Bones

bone (osseous tissue) ( os' e-us): a connective tissue that forms in the bony skeleton. Bones are organs because they contain tissues.

During development of the embryo, the human skeleton is made up of cartilages and fibrous membranes, but most of these early supports are soon replaced by bone. early life

There are 206 named bones of the human skeleton . They are divided into the axial and appendicular groups. fact

the axial skeleton These bones form the vertical axis of the body. They function in protection and support of the body and body parts. bones of the axial skeleton : ,[object Object]

the appendicular skeleton These bones comprise the upper and lower limbs of the body, and the bones that connect limbs to the axial skeleton. They function in movement. Bones of the appendicular skeleton: ,[object Object]

fact Bones support, protect, and allow for movement of the body. Uncommonly known: ,[object Object]

bone markings All bones have bone markings. The external surfaces of bones display projections, depressions and openings—they are not smooth. Bone markings are the sites for muscle, ligament and tendon attachment. They also serve as passageways for blood vessels and nerves.

bone textures Bones are made up of 2 layers that differ in texture and function: ,[object Object]

bone classifications ,[object Object]

long bone structure Long bones are mainly comprised of a shaft, 2 ends and membranes. ,[object Object]

short, irregular & flat bone structure Consist of thin plates covered in periosteum (membrane); contain compact bone externally and spongy bone internally. Have no shaft or epiphyses, and contain red or yellow marrow.

blood cell production ,[object Object]

bone cells 4 types of cells make up bone tissue: ,[object Object]

bone formation ,[object Object]

fact Most bones stop growing during adolescence. Some facial bones, especially those of the nose and lower jaw, continue to grow almost to no end throughout life.

hormones Until young adulthood, bone formation is controlled by hormones. ,[object Object]

bone disease When there is an imbalance or dysfunction with bone remodeling cells or other aspects of bone formation, a variety of bone diseases can occur. ,[object Object]

Paget's Disease: Occurs when excessive bone is deposited by osteoblasts, and this production is not matched by the breaking down of bone by osteoclasts which results in abnormally high ratios of spongy bone. The spine, pelvis, femur and skull most often become deformed bone disease

Sources “ Human Anatomy & Physiology, Pearson International Edition, Eighth Edition.” Marieb and Hoehn. 2010.

Bones

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