presowing treatment for various forest tree species presented as part of my MSc degree programme

2. Influence of pre-sowing treatments on germination
and seedling vigour in important tree species
Uday Kumar Lodh
M.Sc. Forestry (Plantation Technology)
ICAR JRF (AIR-2)

3. 3
• Introduction
• Case studies
• conclusion
INTRODUCTION
• Pre-sowing treatment
• Dormancy
•Types of dormancy
•Mechanism
CONCLUSION
• ?????
Sterculia urens Pinus gerardiana
Pterocarpus marsupium Acacia auriculiformis
Garcinia gummi-gatta Tectona grandis
Cassia glauca Pterocarpus santallinus
Case studies

4. • The demand for nursery grown seedlings has increased
manifold for planting programme and massive afforestation
programme taken up by the government agencies.
• Lack of standard nursery techniques hinders such attempts.
• A healthy and succesful germinating seed is beginning of
good establishment .
• This depends largely on seed germination and vigour
potential of the seeds used for sowing , which can be
improved by various pre-sowing treatments .
Introduction
4

5. Pre-sowing treatment is a treatment of the seed often applied to
overcome seed dormancy and accelerate germination or to enhance
rapid and uniform germination of seed and to speed up seed
germination ( Mbora.,2012).
Seed Dormancy???
The physical or physiological condition of a viable seed that prevents
germination even in the presence of otherwise favorable germination
conditions.(Leadem, C. L. 1997).
5

6. WHY DOES DORMANCY OCCUR?
Dormancy is a biological mechanism to ensure that seeds will germinate at a time
and under conditions that will optimize the chances for the growth and survival of
the next generation.
• Unfavorable climatic conditions for germination .
• Incomplete development.
• Protection against predation.
• Protection against time (seed longevity) : evolved survival strategy to extend
germination over many years and different environmental conditions.
ex., Lupine seeds found in a lemming burrow by a Yukon mining engineer were
able to germinate and produce healthy, flowering plants after10,000 years (Porsild
et al., 1967).
• Genetic variation : The expression of dormancy in natural seed populations is
known to be under genetic control(Edwards and El-Kassaby 1995).
6

7. Comparision of the major stages of seed maturation,dormancy and germination
in the natural and artificial regeneration of temperate tree seedlings
Biological stage Dormancy Germination
Hydration Activation Emergence
Mature seed
Germinants
Natural regeneration Soil Seed bank Seeds soaked by
rains
Overwinter in
soil
Warm
conditions in
spring
Artificial regeneration Storage
(-1.8oC,
< 10 %MC)
Soak in water Stratification
(25Oc,>25%MC)
Sow in nursery
Leadem., 1997
7

8. Different types of dormancy
Leadem,1997
8

9. Type of dormancy Examples
Coat imposed dormancy Acacia, Elaeocarpus, sterculia urens, Pterocarpus marsupium,
cassia spp & Terminalia spp..
Morphologically immature
Embryo
Abies, Adina cordifolia, Fraxinus, Lagerstroemia parviflora,
Panax spp,, Picea, Terminalia chebula, Pinus gerardiana etc.,
Internal dormancy Adina cordifolia, Albizia lebbeck, Castanea spp., Dalbergia
latifolia,Ginkgo biloba, Picea, Taxus baccata, and Tsuga.
Double dormancy Emblica officinalis, Gmelina arborea.
Bisht,1999
9

10. Different pre-sowing treatments
Treatment Description
Stratification Moist chilling at 2-5oC; removes metabolic blocks, weakens seed coats, increases germination-
promoter levels ex., Abies, Acer, Pinus gerardiana, Fagus, pinus spp etc.
Light Exposure to specific wavelengths; stimulates the phytochrome system Gmelina arborea, and
Pinus merkusii
Scarification Chemical (sulphuric acid) or mechanical (abrasion) treatment; breaks down seed coats ex.,
Acacia, Leucaena, Albizia, Cassia glauca, & Sterculia urens .
Plant growth regulators Enhance natural levels in favor of germination, or trigger regulators other metabolic pathways
leading to germination
Boiling water It is generally used for the seeds having very hard seed coat e.g. Acacia auriculiformis,
A.mangium, etc.
Cold Water Treatment The seeds are soaked at room temperature for a period ranging from 2 to 48 hrs depending on the
species e.g. Acacia, Poplars & Pterocarpus marsupium .
Bisht, 1999
10

11. Factors
influencing
germination
Water
Temperature Oxygen
Light
11

12. • 1. Imbibed water
stimulates Gibberellin
synthesis.
• 2-3. Gibberellins
diffuse to the aleurone
layer and stimulate the
synthesis of enzymes.
• 4-5. Enzymes break
down the starch and the
sugars are transported
to the developing
embryo.
Thomas,2012
12

13. Graeber et al., 2012
13
A hypothetical model showing the
mechanisms of seed dormancy induction and
release.

14. CASE STUDIES
14

15. Effect of pre-sowing treatments on germination of Sterculia urens Roxb.
Sanjeev,2015
Case study - 1 15

16. Importance of study
The annual production of gum karaya is about 1500 T and 90% of it is exported to
Europe and US.
Gum karaya contributes 2% of the revenue from the medicinal plant exports from
India (Avinash Upadhayay, 2006).
This tree is also known as ‘Bulnaru’ (Uttar Kannada), a well known tree for fibre,
for this reason only most of the farmers cut the entire tree to get fibre.
Sanjeev,2015
16

17. Location :- This study was carried out in polyhouse ,College of Forestry, sirsi in 2014-15.
Methodology :-
 Seeds collected from karwar forest division
 Uniform seeds were collected for germination trail
 150 seeds were used in each treatment
 10 treatments and 3 replications.
Design
Completely Randomized Design
Collection of data
Germination was recorded up to 45 days from the day of seed sowing.
Experiment:
Sanjeev,2015
17

18. • Type of seed : Orthodox (Gondwe et al., 2007)
• Habitat : Dry, tropical deciduous forests, often
associated with Boswellia serrata, on hilltops, exposed
ridges, rocky crevices, eroded slopes and similar
habitats.
• Germination percentage : 30-37% (khan,2013)
• Distribution : Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh(Anon,1976)
• Type of seed dormancy: Seed coat dormancy
Sanjeev,2015
18

19. Influence of pre sowing treatments on seed germination parameters of Sterculia urens.
Treatments Germination % MDG PV GV GR
T1 Mechanical scarification (rubbing with sand paper) 38.7 0.87 4.32 3.77 2.56
T2
Chemical scarification (dipping in conc.H2SO4 for 1minute,
followed by washing with tap water)
42.7 0.94 5.00 4.75 3.03
T3 Cow dung slurry treatment (2 days). 33.3 0.74 3.92 2.90 2.44
T4
Mechanical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of
200 ppm for 12 hours
54.7 1.22 7.61 9.29 4.60
T5
Mechanical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3)
of 250 ppm for 12 hours
65.3 1.44 8.95 12.97 5.80
T6
Chemical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 200
ppm for 12 hours
56.7 1.25 7.00 8.81 4.52
T7
Chemical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 250
ppm for 12 hours
54.0 1.19 7.41 8.87 4.36
T8
Mechanical scarification + Treating with KNO3 (0.5%) for 12
hours
60.0 1.33 8.23 10.96 4.96
T9 Chemical scarification + Treating with KNO3 (0.5%) for 12 hours 57.3 1.27 6.72 8.54 3.96
T10 Control 34.7 0.77 3.66 2.85 2.21
Mean 49.74 1.10 6.28 7.37 3.84
SEm± 1.01 0.03 0.37 0.61 0.26
CD @ 5% 3.01 0.11 1.11 1.82 0.78
19

20. Influence of various pre sowing treatments on shoot length, root length and total length of Sterculia urens seedlings
Treatments Shoot length (cm) Root length (cm)
Total seedling
length (cm)
T1 Mechanical scarification (rubbing with sand paper) 26.50 10.25 36.75
T2
Chemical scarification (dipping in conc.H2SO4 for 1
minute, followed by washing with tap water)
30.02 9.70 39.72
T3 Cow dung slurry treatment (2 days). 27.97 9.47 37.45
T4
Mechanical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 200 ppm for 12
hours
32.22 10.33 42.55
T5
Mechanical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 250 ppm
for 12 hours
34.81 12.10 46.91
T6
Chemical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 200 ppm for 12
hours
34.27 10.12 44.40
T7
Chemical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 250 ppm for 12
hours
30.24 10.30 40.54
T8 Mechanical scarification + Treating with KNO3 (0.5%) for 12 hours 31.83 9.12 40.95
T9 Chemical scarification + Treating with KNO3 (0.5%) for 12 hours 29.78 8.65 38.44
T10 Control 22.04 7.15 29.19
Mean 29.96 9.71 39.69
SEm± 1.81 0.62 2.17
CD @ 5% 5.39 1.86 6.44
Sanjeev,2015
20

21. Influence of pre sowing treatments on seedling vigour index
Treatments Seedling vigour index
T1 Mechanical scarification (rubbing with sand paper) 1418.4
T2
Chemical scarification (dipping in conc.H2SO4 for 1
minute, followed by washing with tap water)
1702.8
T3 Cow dung slurry treatment (2 days). 1249.2
T4
Mechanical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 200 ppm for 12
hours
2328.3
T5
Mechanical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 250 ppm for 12
hours
3070.0
T6 Chemical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 200 ppm for 12 hours 2521.8
T7 Chemical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 250 ppm for 12 hours 2184.1
T8 Mechanical scarification + Treating with KNO3 (0.5%) for 12 hours 2458.6
T9 Chemical scarification + Treating with KNO3 (0.5%) for 12 hours 2208.7
T10 Control 1014.5
Mean 2015.6
SEm± 148.71
CD @ 5% 438.70
Sanjeev,2015
21

22. Effect of pre sowing treatments on germination percent of Sterculia urens.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
38.7
42.7
33.3
54.7
65.3
56.7
54
60
57.3
34.7
Germination
percent
Treatments
Sanjeev,2015
22

23. Conclusion
• That germination was highest in two treatments i.e., mechanical
scarification + Gibberelic acid(GA3) 250 ppm for 12 hours (65.3%
)and mechanical scarification + KNO3(0.5%) for 12hours (60%).
• Highest germination was due to softening of hard seed coat which
may be impermeable for water and the seeds given scarification
treatment make the seed coat permeable.
• GA3 induced the production of enzymes by gibberllins , like
protease,lipases for mobilizing storage reserves for seed germination.
Sanjeev,2015
23

24. Influence of seed pretreatment on seed germination and
seedling vigour of Pterocarpus Marsupium ROXB.
Case study - 2
Ved pal Singh and Devendra kumar , 2014
24

25. Location :- Nursery in center for forestry research and human resource development, poama, chhindwara , M.P
Methodology :-
 Seeds are collected from gondia forest division
 potting media is 1:1:1 ( sand, soil,compost) .
 Seeds were sown in july
 100 seeds of each treatment with 4 replications were sown in nursery bed.
Design
Randomized block design
Collection of data
Germination was recorded up to 28 days from the day of seed sowing.
The hypocotyls emerged 1cm above round was considered as criterion for seed germination.
Ved pal Singh and Devendra kumar , 2014
25

26. Type of seed: Orthodox
Habitat : Mainly found in deciduous forests at low
elevations(Gamble., 1972)
Distribution : Found in the Deccan Peninsula, central India
and certain parts of northern India.
Type of seed dormancy : Physical – seed coat dormancy
26

27. IMPORTANCE OF STUDY
• Excellent timber and high valued in international market i.e.,1000-1500
rupees/cft ( muralidhara .,2016)
• In diabetes control (Trivedi., 2006)
• high market price of its dry heartwood (Rs. 70/kg) (NMPB 2008),
Ved pal Singh and Devendra kumar , 2014
27

28. Treatments
parameters
Germination percentage vigour index
T1 ( soaking in conc. H2SO4 for 10 min
and washed with running water)
21.67 172.8
T2(soaking in conc.HCl for 10min &
washed with running water)
31.67 253.9
T3 (soaking of seeds in hot water for
24 hr)
47.33 602.9
T4 (soaking of seeds in cold water
for 24hr)
58.67 1009.3
T5 (control) 33.00 611.8
CD at 5% 5.14 12.96
Ved pal Singh and Devendra kumar , 2014
28

29. Conclusion
• The seed coat is thin and water is permeable
through the seed coat and absorbed by the seed
and helped in mobilizing storage reserves.
Ved pal Singh and Devendra kumar , 2014
29

30. Effect of different pre-sowing treatments for early germination
in Garcinia gummi-gutta
Shankar,2014
Case study - 3 30

31. Importance of study
• Traditionally people of high rainfall tracks of Karnataka and Kerala
use the dried fruit rind in culinary preparations as flavoring agent
while preparing fish and beef curries in lieu of tamarind or lime.
• Fruit rind is marketed in large quantities. In India exports of over 50
tones (valued at 17 million rupees) have been recorded.
• In the recent years 'Garcinia' has become one of the major NTFP
because of its newly identified pharmaceutical property. Hydroxy
Cirtic Acid (HCA) a chemical that is believed to reduce fat
accumulation when consumed isextracted from the dried fruit rind.
Marketed in the name of citin, citrimax.
Shankar,2014
31

32. Garcinia gummi-gatta
• Type of seed : Recalcitrant (Chacko and Pillai ,1997) .
• Habitat : Semi-evergreen to Evergreen forests, river banks and valleys (Abraham
et al., 1999).
• Distribution : Western ghats, Konkan belt & Northern part of Kerala (Abraham et
al., 1999).
• Type of seed dormancy : Innate or Induced (Vazquez-Yanes & Orozcosegovia
1993). Shankar,2014
32

33. 41.97
33.61 33.57
31.04
28.84
19.3 18.36
15.74
9.52
34.00
31.33
26.67
11.33
6.67
0 0 0 0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Seed
moisture
content
and
Germionation
percentage
Treatments
Seed Moisture content (%)
Germination (%)
Shankar,2014
Influence of seed drying on seed moisture content and seed germination percentage in
Garcinia gummi-gutta seed.
33

34. Pre-sowing treatment Germination
(%)
MDG PV GV Shoot length (cm) Root length(cm)
T1: With seed coat(control) 20.00 0.11 0.13 0.01 5.43 8.86
T2: De coated seed 74.67 0.41 0.46 0.19 11.63 13.36
T3: Cow dung(3:1)- 1week 26.00 0.14 0.16 0.02 5.66 8.80
T4: Ash 1kg/kg 21.00 0.12 0.14 0.02 5.56 10.01
T5:H2O2 30% - 30 min 21.00 0.12 0.13 0.01 5.83 9.53
T6:Halving 29.33 0.16 0.18 0.03 7.10 7.73
T7: T2+GA3(50ppm) (1:2)12hr 86.33 0.48 0.58 0.28 13.33 13.43
T8: T3+GA3(50ppm)-(1:2)12hr 31.00 0.17 0.19 0.03 6.53 8.33
T9: T4+GA3(50ppm) (1:2)12hr 26.33 0.15 0.16 0.02 5.83 11.56
T10:T5+GA3(50ppm) (1:2)12hr 28.33 0.16 0.17 0.03 6.50 10.50
T11: T6+GA3(50ppm)(1:2)12hr 43.67 0.24 0.25 0.06 6.50 9.66
SEm± 0.74 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.16 0.50
CD@5% 2.17 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.49 1.46
Shankar,2014
34

35. 20
74.67
26
21 21
29.33
86.33
31
26.33 28.33
43.67
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
T1: With
seed coat
T2: De
coated seed
T3: Cow
dung
T4: Ash T5: H2O2
(30%)
T6:
Halving(Cut
into two
pieces)
T7: T2+GA3
(50ppm)
T8: T3+GA3
(50ppm)
T9: T4+GA3
(50ppm)
T10: T5+GA3
(50ppm)
T11: T6+GA3
(50ppm)
Germination
%
Shankar,2014
Effect of various pre-sowing treatments on seed germination in Garcinia gummi- gutta. 35

36. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Values
Treatments
MDG
PV
GV
Shankar,2014
Effect of various pre-sowing treatments mean daily germination(MDG) , peak value(PV) and germination
value (GV) in Garcinia gummi-gutta .
36

37. Pre-sowing treatment Germination % Seedling height (cm) Seedling vigour index
T1: With seed coat(control) 20.00 14.30 286
T2: De coated seed 74.67 25.00 1867
T3: cow dung 26.00 14.46 376
T4: Ash 21.00 14.91 313
T5:H2O2 21.00 15.36 323
T6: Halving(cutting in 2 pieces) 29.33 14.83 435
T7: T2+GA3(50ppm) 86.33 26.76 2311
T8: T3+GA3(50ppm) 31.00 14.86 461
T9: T4+GA3(50ppm) 26.33 17.40 458
T10:T5+GA3(50ppm) 28.33 17.00 482
T11: T6+GA3(50ppm) 43.67 16.16 706
SEm± 0.74 0.55 25.49
CD@5% 2.17 1.62 74.76
Shankar,2014
37

38. Conclusion
• The Germination was highest in decoated seed and decoated seeds
treated with GA3 .
• This is due to either damaging or removal of seed coat and change
in metabolic activities , which made easy permeability of water to
the cotyledons and led to higher germination percentage.
Shankar,2014
38

39. Effect of treatments on seedling vigour of cassia glauca
Bahar ,2013
Case study - 4 39

40. – The leaves of this species are used for the treatment of diabetes.
– In folk medicine, bark and leaves of Cassia glauca are used for the
treatment of diabetes and gonorrhea (Salahuddin,2010)
IMPORTANCE OF STUDY
Bahar ,2013
40

41. Location :- Study was conducted in forest research institute, Dehradun.
Methodology :-
 Mature pods were collected during January from Dehradun.
 8 treatments with 4 replications with 100seeeds in each replication.
 The petridishes were kept in germinator at 98% relative humidity and 32 ± 2oC temperature in
controlled cabinet on top of a moist blotting paper.
Design
Completely Randomized Design.
Collection of data
Germination was recorded up to 28 days from the day of seed sowing.
Seeds were considered germinated when the radicle had emerged 1cm.
Bahar ,2013
41

42. In each column values not followed by the same letter are significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT
Treatments Germination (%) Vigour index
Control(untreated) 10.22e 277.20e
Soaking in cold water(260C) for 24hrs 22.65e 375.52e
Soaking in hot water(700C) for 24hrs 70.58b 392.77e
Mechanical scarification (nicking at the
cotyledon end)
95.66a 1133.82a
Sulphuric acid scarification for 10 min 75.36d 511.40d
Sulphuric acid scarification for 20 min 80.83c 678.39c
Sulphuric acid scarification for 30 min 90.54b 1096.30b
Sulphuric acid scarification for 40 min 82.69c 869.75c
Bahar ,2013
42

43. conclusion
Problem in germination of Cassia glauca is due to hard seed coat and the
germination can be enhanced by mechanical or by sulphuric acid
scarification.
Bahar ,2013
43

44. Studies on cone maturation and pre-sowing seed treatment on germination behaviour
of chilgoza pine (pinus gerardiana wall.)
Shamet et.al.,2013
Case study - 5 44

45. • Type of seed: Orthodox
• Habitat : Dry temperate region of North-Western
Himalaya between 1600 m to 3000 m above mean sea
level (Dogra, 1964)
• Germination percentage: Low germination 20 to 30 per
cent (Luna, 2008)
• Distribution : . It is found in Afghanisthan and parts of
Pakistan, i.e. Baluchistan.
• Type of seed dormancy : Physiological Shamet et.al.,2013
45

46. Location :- Horticulture research station sharbo(peo), kinnaur, h.p (2010-11)
Methodology :-
 Seeds are collected from 40 middle aged cone bearing trees in october (when cone scales started opening).
 10 treatments with 3 replications
 120 seeds were used in each treatment
 Seeds were placed on moist germination sheets in germinator at 25oC.
Design
Completely Randomized Design ( factorial)
The data was subjected to (ANOVA) to determine the (CD) following the method of Snedecor and
cochran(1989).
Collection of data
Germination was recorded up to 40 days from the day of seed sowing.
The radicle emergence was considered as criterion for seed germination.
Shamet et.al.,2013
46

47. Effect of collection date on seed viability and cone characteristics of chilgoza pine
Harvest period(H)
Seed viability(%) Seed moisture
content(%)
Cone moisture
content(%)
Cone specific
gravity
23rd August 52.44 34.21 60.70 1.05
6th September 68.00 32.88 57.38 0.97
20th September 87.56 30.99 52.23 0.93
4th October 82.67 27.90 43.09 0.87
18th October 80.00 23.26 26.80 0.79
CD0.05 3.67 0.50 1.76 0.05
Shamet et.al.,2013
47

48. Treatment
Germination (%)
S1 S2 Mean
Germination value(%)
S1 S2 Mean
Control 31.67 31.67 31.67 0.09 0.09 0.09
Water 38.33 45.00 41.67 0.34 0.17 0.15
100 ppm IAA 46.67 51.67 49.17 0.18 0.22 0.20
100 ppm IBA 51.67 51.67 51.67 0.23 0.24 0.24
100 ppm GA3 56.67 65.00 60.83 0.30 0.37 0.34
100 ppm NAA 51.67 53.33 52.50 0.22 0.27 0.25
100 ppm Kinetin 51.67 53.33 52.50 0.22 0.25 0.23
100 ppm Ethrel 45.00 51.67 48.33 0.13 0.22 0.17
1% KNO3 43.33 50.00 46.67 0.14 0.22 0.18
1% MgSo4 40.00 51.67 45.83 0.14 0.24 0.19
Mean 45.67 50.50 0.18 0.23
T
S
T*S CD(0.05)
5.98
2.67
NS
0.05
0.02
NS Shamet et al.,2013
48

49. CONCLUSION
• Application of 100ppm GA3 for 24hr most effective pre-sowing
treatment.
• Enhancement of seed germination with GA3 treatment might probably
be due to increased hydrolase ( alpha amylase) synthesis or diffusion
of endogenous auxin and giberellin like substances .
49

50. Effect of different pre-sowing treatments on seed germination percentage
and growth performance of Acacia auriculiformis
Azad et al., 2011
Case study - 6 50

51. Importance
• Proved successful for afforestation, reforestation and agroforestry programme.
• It is planted for fuel wood production and erosion control (NAS 1979).
• It is also planted as an ornamental, shade bearer, sources of pulp and tannin
producing plant in many tropical areas in the world (NAS 1979).
• It gained a favourable reputation as a good cover crop of tea & in land
reclamation,erosion control, and water conservation.
• The leaves can be used as mulch around other crops (Duke 1981).
Azad et al., 2011
51

52. Location : The experiment was carried out in the nursery of Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline,
Khulna University, Bangladesh,
Methodology :-
 The seeds were collected from 20 to 30 years old matured and healthy trees during the month of
January 2008.
 The germination test was done by sowing the seeds in poly-bags (4cm × 6 cm).
 The media of the poly-bags was topsoil, coconut husk compost, coarse sand and fine sand in the
ratio of (3:4:1:1).
 5 treatments with 4 replications.
 80 seeds were sown in each treatment .
Design:
 Randomized Block Design (RBD) .
 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range Test(DMRT) (Duncan 1955) were
carried out for data analysis.
Collection of data:
 Germination was recorded up to 35 days from the day of seed sowing.
 The growth performance of the seedlings was monitored for 180 days to assess the pre-sowing
treatment effect on growth. Azad et al., 2011
52

53. Different pre-sowing treatment on Seed germination percentage, height and diameter
growth of A . auriculiformis at nursery stages.
Pre-sowing treatment Total Germination(%) Mean Height
Growth(cm/Month)
Mean Collar Diameter
(cm/month)
T1 - Control 43.75c 12.91b 0.17b
T2 - Immersion
in the cold water (4°C) for
12 hours
52.50c 13.24b 0.18b
T3 - Immersion in the
hot water (80°C) for 10
min
83.75a 17.65a 0.24a
T4 - Scarification with the
sand paper
78.75b 14.31b 0.19b
T5 - Immersion in the
concentrated H2SO4 (80%)
for 20 min.
75.00b 13.92b 0.20b
Azad et al., 2011
53

54. Conclusion
• Among the pre-sowing treatments, seed germination under
immersion in hot water performs significantly well than other
Treatments.
• Seedling growth from hot water treatment performed
significantly higher than others.
• Therefore,it is suggested to apply hot water treatment on seed
germination for Acacia auriculiformis in Bangladesh for social
forestry and agroforestry program.
Azad et al., 2011
54

55. Effect of pre-sowing treatments on seed germination of Tectona grandis .
Billa et al.,2015
55

56. Location :- The experiment was conducted in the nursery of the Department of
Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and
Technology (SUST),Sylhet, Bangladesh.
Methodology :-
Seeds were collected from Shekhghat Nursery, Sylhet, Bangladesh
6 treatments and 3 replications with 30 seeds in each replication
Design
Randomized Complete Block Design
Collection of data
Germination was recorded for 45 days
Billa et al.,2015
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57. Tectona grandis germination period and germination percentage under different treatments
Treatment No. of germinated
seeds
Germination Period
(days)
Germination (%)
Start complete
T0 - control 13 28 43 36.67b
T1 -soaking in normal water for 24
hours
16 23 33 53.33a
T2 -soaking in normal water for 72
hours
22 21 32 73.33a
T3 - soaking in hot water for 5
minutes
18 20 31 60.00a
T4 – Pit method 26 14 27 86.67a
T5 - immersion in 80% concentrated
H2SO4 for 20 minutes
17 17 29 56.67a
Billa et al.,2015
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58. Mean daily germination (%) of T. grandis seeds under different treatments
Billa et al.,2015
58

59. CONCLUSION
• Among the treatments applied in the experiment, the best effective
treatment found for Tectona grandis was Pit method in respect to faster
germination, higher germination percentage and germination value.
• The main reason behind the successful germination of Pith method may be
of that seeds of Teak require continuous hot temperature in association
with available water to germinate.
• If the seeds are kept first time in normal water for 3 days, the seed coat
become soft and after that if they get sufficient temperature in
association with water, then their highest and successful germination is
ensured.
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60. Effect of pre-sowing treatments on germination of Pterocarpus santalinus
Sankanur,2008
60

61. Location :- college of forestry, sirsi in 2007-2008. This study was
carried out in polyhouse
Methodology :-
50 pods were sown in each replication.
Mature pods were collected for germination trail.
After pre-sowing treatment , pods were sown in sand beds
Design
Completely Randomized Design .
Collection of data
Germination was recorded up to 30 days from the day of seed sowing.
Sankanur,2008
61

62. Effect of pre-sowing treatments on germination of Pterocarpus santalinus
Treatment Germination (%) Seedling height(cm) Seedling vigour
index
Control – T1 17.33 2.23 38.67
Pods soaking in water for 72 hrs – T2 40.00 2.73 109.33
Pod soaking in 40% HCl for 24 hrs – T5 75.67 4.37 333.93
T2+ dipping in beejamrutha – T7 42.00 2.93 123.20
Edge cutting of pods with secature – T8 52.00 3.33 173.47
Scarification of pods by rubbing with
sand paper –T9
58.33 3.63 211.97
T9 + 200 ppm GA3 for 3 hrs – T10 66.00 3.73 246.40
T9+100 ppm GA3 for 6hrs – T11 71.33 4.03 287.93
SEm± 1.11 0.06 5.56
CD@5% 3.25 0.16 16.23
Sankanur,2008
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63. Conclusion
• Scarification of pods by rubbing with sand paper and further treatment
with GA3 for 6 hrs allowed early germinaton process by activating
enzyme production .
• GA3 play a central role in early germination proces by activating
enzyme production , mobilizing stored reserves and thus
overcoming the inhibitory effect as Pterocarpus santalinus pods
contain phenolic compounds as inhibitors
Sankanur,2008
63

64. Overall conclusion
• Seeds of Pterocarpus marsupium when soaked in cold water for
24hour resulted in better germination (58.67%) as compared with
control (33%)
• The Germination in Garcinia gummi-gutta was highest in decoated
seed(74.67%) and decoated seeds treated with GA3 50 ppm(86.33)
• The germination was highest in Sterculia urens of two treatments i.e.,
mechanical scarification + Gibberelic acid(GA3) 250 ppm for 12
hours (65.3% )and mechanical scarification + KNO3(0.5%) for
12hours (60%).
• Application of 100ppm GA3 for 24hours proved to be most effective
pre-sowing treatment in pinus gerardiana which has resulted in
highest germination(65%) as compared to control (31.67%).
64

65. • Germination in Cassia glauca is due to hard seed coat and the
germination can be enhaAnced by mechanical(95.66%) or by
sulphuric acid scarification for 30 minutes(90.54%).
• Among different pre-sowing treatments, seed germination under
immersion in hot water for 10 minutes performs significantly
well(83.75%) than other Treatments.
• The best effective treatment for Tectona grandis was Pit method
in respect to faster germination, higher germination percentage
(86.67%) as compared to control.
• Scarification of pods by rubbing with sand paper and further
treatment with GA3 for 6 hrs allowed highest germinaton (66%)
in Pterocarpus santalinus by activating enzyme production
mobilizing stored reserves and thus overcoming the inhibitory
effect .

66. We need to understand
• Habitat ,
• Morphological features of the seed
• By applying different pre-sowing treatments we can
overcome seed dormancy and obtain early
germination and high seedling vigour as compared
to those which are not treated.

67. Habitat of origin Dormancy treatment Species
Temperate region by cold
winters
Stratification Pinus gerardiana
Dry climate (grassland,
desert)
Leaching,
scarification,soaking
Acacia auriculiformis
Tectona grandis
Warm, high humidity Scarification, de-coating Garcinia gummi-gatta
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69. Thank you