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Biochem 2: Organic Macromolecules
1. BellRingerBellRinger
Explain the effect that soap has onExplain the effect that soap has on
water. Phrase your response in terms ofwater. Phrase your response in terms of
the effect soap has on the Hydrogenthe effect soap has on the Hydrogen
Bonds between water molecules.Bonds between water molecules.
What does the wordWhat does the word CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
make you think of?make you think of?
2. AgendaAgenda
Collect LAB: Properties of WaterCollect LAB: Properties of Water
Guided Notes: Organic MacromoleculesGuided Notes: Organic Macromolecules
Life is Carbon-BasedLife is Carbon-Based
Identify the 4 Types of MacromoleculesIdentify the 4 Types of Macromolecules
How Long Chains Form (Polymerization)How Long Chains Form (Polymerization)
Identify chemical structure and function ofIdentify chemical structure and function of
many types of macromoleculesmany types of macromolecules
3. Organic MacromoleculesOrganic Macromolecules
Macromolecule literally means “Giant Molecule”Macromolecule literally means “Giant Molecule”
Organic Macromolecules are all based on aOrganic Macromolecules are all based on a
“skeleton” of carbon atoms.“skeleton” of carbon atoms.
Life is based on Carbon for 2 reasonsLife is based on Carbon for 2 reasons
1.1. Carbon is abundant in natureCarbon is abundant in nature
2.2. Carbon has the ability to bond with itself andCarbon has the ability to bond with itself and
with many different elementswith many different elements
15. PolymerizationPolymerization
Macromolecules are built by linking togetherMacromolecules are built by linking together
smaller molecules (monomers) into long chainssmaller molecules (monomers) into long chains
(polymers)(polymers)
Monomers combine by disconnecting from some ofMonomers combine by disconnecting from some of
the hydrogen and oxygen atoms between themthe hydrogen and oxygen atoms between them
After the monomers bond, the excess hydrogenAfter the monomers bond, the excess hydrogen
and oxygen atoms form a water molecule.and oxygen atoms form a water molecule.
Since this bonding process releases water, we call itSince this bonding process releases water, we call it
Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis
16.
17.
18. Carbohydrates:Carbohydrates:
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
The monomer of carbohydrates is a single sugarThe monomer of carbohydrates is a single sugar
with the chemical formula of Cwith the chemical formula of C66HH1212OO66
These simple sugars are called MonosaccharidesThese simple sugars are called Monosaccharides
All monosaccharides have the same chemicalAll monosaccharides have the same chemical
formula, but different shapes.formula, but different shapes.
Examples:Examples:
GlucoseGlucose
FructoseFructose
GalactoseGalactose
19.
20. Carbohydrates: DisaccharidesCarbohydrates: Disaccharides
Disaccharide = Double sugar.Disaccharide = Double sugar.
They’re made by joining 2 monosaccharidesThey’re made by joining 2 monosaccharides
Examples:Examples:
Sucrose: Table SugarSucrose: Table Sugar
Lactose: Milk SugarLactose: Milk Sugar
Maltose: Grain SugarMaltose: Grain Sugar
22. Carbohydrates: PolysaccharidesCarbohydrates: Polysaccharides
Polysaccharide = Many sugarsPolysaccharide = Many sugars
This is a long chain of monosaccharidesThis is a long chain of monosaccharides
Examples:Examples:
Starch: Grain FoodsStarch: Grain Foods
Cellulose: Plant fiberCellulose: Plant fiber
24. LipidsLipids
Lipids are made of mostly carbon and hydrogen.Lipids are made of mostly carbon and hydrogen.
Lipids are used in two ways:Lipids are used in two ways:
Storage of energyStorage of energy
Insulate and Cushion OrgansInsulate and Cushion Organs
Lipids are composed of two units bonded togetherLipids are composed of two units bonded together
that form the shape of a capital E.that form the shape of a capital E.
Glycerol: The vertical “backbone”Glycerol: The vertical “backbone”
Fatty Acids: The horizontal chainsFatty Acids: The horizontal chains
25.
26. Types of LipidsTypes of Lipids
There are two types of Lipids:There are two types of Lipids:
Saturated - when each carbon atom in theSaturated - when each carbon atom in the
fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon byfatty acid chain is joined to another carbon by
a single bond. The fatty acids are straight.a single bond. The fatty acids are straight.
Unsaturated - if there is at least one carbon toUnsaturated - if there is at least one carbon to
carbon bond that is a double bond in a fattycarbon bond that is a double bond in a fatty
acid chain. The fatty acids are bent.acid chain. The fatty acids are bent.
28. Comparing plant and animal fatsComparing plant and animal fats
Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturatedMost animal fats have a high proportion of saturated
fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperaturefatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature
(butter, margarine, shortening)(butter, margarine, shortening)
Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acidsMost plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids
& exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)& exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)
29. ProteinsProteins
Proteins contain nitrogen as well as carbon,Proteins contain nitrogen as well as carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.hydrogen, and oxygen.
Proteins are extremely long polymers ofProteins are extremely long polymers of
molecules called amino acids.molecules called amino acids.
Proteins are used for muscles, act as hormonesProteins are used for muscles, act as hormones
& enzymes, and do much of the work inside& enzymes, and do much of the work inside
body cellsbody cells
30.
31. Protein Folding & DenaturingProtein Folding & Denaturing
Protein chains can bend and fold into a variety ofProtein chains can bend and fold into a variety of
shapes, depending on the job they need to do.shapes, depending on the job they need to do.
Some large proteins are made by combining manySome large proteins are made by combining many
protein chains together.protein chains together.
Changes in temperature & pH can denatureChanges in temperature & pH can denature
(unfold) a protein so that it no longer works(unfold) a protein so that it no longer works
34. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are macromolecules containingNucleic acids are macromolecules containing
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, andhydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and
phosphorus.phosphorus.
They are composed of long chains of nucleotidesThey are composed of long chains of nucleotides
(monomer).(monomer).
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, orNucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or
genetic, information.genetic, information.
There are two types of nucleic acid:There are two types of nucleic acid:
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acidDNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA - ribonucleic acidRNA - ribonucleic acid