This document is a project report submitted by two students, Anish Kumar Singh and Suraj Prasad Sharma, on an overview of technology to their faculty guide Mr. Sumanta Mahaptra. It discusses Moore's law and how it has determined growth in the semiconductor industry. It then defines technology as systematic knowledge for manufacturing products or services according to UNCTAD. Finally, it discusses different ways that technology is developed through inter-organizational connections and how new technologies impact organizations.

1. A PROJECT REPORT ON
OVERVIEW OF
TECHNOLOGY
Submitted To :- Mr. Sumanta Mahaptra
Subm By:- Mr. Anish kr Singh & Mr. Suraj Sharma
Roll No.:- 171100200002 &171100200016
M.B.A. II Semester
ICFAI UNIVERSITY NAGALAND

2. Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Anish kr Singh & Mr. Suraj Prasad Sharma of
ICFAI University Nagaland has done this project under my supervision.
He has taken interest and shown utmost sincerely in completion of this
project.
He has successfully completed “An overview of technology”.
Mr. Sumanta Mahaptra
Faculty Guide
ICFAI University : Nagaland

3. Acknowledgement
At the very outset, I am thankful to Centre Head Dr C P Alexander for
providing me the opportunity to undertake her esteem authority.
I am thankful to Mr. Sumanta Mahaptra of ICFAI University who is
in the role of faculty guide offered me his guidance during my project work.
I would also thankful to my entire respondent who have co-operated
honesty for the project and sharing their valuable time in entire project.
By: - Mr. Anish kumar Singh &
Mr. Suraj Prasad Sharma
MBA 2nd semester
ICFAI UNIVERSITY
Nagaland

4. An overview of Technology
Introduction
What is Moore’s Law And how does it determine the future of an industry?
Moore’s law is given by GORDON MOORE in 1956 as he is an engineer at fair
child Semiconductor that the transistor density on the integrated circuit double
every couples of years. By doing this the organization can decreased cost and
increased performance. The speed of our products goes up, the power consumption
goes down, systems are more reliable, as we put more chip on the system, improves
by year after years, but especially the cost of doing things electronically goes down.
The companies manufacturing chips came to believe that they have to keep
up with Moore’s Law, so that the company can be competitive in the market. The 1st
chip that was manufactured in the year 1961 had only 1 transistor. In 1994 each
chips carried 32 transistors. In the next year the number of transistor become 64
per chip. After nearly 40 years (after 1961), Pentium 4 chip was manufactured by
Intel has 42 million transistors. The business model of all the semiconductor
manufacturing company is based on these objectives. This is all about the overview
of technology.
Definition of technology
The United Nation Conference On Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
which is established in the year 1964, aims at developing friendly integration of
developing country into the world economy. The UNCTAD is developed to share
technology, provide Finance, investment and sustainable development.
UNCTAD draft a international code Transfer Of Technology (TOT Code)
describe technology as “Systematic knowledge for the manufacture of a product, for
the application of a process or for the rendering of a service”.

5. This definition clearly states that the technology does not mean that goods
are sold or manufactured. Technology is the knowledge that goes into the creation of
products or services.
This knowledge includes technical knowledge based on which the end
product is manufactured. Entrepreneurial expertise and professional know-how are
the two attributes that render the competitive advantage of the firm.
Technology development
To develop a technology there is not always a single firm can do it, so to
develop a new technology, companies are clubbed together to develop a new
technology. It can be done by inter-connecting network of organization such as
Industry-University Cooperative Research Centers, R&D Consortia and R&D
limited partnership also.
Inter-connection among technology developers
Different types of inter-connection among technology developers are:
1. Industry-University Cooperative Research Centers
i. Collaboration between Universities and industries to do
a research work.
ii. Technology is shared among the participants.
iii.University contributes through faculty & Student research.
iv. Industry contributes monitoring resources & project.
v. Primary goal is to promote research.
E.g. :- One such example of joint research is the joint research is the University
City Science Centre that was established in 1963. This collaboration involve 28
Colleges, Universities & Academic health centre.

6. 2. R&D CONSORTIA
i. Collaboration of group of firms
ii. They linked together by Cooperation agreement & conducting their R&D
iii. Competing firms
iv. Contribution of capital, Technology & other Assets
v. Primary goal is to Share the technology because difficult to transfer.
Three characteristics of R&D consortia
i. It is an organization that is not entirely detached from parent company
strategically & legally.
ii. the scope of consortium changes as old member leaves and new members
join.
iii. Consortium member’s use shared facilities and the operating structure of
consortium is generally decentralized.
3. R&D LIMITED PARTNERSHIP (RDLP)
i. Collaboration between General Partners & a Group of Limited Partner
ii. General partner look after conduct of research
iii. Limited Partner just invest
iv. Primary goal is to Share the technology due to limited liability

7. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON ORGANISATION
New technology such as broadband service, 3G service, mobile
communication improves the business & industry. Companies have to adopt that
technology which suit them or the technology is capable to adopt or not. In 1990’s
most of the organization deploy new information technology in their organization.
This is necessary to keep pace with the level of technology being used by competitor.
But now, the firm has to be more selective while choosing the technology because
unnecessary investment leads to failure of the organization.
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES
i. Electronic Deliverability
This means services are transferred electronically.
For E.g. : - Customer can book ticket online and get the conformation online,
pay online bills, online money transfer etc.
ii. Information Intensity
This means the information technology has made the information
related to every thing easily with a simply click on the website so that we can
get plenty of information’s.
iii. Customizability
Today information technology has made every thing customized
according to the consumer need.
For E.g. : - 1st PC then laptop after that Tablet etc.
iv. Bundling of Product and Services
The new technology environment is also characterized by bundle
of product and service. The new technology enables the institution to provide
bundle of service to their Student.
For E.g. : - previous days people went bank for their savings & day to day
transaction now they can do by simply sitting in the home with the help of
new technology i.e. Internet.

8. IT AND ITS STRATEGIC VALUE
i. Crucial tool for Success
ii. Twenty years back top manager viewed IT as tools to help low level
employees like secretaries, analyst & technicians.
iii. Now they perceive as a tool to gain a competitive advantage
IT DOES MATTER
i. Significant strategic advantage
ii. Competitive pressure
iii. IT need innovation