Personality and personal effectiveness

1. 1
PERSONALITY

2. What is Personality
• Macionis define it as “the constant pattern of
thinking, feeling and acting.”
• Personality is a dynamic concept describing the
growth and development of a person’s whole
psychological system.
• The sum total of ways in which an individual
reacts to and interacts with others.
1

3. Theories Of Personality
Psychometric Theories Of Personality
•Sixteen Personality Factors (16 P-F) (Cattel)
•Big Five
•FIRO-B
Psychometric Theories Of Personality
•Sigmund Freud
•Carl Jung and MBTI
•Transactional Analysis
Life Styles based Theories of Personality
•Type A vs Type B
•Enlarging vs Enfolding
•Personality-Job Fit

4. 1
S. No Factors’ Bipolar Dimensions of
Personality’
1 Warmth: Outgoing vs reserved
2 Reasoning: More intelligent vs less intelligent
3 Emotional stability: Emotionally stable vs unstable
4 Dominance: Assertive vs humble
5 Liveliness: Happy-go-lucky vs sober
6 Rule-consciousness Conscientious vs expedient
7 Social boldness: Venturesome vs timid
8 Sensitivity: Tough-minded vs sensitive
9 Vigilance: Suspicious vs trusting
10 Abstractedness: Imaginative vs practical
11 Privateness: Shrewd vs forthright
12 Apprehension Apprehensive vs self-assured
13 Openness to change: Experimental vs conservative
14 Self-reliance Self-sufficient vs group
dependent
15 Perfectionism Controlled vs casual
16 Tension: Relaxed vs tense
Sixteen
Personality
Factors
(16 P-F)
(Cattel)

5. 1
The Big Five Model of Personality (Digman)
Extroversion: One’s comfort level with relationships:
talkative, outgoing, Sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Agreeableness: One’s inclination to defer to others:, Good-
natured, cooperative, warm, caring,. and trusting
Conscientiousness: One’s reliability regarding responsibility
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
Openness to Experience: One’s range of interests and
fascination with novelty: Imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity,
and intellectualism creative, curious.
Emotional Stability: One’s ability to withstand stress
Calm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous,
depressed, and insecure (negative).

6. 1
Fundamental Interpersonal Relations
Orientation–Behavior (FIRO-B)
• Developed by William Schutz in late 1950s
• Based on theory of interpersonal relations.
• Interpersonal needs are very important to understand and
predict behaviour of human beings.
Three main basic needs people have:
1. To give and receive affection;
2. To control others and be controlled by others; and
3. Need to socialize and interact with people.

7. 1
Expressed and Wanted Dimensions three
basic needs (William Schutz)
Inclusion Control Affection
Expressed
Behavior
Expressed
Inclusion
Expressed
Control
Expressed
Affection
Wanted
Behavior
Wanted
Inclusion
Wanted
Control
Wanted
Affection

8. 1
Freud & Personality Structure
Id - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives
Pleasure Principle
Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic ways
Reality Principle
Super Ego
- voice of conscience
that focuses on how
we ought to behave
Ego
Super
Ego
Id

9. 1
Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development
“personality forms during the first few years of life,
rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood”
Psychosexual Stages
Oral (0-18 months) - centered on the mouth
Anal (18-36 months) - focus on bowel/bladder elimination
Phallic (3-6 yrs) - focus on genitals (Identification & Gender Identity)
Genital (puberty on) - sexual feelings toward others
Strong conflict can fixate an individual at Stages 1,2 or 3

10. 1
Freudian Personality Types
1. Erotic (Oral): Optimistic, Manipulative, Boastful,
Gullible (easy to cheat)
2. Obsessive (Anal): Stingy, Stubborn, Orderly,
Meticulous
3. Narcissistic (Phallic): Vain (ineffective), Brash,
Courageous, Stylish
4. Detached (Genital): Democratic, Building
systems, Linking with others, Situation-specific

11. 1
Ego Defense Mechanisms
The Ego has some tools to satisfy both the Id and the
Superego , that help to defend the Ego., called ego
defence mechanisms. Main defence mechanisms are:
• Denial:
• Displacement:
• Intellectualisation:
• Projection:
• Rationalisation:
• Reaction formation
• Regression
• Repression
• Sublimation
• Suppression

12. 1
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Personality Types
• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)
• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)
• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: A personality test
that taps four characteristics and classifies people
into 1 of 16 personality types.

13. 1
MBTI Framework
Aspects
• Source of Energy
• Extraversion (E)
• Introversion (I)
• Collecting Information
• Sensing (S)
• Intuiting (N)
• Decision Making
• Thinking (T)
• Feeling (F)
• Understanding the world
• Judging (J)
• Perceiving (P)
Characteristics
• Outgoing: speaks, and then thinks. Relates more easily to
the outer world of people and things than to the inner world
of ideas.
• Reflective: thinks, and then speaks. Relates more easily to
the inner world of ideas than to the outer world of people.
• Practical, concrete. Would work with known facts than look
for possibilities and relationships.
• Theoretical, abstract. Would look for possibilities and
relationships than work with known facts
• Analytical, head. Relates more on interpersonal analysis and
logic than on personal values
• Subjective, heart. Relies more on personal values than on
impersonal analysis and logic
• Structured, organized. Likes a planned and orderly way of
life than a flexible spontaneous way
• Flexible, spontaneous. Likes a flexible, spontaneous way
than a planned and orderly way of life.

14. 1
Combination of Four Jungian Aspects for
16 Personality Types
ISTJ ESTJ INTJ ENTJ
ISTP ESTP INTP ENTP
ISFJ ESFJ INFJ ENFJ
ISFP ESFP INFP ENFP

15. 1
LIFESTYLE APPROACHES
1. Type A Type B
2. Enlarging & Enfolding

16. 1
Type A Type B Personality Types
Type A’s
1. are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;
2. feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;
3. strive to think or do two or more things at once;
4. cannot cope with leisure time;
5. are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms
of how many or how much of everything they acquire.
Type B’s
1. never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its
accompanying impatience;
2. feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or
accomplishments;
3. play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their
superiority at any cost;
4. can relax without guilt.

17. 1
Enlarging & Enfolding Personality Types
• Enlarging: associated with career/job success; goals of
motivation; self-improvement/development; growth;
non-traditional; moves to influential position; likely to
read, attend theatre, keep up with current events;
• Enfolding: associated with less career/job success;
goals of tradition; stability; inner strength; values
parental ties, is not member of any social or
community gp.; does not join any program for self-
improvement/development

18. Personal Effectiveness
Areas of Personal Effectiveness
1. Self-disclosure
2. Use of feedback
3. Perceptiveness

19. 1
KNOWN TO
SELF
NOT KNOWN TO
SELF
KNOWN TO
OTHERS
A
ARENA
B
BLIND
NOT KNOWN
TO OTHERS
C
CLOSED
D
DARK
JOHARI WINDOW