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Sem9
- 3. Mike
- 4. Origins of Human Communication
- 5. The cultural origins of human cognition
- 6. We evolved to do things together
- 7. We show where we are looking
- 8. Because we want to cooperate
- 9. Chimpanzees HIDE where they’re looking
- 10. They are competing more
- 13. But HUMANS are BETTER
- 14. Humans are much better at this
- 15. 共同の目的 役割X 役割Y
- 18. 共同の目的 • Joint goal • Joint attention • Part of our perspective: • Fairness • Equality • etc
- 19. What makes us HUMAN? •We see from OTHERS’ point of view! •Animals, not so much
- 20. •We share attention •We each have our own point of view
- 21. That’s the big difference
- 22. Children want to play together
- 23. Chimpanzees are less interested
- 25. 1 year old babies understand pointing
- 26. Animals don’t get it
- 27. Chimpanzees don’t understand that we are trying to help
- 28. There’s something useful for YOU
- 29. Chimpanzees don’t get it
- 30. Pragmatics 語用論
- 31. Language use in real situations
- 32. Cooperation is the GOAL
- 33. Cooperation: I’m telling you something useful for you
- 34. So CULTURE -- cooperation
- 35. So CULTURE – started a long time ago
- 36. Homo?
- 38. Lucy: 2 ~ 4 million years ago
- 39. Brains: smaller than ours
- 40. Bodies: smaller than ours
- 41. More like apes – long arms for tree-life
- 42. Bigger guts than humans
- 43. But walking on two legs
- 44. Eating meat
- 45. Homo habilis?
- 46. 2 ~ 1.5 million years ago
- 47. Used tools
- 48. Mouths and teeth getting smaller
- 49. Eating meat?
- 50. Homo ergaster
- 51. Getting more like us
- 52. But not quite
- 53. Can’t make as many sounds as us
- 54. But culture and cooperation was developing
- 57. They were evolving to become like us!
- 58. Homo Erectus: Smaller mouths and teeth
- 60. They had fire
- 62. Tools
- 63. They could cook
- 64. Their food was softer
- 65. They had culture
- 66. Less time chewing and eating
- 67. More time for hunting
- 70. And they got better and better at it
- 71. They evolved
- 72. Mike: It was a slow process
- 73. Mike: Evolution
- 75. Dan: It was a slow process
- 76. Dan: Evolution
- 77. NO! ランダム（突然）変異
- 78. You don’t know they were cooperating!
- 79. You don’t know they were communicating!
- 80. ランダム（突然）変異
- 81. They had fire
- 83. Tools
- 84. They could cook
- 85. Their food was softer
- 86. Their mouths evolved because they were eating cooked food
- 87. Catching fire
- 89. Richard Wrangham: Catching fire
- 90. Dick: Cooking helped us evolve
- 91. Dick: Cooking gave us Homo Erectus
- 92. Dick: humans have been cooking for 2 million years!
- 93. Wonderwerk cave in South Africa
- 94. Cooking at least 1 million years ago
- 95. Dick: Cooking gives more calories
- 96. Dick: Less chewing, more free time
- 97. Dick: Our brains got bigger
- 98. Dick: Our jaws got smaller
- 99. Dick: Our guts got smaller
- 100. Dick: We could walk and run better
- 103. 持続狩り
- 104. Persistence hunting狩
- 105. Endurance Hunting
- 106. 持久力狩り狩
- 107. Remember indexes?
- 108. We become good at reading signs
- 109. We use hand signs (symbols)
- 110. We are NOT good sprinters
- 111. We lose sight of the animal
- 112. So we must IMAGINE the path
- 113. Our hands are free
- 114. We can carry water
- 115. We catch food – and COOK it
- 116. More nutritious, softer food
- 117. Dick: Our mouths changed so WE COULD SPEAK
- 118. Our speech organs evolved
- 119. We were eating softer, cooked food
- 120. We started cooking a long time ago
- 121. Two million years!!
- 122. We got more nutrition
- 123. Our brains grew
- 124. Our guts got smaller
- 125. We could stand up straighter
- 126. We could run better
- 127. We could hunt better
- 129. Our mouths changed
- 130. We got bigger
- 131. Smaller guts
- 132. Bigger brains
- 133. Stand upright
- 135. Longer legs
- 136. We have fire
- 137. We can live on the ground
- 138. Less chewing
- 139. That’s why our mouths changed
- 141. We have fire
- 144. We can cook
- 145. More nutrition
- 147. Our guts get smaller
- 149. We chew less
- 152. Our speech organs evolved
- 153. Because we were speaking
- 154. We WERE speaking!
- 155. A million years ago – we were speaking?
- 156. A million years ago … •Our mouths and tongues were evolving for speech •Our brains were getting bigger •We were speaking!!
- 158. No! Forget all of that!
- 159. ランダム（突然）変異
- 160. Maybe our speech organs DID evolve
- 161. But NOT because we were speaking!
- 162. Because we were making better tools!
- 163. Because we could control fire!
- 164. We could cook!
- 165. We could eat nice SOFT food!
- 166. To get better nutrition!
- 167. So our brains could grow etc!
- 168. OK
- 170. But do you really believe We could cooperate in hunting
- 171. But do you really believe We could cooperate in controlling fire
- 172. But do you really believe We could cooperate in toolmaking
- 173. But do you really believe We could cooperate in COOKING
- 174. But do you really believe We NEVER tried to speak!
- 175. YES! ランダム（突然）変異
- 176. Speech had to wait until 50,000 years ago
- 177. AFTER our speech organs were ALREADY fully developed
- 178. AFTER our brains were ALREADY fully developed
- 179. Language ability suddenly appeared •Only 50,000 ~ 100,000 years ago! •By accident! •AFTER we developed modern mouths and tongues!!
- 180. Language ability suddenly appeared •Only 50,000 ~ 100,000 years ago! •By accident! •AFTER we developed modern brains!!
- 181. You believe that?
- 182. You can believe whatever you want
- 183. … but I CAN’T believe that