Osnovne komande SQL-a

1. Baze podataka

2.  Select
 Select Dinstict
 Where
 And – Or
 Order by
 Insert Into
 Update
 Delete
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3. CustomerID Customer
Name
Contact
Name
Address City Postal
Code
Country
1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria
Anders
Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 Germany
2 Ana Trujillo
Emparedados y helados
Ana Trujillo Avda. de la
Constitución
2222
México D.F. 05021 Mexico
3 Antonio Moreno Taquería Antonio
Moreno
Mataderos 2312 México D.F. 05023 Mexico
4 Around the Horn Thomas
Hardy
120 Hanover Sq. London WA1 1DP UK
5 Berglunds snabbköp Christina
Berglund
Berguvsvägen 8 Luleå S-958 22 Sweden
Customers

4. SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name;
Ili
SELECT * FROM table_name;
PRIMERI
 SELECT CustomerName,City FROM Customers;
 SELECT * FROM Customers;

5. SELECT DISTINCT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name;
PRIMER
 SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Customers;

6. SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value;
PRIMERI
 SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='Mexico';
 SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE CustomerID=1;
Operator Description
= JEDNAKO
<> RAZLIČITO. Note: U NEKIM VERZIJAMA MOŽE
DA SE PIŠE I KAO !=
> VEĆE
< MANJE
>= VEĆE ILI JEDNAKO
<= MANJE ILI JEDNAKO
BETWEE
N
IZMEĐU UJ OPSEGU VREDNOSTI
LIKE PRETRAGA PO OBRASCU
IN VIŠE MOGUĆIH VREDNOSTI ZA KOLONU

7. And i Or koriste se filtriranje unosa koji imaju više od jednog
uslova
PRIMERI
 SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='Germany' AND
City='Berlin';
 SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City='Berlin' OR
City='München';
 SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='Germany' AND
(City='Berlin' OR City='München');

8. SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name,column_name ASC|DESC;
PRIMERI
 SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY Country;
 SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY Country DESC;
 SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY Country,CustomerName;

9. Unos novih vrednosti u tabelu
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);
ILI
INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2,column3,...)
VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);
PRIMERI
 INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode,
Country)
VALUES ('Cardinal','Tom B. Erichsen','Skagen 21','Stavanger','4006','Norway');
 INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, City, Country)
VALUES ('Cardinal', 'Stavanger', 'Norway');
PAŽNJA: Vrednosti koje nisu određene unosom generišu u ćelijama NULL

10. Koristi se za ažuriranje već postojećih vrednosti
UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value1,column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value;
PRIMERI
 UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName='Alfred Schmidt', City='Hamburg'
WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';
 UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName='Alfred Schmidt', City='Hamburg';
PAŽNJA: Ako se izostavi WHERE svi zapisi će biti ažurirani

11. DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column=some_value;
PRIMERI
 DELETE FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste' AND
ContactName='Maria Anders';
 DELETE FROM table_name;
ILI
 DELETE * FROM table_name;
PAŽNJA: Ako se izostavi WHERE briše celu tabelu (pažljivo nema vraćanja sa UNDO)

12.  Select Top
 Like
 In
 Between
 Aliases
 Joins
 Inner Join
 Right Join
 Left Join
 Full Join
 Union
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13.  SELECT TOP 2 * FROM Customers;
 SELECT TOP 50 PERCENT * FROM Customers;
CustomerID Customer
Name
Contact
Name
Address City Postal
Code
Country
1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria
Anders
Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 Germany
2 Ana Trujillo
Emparedados y helados
Ana Trujillo Avda. de la
Constitución
2222
México D.F. 05021 Mexico
3 Antonio Moreno
Taquería
Antonio
Moreno
Mataderos 2312 México D.F. 05023 Mexico
4 Around the Horn Thomas
Hardy
120 Hanover Sq. London WA1 1DP UK
5 Berglunds snabbköp Christina
Berglund
Berguvsvägen 8 Luleå S-958 22 Sweden
Customers

14.  Koristi kombinaciju redova iz dve ili više tabela
 SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderDate
FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customers
ON Orders.CustomerID=Customers.CustomerID;
OrderID CustomerID OrderDate
10308 2 1996-09-18
10309 37 1996-09-19
10310 77 1996-09-20
CustomerID CustomerName ContactName Country
1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Germany
2 Ana Trujillo
Emparedados y
helados
Ana Trujillo Mexico
3 Antonio Moreno
Taquería
Antonio Moreno Mexico
Orders
Customers

15.  INNER JOIN – vraće sve redove iz obe tabele gde pripadaju redovima obe tabele
 LEFT JOIN – vraća sve redove iz leve tabele sa uparenim redovima iz desne
tabele
 RIGHT JOIN – vraća sve redove iz desne tabele sa uparenim redovima iz leve
tabele
 FULL JOIN - vraća sve redove iz leve i iz desne tabele

16.  SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
 SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
INNER JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID
ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName;

17.  SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
PRIMER
 SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
LEFT JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID
ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName;

18.  SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
PRIMER
 SELECT Orders.OrderID, Employees.FirstName
FROM Orders
RIGHT JOIN Employees
ON Orders.EmployeeID=Employees.EmployeeID
ORDER BY Orders.OrderID;

19.  SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
PRIMER
 SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
FULL OUTER JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID
ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName;

20.  AVG() – Vraća prosečne vrednosti
 COUNT() – Vraća broj redova
 FIRST() – Vraća prvu vrednost
 LAST() – Vraća poslednju vrednost
 MAX() – Vraća najveću vrednost
 MIN() – Vraća minimalnu vrednost
 SUM() – Vraća ukupnu (sumu) vrednost

21. Vraća prosečne vrednosti određene kolone (numerička vrednost)
 SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name
 PRIMER
 SELECT AVG(Price) AS PriceAverage FROM Products;
 SELECT ProductName, Price FROM Products WHERE Price>(SELECT AVG(Price) FROM
Products);

22.  Vraća broj kolona po određenom kriterijumu
 SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name;
 PRIMER
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;
 SELECT COUNT(CustomerID) AS OrdersFromCustomerID7 FROM Orders WHERE
CustomerID=7;
 SELECT COUNT(*) AS NumberOfOrders FROM Orders;
 SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT CustomerID) AS NumberOfCustomers FROM Orders;

23.  Vraća prvu vrednost selektovane kolone
 SELECT FIRST(column_name) FROM table_name;
 PRIMER
 SELECT FIRST(CustomerName) AS FirstCustomer FROM Customers;

24.  Vraća poslednju vrednost selektovane kolone
 SELECT LAST(column_name) FROM table_name;
 PRIMER
 SELECT LAST(CustomerName) AS LastCustomer FROM Customers;

25.  Vraća maksimalnu vrednost selektovane kolone
 SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;
 PRIMER
 SELECT MAX(Price) AS HighestPrice FROM Products;

26.  Vraća najmanju vrednost selektovane kolone
 SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;
 PRIMER
 SELECT MIN(Price) AS SmallestOrderPrice FROM Products;

27.  Vraća ukupnu vrednost numeričke kolone
 SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;
 PRIMER
 SELECT SUM(Quantity) AS TotalItemsOrdered FROM OrderDetails;

28.  Omogućava grupisanje vrsta na osnovu zajedničkih vrednosti
 SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name;
 PRIMER
 SELECT Shippers.ShipperName,COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS NumberOfOrders
FROM Orders
LEFT JOIN Shippers
ON Orders.ShipperID=Shippers.ShipperID
GROUP BY ShipperName;

29.  Koristi se kada ključna reč ne može sa agregatnom funkcijom
 SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value;
 Primer1:
 SELECT Employees.LastName, COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS NumberOfOrders
FROM (Orders
INNER JOIN Employees
ON Orders.EmployeeID=Employees.EmployeeID)
GROUP BY LastName
HAVING COUNT(Orders.OrderID) > 10;

30.  Primer2:
 SELECT Employees.LastName, COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS NumberOfOrders
FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Employees
ON Orders.EmployeeID=Employees.EmployeeID
WHERE LastName='Davolio' OR LastName='Fuller'
GROUP BY LastName
HAVING COUNT(Orders.OrderID) > 25;

31. Baze podataka