2. Function
• Series of tube-like organs which
transform food into body fuel.
• Through mechanical and chemical
digestion nutritional molecules are
absorbed into the body and released
into the blood stream.
• That which is not digested or
absorbed is excreted as solid waste
4. Anastomosis
Definition: To surgically create a
connection between two organs or
vessels.
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5. Common types of Anastomosis
Gastroduodenostomy-anastomosis between the
stomach and the duodenum
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6. Jejunocolic Anastomosis
The jejunum is connected to the large intestine.
Sometimes the ileum and ileocecal valve are removed.
Parts of the colon may also be removed and the two
Sections are then joined.
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7. Jejunoileal Anastomosis
Parts of the jejunum and ileum are removed and
Remaining parts are connected to the colon. This type of
Procedure leaves the full length of the colon intact.
Many people do not need nutritional support.
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8. Choledocholithotripsy
• Definition: Crushing of a gallstone in
the common bile duct
Causes, incidence, and risk factors: About 15%
of people with gallstones will develop stones in
the common bile duct, the small tube that carries
bile from the gallbladder to the intestine.Risk
factors include a history of gallstones. However,
choledocholithiasis can occur in people who have
their gallbladder removed.
9. Who’s at Risk
• Women
• people over the age of 60
• people who have a family history of gallstones (relatives who
have the disease)
• people who are overweight or obese
• people who lose a great deal of weight in a short period of
time
• people who have diabetes
• people whose diet is high in fat and cholesterol
• people who take drugs that lower cholesterol
• American Indians and people of Mexican descent
10. Symptoms
• The main symptom of gallstones is pain, which can last
from several minutes to several hours. Pain can occur
when gallstones move from the gallbladder into one of the
ducts (the hepatic duct, the cystic duct, and the common
bile duct). Gallstones that migrate can cause conditions
such as acute cholecystitis (inflammation of the
gallbladder), cholangitis (infection and inflammation of the
bile ducts), and pancreatitis (inflammation of the
pancreas).The pain may be located in the upper part of the
abdomen, between the shoulder blades, or under the right
shoulder.Other symptoms of gallstones include:
sweating
vomiting
fever
a yellow tint to the skin (jaundice)
11. Treatment
• endoscopically directed laser.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
(ERCP)Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a
technique used to both test for and treat gallbladder disease. It is
a nonsurgical procedure and the method of choice to find and
remove gallstones that are lodged in the common bile duct. The
patient is sedated enough to relax, swallows an endoscope, and
sends images to a computer and video monitor. The doctor
guides the endoscope through the stomach into the small
intestine and injects a special dye that allows the visualization of
ducts in the biliary system. The doctor makes an incision inside
the endoscope, captures the gallstone in a tiny basket, and then
pulls it out through the endoscope.
12. Sound Waves
• Nonsurgical gallstone treatments include several options. Sound wave
therapy uses high frequency sound waves to break up the gallstones.
You are then given a prescription medication, ursodiol, to dissolve the
fragmented gallstones. Some patients are able to bypass sound wave
therapy and take ursodiol as treatment for gallstones.Two other
nonsurgical solutions to gallstones are available.
• Both involve inserting a catheter before the procedure. In the first,
percutaneous electrohydraulic lithotripsy, a catheter is inserted into the
gallbladder to send bursts of energy into the gallstones to break them up.
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13. Cachexia
• Cachexia or wasting syndrome is a condition
which appears in patients with certain chronic and
terminal illnesses. Patients with cachexia
experience severe weight loss, along with wasting
of the muscles of the body, and they develop a
characteristically thin, sunken experience with a
corresponding loss of energy. This condition can
weaken the body, making it harder for the patient
to fight the disease, and it also leads to profound
impairments in quality of life, as eventually the
patient will be bedridden due to fatigue, anemia,
and muscle damage.
14. Who this affects
• Patients with AIDS, cancer, congestive heart
failure, and intestinal parasites all can
experience cachexia. The condition is
generally worse in men than in women.
Doctors usually determine that a patient has
cachexia when the patient loses five percent
or more of his or her pre-diagnosis weight.
Many treatment facilities take active steps to
reduce or prevent wasting syndrome.
15. Treatment
• Treatment for cachexia usually focuses on
providing intensive nutrition so that the
patient receives proper nutrition, and
addressing some of the metabolic
abnormalities associated with the wasting
syndrome. A doctor may also adjust a
patient's medications to promote the
development of an appetite, and techniques
such as massage and physical therapy may
be used to reduce muscle loss and to keep
the patient active.
16. Extraction
• Removing or “pulling” of teeth
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17. Reasons for extraction
Some people have extra teeth that block other teeth from coming in.
• baby teeth don't fall out in time to allow the permanent teeth to
come in.
• People getting braces may need teeth extracted to create room for
the teeth that are being moved into place.
• People receiving radiation to the head and neck may need to have
teeth in the field of radiation extracted.
• People receiving cancer drugs may develop infected teeth
because these drugs weaken the immune system.
• Infected teeth may need to be extracted. Some teeth may need to
be extracted if they could become a source of infection after an
organ transplant.
• People with organ transplants have a high risk of infection because
they must take drugs that decrease or suppress the immune
system.
• Wisdom Teeth are often extracted either before or after they come
in. They commonly come in during the late teens or early 20s.
They need to be removed if they are decayed, cause pain or have
a cyst or infection. These teeth often get impacted and do not
come in. This can irritate the gum, causing pain and swelling.
18. Two Types
• A simple extraction is performed on a tooth that can be seen in
the mouth. General dentists commonly do simple extractions.
In a simple extraction, the dentist loosens the tooth with an
instrument called an elevator. Then the dentist uses an
instrument called a forceps to remove the tooth.
• A surgical extraction is a more complex procedure. It is used if
a tooth may have broken off at the gum line or has not come
into the mouth yet. Surgical extractions commonly are done by
oral surgeons. However, they are also done by general dentists.
The doctor makes a small incision (cut) into your gum.
Sometimes it's necessary to remove some of the bone around
the tooth or to cut the tooth in half in order to extract it.
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