work to regulate the composting process and enable the
different elements to be present in a living way
BIODYNAMIC PREPARATION :
BD sets are used in the:
Cow Pat Pit (CPP) BD-Compost Biodynamic liquid manure
32. Type Green manure Green leaf manure
Legumes Dhaincha, Sunhemp Glyricidia, Cassia, Pongamia
Non-legumes Sunflower, Buck wheat Calatropis, Adathoda
GREEN MANURE
Green manuring can be defined as a practice of ploughing or
buried into the soil under composed green plant tissues for the
purpose of improvement physical structure as well as fertility of the
soil.
Dhaincha Sunhemp Glyricidia Cassia Pongamia
33. NON-CHEMICAL WEED MANAGEMENT
Weeds are the undesirable plants growing in the field competing with the crop
plants for light, nutrient, space and moisture.
Successful weed management in organic farming system requires an
understanding of plant characteristics in relation to specific field conditions.
As there is prevention on synthetic herbicides, elimination of weeds is
expensive and hard to achieve, so the weed control is specially attentions on
the management techniques designed to prevents weeds.
1. Intercropping
2. Cover cropping
3. Mulching, etc.
Weed avoidance techniques:
34. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PEST AND DISEASES:
It includes agents which do not destroy the crop but destroy the insect and pests.
Conservation of these naturally occurring farmer’s friends in the field or
multiplying them in the laboratory and releasing in the fields.
A. PREDATORS : Crysoperla sp., Coccinellid sp., Syrphid fly etc.
B. PARASITOIDS : Trichogramma sp., Bracon sp., etc.
35. United States of America
Japan
Canada
Australia
European Union
India
Multinational Corporation
36. Sr.
No.
Name of certifying & inspection
agencies
Sr.
No.
Name of certifying & inspection
agencies
1. Association for promotion of
Organic Farming (APOF)
7. Bioinspectra
2. Indian Society for Certification of
organic production (ISCOP)
8. SGS India Pvt Ltd
3. Indian Organic Certification
Agency (INDOCERT)
9. LACON
4. Skal Inspection and Certificaton
Agency
10. International Resources for Fair
Trade (IRFD)
5. IMO Control Pvt. Ltd. 11 One Cert Asia
6. Ecocert International 12. National Organic Certification
Association (NOCA)
38. 38
Latent needs of Organic Farming of Vegetable crops in India
1. Most of the vegetable crops are eaten fresh or used for health care; hence any
contamination (chemical residue) may lead to various kinds of health hazards
2. In India majority of the vegetable growers are poor, small and marginal farmers
3. Decrease in land productivity due to ever increasing use of chemical fertilizers
4. There are not many scientific breakthroughs in improving quality and production
of vegetable crops
5. The ever-increasing cost of production due to fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation etc
despite massive cause of concern, which are very low in organic farming.
39. 7. Organic Farming of vegetable crops generates income through International
exports or by saving production costs.
8. Organic Farming also able to secure a place of India on International markets
by producing high value vegetable crops.
9. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers as well as pesticides not only increases
the cost of production but also poses threat to the environment quality,
ecological stability and sustainability of production. We have gained
quantity but at expense of quality.
Cont…
.
6. High environment pollution
40. Technology packages for Organic Vegetables
1. Timely preparation of soil to a fine tilth with 2-3 ploughings to remove all
debris, stubbles, stones etc and to avoid infestation of ants and termites.
However, minimum tillage is considered as an important component of
organic farming.
2. Use of organic manures as basal dose @ 25-38 t/ha through FYM, poultry
manures, fish manures, sheep composts, biofertilizers etc. Use of organic
cakes from neem, groundnut, pongamia, and castor becomes imperative.
3. Raising of green manure crops like sesbania or dhanicha and incorporating into
the soil, besides using biomass of other plant species.
41. Cont…
4.Always include legume crop like beans, peas, cowpea etc in the crop rotation
not only to improve the soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen but also
to increase the yield up to 30-35%.
5.Use of crop residues is essential in organic vegetable production, which
increases the soil organic matter content, maintains soil fertility status and in
turn increases the crop yield.
6.Choice of vegetable varieties should be based on climate, resistance to pest
& disease and market preference; adopting optimum spacing and timely
planting, raising plants/seedlings with enough organic manures and bio-
fertilizers.
42. Crop Pests/diseases Varieties
Brinjal Bacterial wilt GJB-2,BWR12, Arka Nidhi, Utkal Tarini, Utkal
Madhuri, Annamalai
Phomopsis rot Pusa Bhairav
Shoot & fruit borer SM 17-4,Punjab Barsati, ARV 2-C, Pusa Purple Round,
Punjab Neelam
Aphids, jassids, thrips, white
fly
GOB-1,Kalyanpur-2, Gote-2, PBR-91, GB-1, GB-6
Chilli Leaf curl virus GVC-101,GVC-121,Pusa Jwala, Pusa Sadabahar
Leaf curl virus CMV, TMV
& leaf curl
Punjab Lal
Mosaic, wilt & dieback Punjab Sukh
Virus complex LCA 235
Cabbage Black rot Pusa Mukta
Aphid Red drum head, Sure head, Express mail
Cauliflower Black rot Pusa Shubra
Stem borer Early Patna, EMS-3, KW-5, KW-8, Kathamandu
local
45. Treatments No. of fruits
/plant
(Mean±S.E)
Yield /plant
(kg)
(Mean±S.E)
yield
(t ha-1)
Control 22.5±0.1 0.8±0.0 14.5
T1-Panchagavya (3%) 37.3±0.1 1.4±0.0 25.8
T2-Panchagavya (5%) 37.0±0.0 1.4±0.0 28.2
T3-Amrit Pani (3%)) 23.1±0.1 1.2±0.0 21.7
T4-Amrit Pani (5%) 26.2±0.1 1.2±0.0 21.5
T5-Bokashi (750 Kg Ha-1) 45.9±0.2 1.6±0.0 28.4
T6-Bokashi (1250 Kg Ha-1)
52.7±0.1 1.7±0.0 30.7
Mohan(2008)
Hosur, (India)
46. Chennai
Sl. No. Growth parameters Treated with
Panchagavya
Untreated
1 Average Length of Plant 106 cm 85 cm
2 Average Number of Branches 25 15
3 Average Number of Flowers. 145 110
4 Average number of Green chillis per picking 20 13
5 Number of Pickings 10 10
6 Total Number of Chillies 100 130
7 Average length of Chilli 11 cm 9.6 cm
8 Average weight of chilli 0.95g 0.80g
Krishna Rao et al. 2015
52. N-sources Total yield 1st Grade 2st Grade 3st Grade
Ton /fed
2009/2010 season
Poultry manure 5.70 a 2.63 a 1.57 a 1.52 a
FYM manure 4.75 b 1.78 b 1.56 a 1.46 a
Sheep manure 4.30 b 1.23 c 1.55 a 1.50 a
Compost 3.67 c 1.05 c 1.33 a 1.31 a
Mineral N 4.01 b 1.08 c 1.48 a 1.47 a
2010/2011 season
Poultry manure 5.64 a 2.62 a 1.57 b 1.44 c
FYM manure 5.17 b 2.28 b 1.69 b 1.50 c
Sheep manure 4.71 c 1.34 c 1.58 b 1.92 a
Compost 4.65 c 1.26 c 1.54 b 1.71 b
Mineral N 5.37 b 1.56 c 2.07 a 1.74 b
52Abou 2012Egypt.
56. 56
Treatment No. of
fruits
Plant-1
Yield (t
ha-1)
BC
ratio
Q u a l i t y
characters
Crude
fibre
(%)
Moistu
re
(%)
T1- FYM @ 20 t ha-1 19.3 10.39 3.56 10.31 87.4
T2- Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 11.00 8.65 2.96 13.40 87.1
T3-Neemcake @ 2 t ha-1 15.6 9.13 3.42 13.00 88.1
T4- Poultry manure 5 t ha-1 11.00 8.58 3.22 13.20 88.0
T5- FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 13.7 9.81 3.26 11.44 87.9
T6- FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Neemcake @ 2.5 t ha-1 15.7 9.46 3.54 14.86 87.7
T7- FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1 15.0 9.26 3.37 14.56 88.5
T8- Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Neemcake 1 t ha1 15.0 8.24 3.09 12.90 88.2
T9- Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Poultry manure 2.5
t ha-1
13.0 7.97 2.90 12.90 88.2
T10- Neemcake 1 t ha-1 + Poultry manure 2.5 t ha1 12.0 7.56 2.93 12.40 88.3
T 11-Recommended dose of NPK
(40:50:30 kg NPK ha-1)
16.0 10.12 3.46 15.34 88.9
CD at (5%) 2.25 0.01
TNAU (Coimbatore) Premsekhar and Rajashree (2009)
57.
58. Treatment Dry matter in %
i.e. g / 100g
Carbohydrates in g
/100g
Protein in g /100g D-Vitamin C in
mg /100g
Calcium in mg
/100g
Control 8.09 3 4.5 99.6 27.3
FYM 8.65 3.6 6.6 149.2 40.7
Vermicompost 9.37 4.2 7.1 183.1 46.7
Azoto+PSB+VAM 8.12 3.6 6.4 159.8 39.2
C.D. 0.69 0.23 0.51 22.0 1.79
Padamwar and Dakore (2009)Maharashtra
59. Treatment Dry matter in %
i.e. g / 100g
Carbohydrates in
g /100g
Protein in g /100g D-Vitamin C in mg
/100g
Calcium in mg
/100g
Control 8.54 1.92 3.12 47.8 17.9
FYM 10.07 2.85 4.76 67.2 36.4
Vermicompost 10.37 3.53 5.41 77.3 39.3
Azoto+PSB+VAM 9.75 2.95 4.44 66.4 35.7
C.D. 1.18 0.10 0.23 0.88 1.92
Padamwar and Dakore (2009)
Maharashtra
67. Issues and strategies of Organic Vegetable Farming in India
The following issues and their viable strategies are suggested to
make organic vegetable production more vibrant, dynamic, and
responsive to changing consumer demand both locally and globally as
well.
1.The research for Organic farming in vegetable crops must be on a
system basis. It must be integrated one and must not be looking at in
isolation.
2. The task of research would be to produce technologies, which can not
only increase more food but also more jobs and more incomes. That
means, research must aim at achieving triple goal of more job, more
incomes and more food.
68. Con…
3. The research for organic farming should be focused on developing technologies
which may attract the vegetable growers to adopt them, keeping in view of the
requirements of small holdings of resource poor small and marginal farmers.
4. The research should be in a holistic manner with long-term evaluation of different
organic substrates.
5. Identification of suitable cover crop and smother crop in a given cropping system.
6. There should be strategy for monitoring of changes in groundwater quality with
references to heavy metal toxicity, besides nitrate pollution.
7. Identification of soil improving crops under major agro-climatic zone.
69. Why total adoption of organic Farming of vegetable crops is not
feasible/ viable in India?
Though Organic Farming is one of the best approach to get
sustainability in the crop production, still some constraints are there in
adoption of Organic Farming in full fledge under Indian conditions. It is
because of following reasons:
1. Organic farming is highly knowledge intensive farming. So one has to
keep pace with the dynamics of nature to increase the biological
productivity of the soil.
2. Organic inputs may be difficult to generate on the farm.
3. The organic produce may not find an early market as most of the
vegetables are perishable in nature.
4. Shifting to pure organic farming is a very time consuming and
laborious methods.
70. 5. Number of cattle households decreased gradually day by day, causing
scarcity of FYM.
6. Nutrient content is very low in organic sources. Varied nutrient
content in organic materials, so it becomes difficult to farmers to
calculate the actual amount of organic materials to be added in soil.
7. Cattle dung, urine and farm wastes are to handle manually.
8. The consumer need protection, so the Certification and Inspection
programme have to be Nationwide
9. There is lacking of adequate research & development backup as well
as training in Organic Farming in India.
10. Biological pest control is very knowledge intensive.
Con..
71. The modern form of organic farming is new concept. However it is
being popular in the world speedily especially in developed
countries. Organic farming system is an alternative and appropriate
management system would help to improve soil health environment
thus increase the productive levels and improve quality of vegetable
crops. India has tremendous potential to grow crops & vegetables
organically and emerge as a major supplier of organic products in
the world’s organic market.
CONCLUSION
