2/b ELT

1. PHONETICS
and
PHONOLOGY

2. PHONETİCS: is the study of sounds in human languages.On the other
hands,phonetics studies the physical aspects of the sounds in the
language.There are three major branches of
phonetics;articulatory,acoustic and auditory.
 Articulatory phonetics deals with the study of the pruduction of speech
sounds.
 Acoustic phonetics focuses on the properties of the sounds in the air.
 Auditory phonetics is the study of the reception and perception of
speech sounds by the listenner.

3. 1-ARTICULARY PHONETICS
Among the subfields of phonetics ,linguistic is mostly interested in
articulary phonetics,in articulary phonetics ,the minimal physical
sounds units are are called phones or segments. Segments are
shown in square brackets ‘’[]’’. In showing the segments ,linguistics
use convention named International Phonetıc Alphabet(IPA).The IPA
was devised as a convention to annotate the sounds of the language
as they are produced.
2-VOCAL TRACT
Vocal tract refers to the are in which we produce the sounds and
consists of three major parts;oral nasal and pharyngeal activity.Vocal
is the part of our body which transforms airstream into
soundwaves.As a result of this transformation ,we either produce
consonants or vowels.

4. 3-VOICED AND VOICELESS SOUNDS
• voiceless sounds: Vocal folds are open dduring the production of
the sound, thus does not result in vibration.
• voiced sounds: Vocal sounds are closed in the production of the
sound ,thus results in vibration.

5. 4-PLACE OF ARTICULATION
Place of articulation defines where in mouth the sound is
produced.
Most consonant sounds are produced by using tongue and other
parts of the mouth to constrict.in some way the shape of oral tract
through which air passing.

6. 1-Bilabial consonants : sounds that are produced with the two lips
touching ,as in the first sounds in the words ‘’bin’’,’’mean’’
,’’what’’.[b],[m],[p],[w].
2-Labiodental consonants: sounds that are produced with the lower lip
touching the upper teeth ,as in the first sounds of the words’’fan’’,’’van’’
[f],[v].
3-Dental consonants : sounds that are produced by blocking the
airstream in the teeth. İn the beginning of the ‘’three’’ and ‘’this’’.
4-Alveolar consonants: sounds that are produced with the tip or blade of
the tongue touching the alveolar ridge like the first sounds of the words
‘’dent’’,’’rich’’, ‘’light’’, ‘’night’’,’’zen’’,’’team’’,’’size’’. [t],[n],[l],[r],[z],[s].
5-Palatal consonants: sounds that are produced with the body of the
tongue touchinh hard palate
6-Velar consonant: sounds that are produced with the body of the
tongue touching the velum.
7-Glottal consonants: sounds that are produced with the epiglottis .The
tongue is not active. The initial sound of [h] the word ‘’hot’’.

7. 5-MANNER OF ARTICULATION
Manner of artriculation provides us with information about the
behaviour of the airstream in the restriction point.
1-stop/plosive:the airstream is blocked in the oral cavity then we
let it go abruptly.
2-fricative: sounds accour almost blocking in the airstream and
having the air push through the constriction-friction.
3-affricate: these sounds are something like a combination of
stops and fricatives .we apply abrief stopping of the airstream and
then let it go in a restricted way.
4-nasal: if the airstream goes out of the nasal cavity as a result of
lowered velum ,nasal sounds occur.
5- approximant: there are two types of approximant sounds.luquid
and glide.in luqid,the airstream is restricted but it does not cause
any real constriction or fiction; the air goes out of a wide opening
in the mouth.in the glide sounds,the tongue is in a motion from
one place to another without any obstruction.

9. 6-DESCRİPTİON OF THE VOWELS
1-Height of the tongue: when we produce a vowel,we move our tongue
at different heights from low to high.when we raise our tongue in the
production of a vowel,that vowel is called high ,when we lower the
tongue ,we produce low vowel.
2-advancement of the tongue: it also called the position of the tongue.it
refers to the partof tongue that play a role in the production if the front
part of the tongue approaches to the alveolar ridge ,these sounds are
called front vowel.However,when the part of the tongue gets closer to
the velum,we produce a back vowel.
3-position of the lips: it refers to the form of the lips as either round or
unround.

11. 6-DIPHTONGS AND TRIPHONGS
Diphtongs: a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a
single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves
towards another (as in coin, loud, and side ).
Triphongs: a union of three vowels (letters or sounds) pronounced in
one syllable (as in fire ).
three written vowel characters representing the sound of a single
vowel (as in b eau ).

12. PHONOLOGY : -The study of the structure and systematic patterns
of sounds in human language.
-A very brief explanation is that phonology is the study of sound structure
in language, which is different from the study of sentence structure
(syntax) or word structure (morphology), or how languages change over
time (historical linguistics).
Phonetic and Phonology
Phonetic= What are the sounds? How are they made in the vocal tract?
Phonology= How do sounds combine? How do they affect each other?

13. What is a phoneme?
- A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language.
- A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from
another word in a language.,
Differences between phone and phoneme
Phone
. One of many possible sounds in the languages of the world
. The smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech.
. Represented between brackets by convention.
. Pronounced in a defined way
Phoneme
. One of many possible sounds in the languages of the world.
. A minimal unit that serves to distinguish between meanings words
.Represented between slashes by convention
.Pronounced in one or more ways, depending on the number of allophones.

14. Allophones
- An allophone is an imperceptibly slight variation on a given vocal sound of a
language.
- Each phoneme may have different realisations depending on the context in which
it is found
For example, the letter k in kill and skill may sound the same to most people, but are
very different sounds under critical phonetic analysis
Minimal Pairs
 A minimal pair is a pair of words that have different meanings and which siffer in
onlt one sound.
For example:
Sip [sıp]
Zip [zıp]
Minimal Sets
 Minimal sets are groups of words that are all the same except for one sound.
For example:
Hit, hid & his

15. Phonotactics
 Phonotactics is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a
language on the permissible combinations of phonemes.
 Consttaints on the sequence or position of phonemes
 Permitted arrangements of sounds
Syllables
 Syllable, a segment of speech that consists of a vowel, with or without one or
more accompanying consonant sounds immediately preceding or following
For example, a, I, out, too, cap, snap, check.
 A syllabic consonant, such as the final n sound in button and widen, also
constitutes a syllable
 Closed (checked) syllables are those that end in a consonant; open (free)
syllables end in a vowel.

16. Consonants
A consonant is a speech sound that is not a vowel. It also refers to letters of the
alphabet that represent those sounds: Z, B, T, G, and H are all consonants.
Assimilation
When a sound affects the other in terms of quaility and thus changes its qualities
(place and manner of articulation ,and voicing state),the term assimilation is used.
Elision
sometimes ,when two sounds occur side by side ,one of the sounds
diseppears as a result of the co-articulation(not pronounced).this
phenemenon is called elision

17. 2-b ELT
BÜŞRA ÇOLAK
DAMLA GÖRÜR
GÜLSÜM ÖZER