Tomio Suzuki - Managing Human Wastes in Alpine Zones in Japan

Managing Human Wastes in Alpine Zones
in Japan
A Former Special Researcher of
Nagano Environmental Conservation Research Institute
Tomio Suzuki
1

2
Ⅱ. Human waste treatment technologies in alpine zones
1.The SAT method
2.A Johkasou method (A secondary effluent circulation type)
3.A transportation method (A feces transportation type)
4.A composting method (A moisture and temperature controlled type)
5.Other methods
Ⅲ. Administrative supports
1.A financial support program
2.An environmental technology verification program
The outline of the presentation
Ⅰ. Background
1.The reason why human waste has been dumped
2.Worries derived from human waste dumping
3.Voluntary and pioneering actions
4.An impact of objective research results
5.Cooperation and networks

3
Human waste treating methods applied at most of areas in Japan
Sewerage
Johkasou
(Cleaning tank)
Transportation by
vacuum cars
These methods could be scarcely applied in alpine zones except some lodges
Exclusive treating methods for alpine zones have been scarcely developed
Besides
Consequently
Period of the dumping exceeded 100 years at the most oldest lodge.
Ⅰ. Background
1.The reason why human waste has been dumped in alpine zones
Human wastes have been dumped in many lodges without treatment.
Because of the severe natural conditions of alpine zones

4
1. Emission of bad smelling subjects
2. Damages to the beauty of alpine environment
3. Growth of harmful insects
4. Pollution of spring water for drinking by bacteria
6. Eutrofication of rivers and ponds
7. Damages to alpine plants
These worries had been free from a social problem before the first half of 1900’s
Ⅰ. Background
2.Worries derived from human waste dumping
5. Excess of bacteria over the standards in river water

Detection of coli forming bacteria exceeding the standards has
caused the necessity for human waste treatment
Cooperation ｔｏ prevent human waste dumping has led to the creation
of networks
Development of human waste treatment technologies
has been conducted including the SAT method
Voluntary and pioneering researches on rivers and springs in alpine
zones had been conducted in 1970’s
Ⅰ. Background
3.Voluntary and pioneering actions
4.An impact of objective research results
5.Cooperation and networks

What is the SAT method?
The abbreviated name for the Seeding-Aeration-Trench method
6
1. The SAT method
Removal efficiency of pollutants in the SAT method
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):99%
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):80％
Total Nitrogen (TN)：80％
Total Phosphorus (TP):99％
Where is the SAT method applied?
Applicable at lodges where a sewerage, a Johkasou or a
transportation method would be scarcely applied

Secondary effluent
(Brown colored)
A Diffuser
Air
Human waste
A seeding material
(Bacillus)
Ground surface
A trench
An aeration tank
The strength of aeration :8m3≦/(m3・h)
The period of aeration :One month
Removal : H.W vs. S.E.
A soil permeating water
sampling device
A vent
The schema of the SAT method
Soil permeating water
Removal : S.E. vs. S.P.W.
A water impermeable film
Rainwater
7
The first treatment step
(Aeration of raw human waste)
 Aerate raw human waste with a seeding material
mainly composed of a kind of bacteria, Bacillus .
 A part of secondary effluent is available as a
seeding material on and after second aeration
treatment.
The second treatment step
(Soil permeation of secondary effluent)
 Permeate secondary effluent into the ground
using trenches and decompose pollutants
utilizing natural purifying ability of soil.
 The load of secondary effluent against a
trench , 50L/(m・month), is desirable.
Two treatment steps of the SAT method
Sampling
A
V
A blower

The exterior of Yoko-o lodge
An aeration tank A blower
An aeration tank and blowers
An inner view of a trench A view of a trench
buried area
A watering pipe
8
The application of the SAT method
A soil permeating
water sampling device
A vent
A contact media
An aeration tank
Aeration tanks of Johnen lodge

0
2000
4000
6000
8000
RHW 2WS 4WS
BOD(mg/L)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
RHW 2WS 4WS
COD(mg/L)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
RHW 2WS 4WS
TotalNitrogen(mg/L)
0
100
200
300
400
RHW 2WS 4WS
TotalPhosphorus(mg/L)
0
1000
2000
3000
RHW 2WS 4WS
Chlorideion(mg/L)
0.E+00
1.E+05
2.E+05
3.E+05
4.E+05
RHW 2WS 4WS
Coliformingbacteria(cfu/mL)
RHW : Raw human waste, 2WS: Aerated for 2 weeks, 4WS: Aerated for 4 weeks
95%
59%
53%
99%<
17%
29%
9
Removal efficiency of pollutants accompanied with aeration
of human waste in the SAT method
Removal
efficiency

SE : Secondary effluent, SPW2 : Soil permeating water (after 2 weeks), SPW4：Soil permeating water (after 4 weeks)
10
Observed removal efficiency of pollutants accompanied with soil
permeation of secondary effluent in the SAT method
0
100
200
300
400
SE SPW2 SPW4
BOD(mg/L)
0
1000
2000
3000
SE SPW2 SPW4
COD(mg/L)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
SE SPW2 SPW4
TotalNitrogen(mg/L)
0
100
200
300
SE SPW2 SPW4
TotalPhosphorus(mg/L)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
SE SPW2 SPW4
Chlorideion(mg/L)
0
20
40
60
80
100
SE SPW2 SPW4
Coliformingbacteria(cfu/mL)
99%< 99%< 99%<
93%99%<99%<
Observed
removal
efficiency

Secondary Effluent
Soil
Soil
permeating
water
Rainwater
1m
11
Amount of pollutants
(Both Inflow and Outflow)
=Water quality ×Water quantity
Soil permeating water
Outline of the soil column device for the examination of actual removal efficiency
of pollutants accompanied with soil permeation of secondary effluent

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Inflow(g) Outlfow(g)
BOD(g)
0
20
40
60
80
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
COD(g)
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
TotalNitrogen(g)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
TotalPhosphorus(g)
WeeksWeeks
WeeksWeeks
12
93%
64%
58%
98%
Cumulative amounts of pollutants of inflow and outflow accompanied with
soil permeation of secondary effluent
Removal
efficiency

13
Changes of the amounts of pollutants accompanied with two treatment
steps of the SAT method
The amounts of pollutants were calculated about 12 m3 of human waste.
0
20
40
60
80
100
Raw human
waste
After aeration After soil
permeation
99%<
0
10
20
30
40
50
Raw human
waste
permeation
0
1
2
3
4
5
Raw human
waste
permeation
0
20
40
60
80
100
Raw human
waste
permeation
COD（kg）
85%
TP（kg）
99%
80%
TN（kg）BOD（kg）
Removal
efficiency

14
Notes on natural purifying ability of soil
The ability is used in the second step of the SAT method
1. Soil has three natural purifying abilities
1) Physical ability such as filtration of suspended subjects through soil particles
2) Chemical ability such as adsorption of phosphorus to Al, Fe and Ca in soil
3) Biological ability such as decomposition of pollutants by microbes living in soil
2. Use soil for wastewater treatment within the purifying capacity of soil
3. Purifying ability may be decreased in phosphorus according to the saturation of adsorption
capacity of soil accompanied with the increase of cumulative wastewater loading
4. Some kinds of components such as chloride ion would be scarcely removed
5. Nitrate nitrogen may increase in soil permeating water by the oxidation of ammonia and
nitrite nitrogen

Human waste
An anaerobic
filter tank
A kind of a Johkasou, an anaerobic filter & contact aeration type
Other kinds of Johkasou have been also prevailing
A contact
aeration tank
A disinfection
tank
A settling tank
 Separation of
suspended subjects
by contact media
would be expected
 Decomposition of
pollutants by
anaerobic microbes
would be expected
 Decomposition of pollutants by
aerobic microbes attached to contact
media under an aerobic condition
would be expected
 Separation of suspended
subjects in secondary effluent
by sedimentation would be
expected
Secondary
effluent
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2. A Johkasou （A cｌｅａｎｉｎｇｔａｎｋ） method
The picture was quoted from the home page of Johkasou System Association, Japan

Toilets
A Johkasou
A reserve tank
A reserve tank
Discharge
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A Johkasou (A secondary effluent circulation type)
A bath
A kitchen
Tap water
Secondary effluent
A part of secondary
effluents from a Johkasou
is reused as flush water of
toilets by circulation.
They may be colored
accompanied with
circulation.
A lodge
Effluents only from toilets
are circulated at some
public toilets
Flash water
Secondaryeffluent

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Human wastes are separated by feces-urine separate toilet stools
Only feces are transported by helicopters
Feces are treated at human waste treating facilities in cities
Urine is treated by a Johkasou set near the lodge
Secondary effluents from the Johkasou are discharged near the lodge
Pictures were offered by Ministry of the Environment, the Government of Japan
Feces storage tanks in
hangars
A feces-urine separate toilet
stool
A Johkasou
3. A transportation method by helicopters

Publication has been permitted by Daio Densetsu Industrial Co. Ltd & Shimagare lodge
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An inside appearance of a
composting vessel
An outward appearance of
composting vessels
A weight sensor for the
moisture controlling of the
compost
A urine reserve tank
4. A composting method
A moisture and temperature controlled type
A feces –urine separate toilet stool

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5. Other methods
An anaerobic digestion ・soil permeating water circulation method
An incineration method
• One method cannot be applied to a variety of locations or lodges in
alpine zones.
• Application of various methods works best for various conditions of
lodges.
• The development of various methods has accelerated the installation
of treatment facilities in alpine zones.
The reason why various methods are prevailing in alpine zones

10
18
40
52
57
67
75
81
87
94
102
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Cumulativenumberofinstalledequipments
20
Change of cumulative number of human waste
treatment facilities installed in alpine zones after
the establishment of the financial support
program.
1. A financial support program,
A program of Ministry of the Environment (1999～)
 A half cost for the installation
of human waste treating
facilities has been subsidized.
 The installation of human
waste treating facilities has
rapidly increased after the
establishment of the financial
support program.

Managing human waste on Mt. Fuji
• All 42 lodges lying on Mt. Fuji have installed human waste treatment facilities
prior to 2007 using the financial support program.
• 22 facilities installed on Mt. Fuji in Shizuoka Prefecture are classified into 4
groups as follows.
1) A composting method (A bio-toilet)
2) A contact aeration method (A recycled water toilet)
3) An incineration method (An incinerator toilet)
4) An anaerobic digestion・soil permeating water circulation method
21
The data were quoted from “The research report of toilets on
Mt. Fuji”, Shizuoka prefectural government (2007)

22
2. Environmental technology verification program,
A program of Ministry of the Environment (2003～)
Purpose
 Verifying the performance of these on site technologies installed
in the alpine zones
 Offering the results for users
Achievements
 Seventeen facilities installed in alpine zones have been verified
prior to 2010.
Results are appearing in the home page of Ministry of
the Environment shown below.
http://www.env.go.jp

23
 Objective research result such as the water pollution caused by coli forming bacteria has
made most of people recognize the necessity of human waste treatment in alpine zones
 Many organizations involved with conserving the alpine environment, have developed a
common goal in addressing this issue by forming networks
 New methods for human waste treatment applicable in alpine zones have been developed
---For example, the removal efficiency of BOD would be expected 99% in the SAT method---
 The financial support program has accelerated the installation of treatment facilities
Managing human waste in alpine zones has been progressing without break
especially during the last 40 years though it continues to develop.
Main driving force of the progress is summarized as follows;
Summary
 Voluntary and pioneering actions such as researches on water pollution have been
proceeded by concerned individuals for the conservation of the alpine environment

24
References
Slide 9, 10, 12, 13
鈴木富雄（2008）山岳地域におけるし尿処理問題と対策の経過, 長野県環境保全研究所
研究報告, 4. （Tomio Suzuki (2008) A progress and the countermeasures on human
waste treatment in alpine zones, Bulletin of Nagano Environmental Conservation
Research Institute , No. 4. ）
Slide 21
 静岡県環境森林部自然保護室（2007）富士山トイレ調査業務. （Shizuoka prefectural
government (2007) The research report of toilets on Mt. Fuji.）
Slide 26
長野県（1999）山岳地域におけるし尿等の適正処理に関する調査研究報告書. （Nagano
prefectural government (1999) The research report on proper treatment of human
waste in alpine zones. ）
Slide 27, 28
長野県（2005）環境技術実証モデル事業（山岳トイレし尿処理技術分野）委託業務完了報
告書. （Nagano prefectural government (2005) The report on consigned research of
environmental technology verification, the field of human waste treatment
technologies for toilets in alpine zones. ）
Slide 28
鈴木富雄（2003）SAT法による山岳地域のし尿処理と土壌を用いた脱窒素処理, 信州大学
山岳科学総合研究所年報, 第1号. （Tomio Suzuki (2003) Treatment of human waste in
alpine zones by SAT method and denitrification using soil, The annual report of
Institute of Mountain Science, Vol 1, Shinshu University. ）

26
Effect of seeding material addition on removal efficiency of BOD
accompanied with aeration of human waste
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
RHW 2WS 4WS
Without seeding Addition of a seeding material
RHW: Raw Human Waste,
2WS: Aerated for 2 weeks,
4WS: Aerated for 4 weeks
BOD(mg/L)

Beginning
of aeration
After
1 week
After
2 weeks
After
3 weeks
After
4 weeks
NH3(ppm)
Aeration
tank(A)
50 1000 400 15 1
Vent(V) <1 1 <1 <1 <1
H2S(ppm)
Aeration
tank(A)
3500 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
Vent(V) <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
A
V
27
Comparison of the concentration of NH3 and H2S in the air at the head
space of aeration tank (A) with those at the vent (V)
Air
An aeration tank
A ventA blower

28
The improvements of the SAT method
0
20
40
60
80
100
SS BOD COD TOC TN
Suspended subjects mixture clear layer at the top
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 7
Days after mixing with organic substances
NO3-N(mg/L)
Nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) will be removed as
N2 mixing with proper organic substances in
soil under an anaerobic condition
1.Denitrification of soil permeating
water using soil
2.Elimination of suspended subjects
(SS) in secondary effluent
Removal efficiency of pollutants will be increased
by the elimination of suspended subjects in
secondary effluent
Treatment effect would be increased with such improvements shown below
Removalefficiency(%)

Tomio Suzuki - Managing Human Wastes in Alpine Zones in Japan

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