This document provides information on various topics related to coastal zone management in Bangladesh. It begins with definitions of key terms like coastal zone, coastal zone management, and integrated coastal zone management. It then describes the coastal zone of Bangladesh and identifies three regions. It discusses stakeholders in coastal management and the roles of government at the state and local levels. It outlines Bangladesh's Coastal Zone Policy and various related legislation and policies. Finally, it briefly discusses some international programs and acts related to coastal zone management.

1. Sojib Ahmed
Undergraduate(4th year)
Email:azad1812@student.nstu.edu.bd
Department of Oceanography
Noakhali Science and Technology University
Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh
Documents; Role of government, coastal policy, CZM act,
national marine sanctuary program in coastal zone
management

2. SN Appellation
1 What is coastal Zone?
2 What is coastal Zone Management?
3 What is Integrated coastal Zone Management?
4 The Coastal Zone of Bangladesh
5 Stakeholders in Coastal Management
6 Role of Governments
7 Coastal Zone Policy (CZPo);
8 The coastal policy include legislation and policy on
9 Coastal Policy
10 Coastal Zone Management Act
11 A Collaborative Strategy
12 Coastal Barrier Resources Act
13 National Marine Sanctuary Program
14 National Estuary Program
15 Significance and management of coastal zones
16 References
Table of Object

3. What is coastal Zone?
Coast is the zone of interaction between land and sea where both land & oceanic system works.It is most
dynamic, resourceful and disaster prone zone of any country . Coastal zone always subsumes floodplains,
mangroves, marshes, and fringing coral reefs.
What is coastal Zone Management?
Coastal zone management subsumes managing coastal areas to balance environmental, economic, human
health, and human activities . Coastal Management integrates the biological, physical, and policy sciences
to plan and execute sustainable resolutions for environmental challenges where land meets water.
What is Integrated coastal Zone Management (ICZM)?
Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), integrated coastal management (ICM), or integrated coastal
planning (ICP) is a process for the management of the coast using an integrated approach, regarding all
aspects of the coastal zone, including geographical and political boundaries, in an attempt to achieve
sustainability. It is a dynamic, multidisciplinary and iterative process to promote sustainable management of
coastal zones. It covers the full cycle of information collection, planning (in its broadest sense), decision
making, management and monitoring of implementation.

4. The Coastal Zone of Bangladesh
Bangladesh has a combesome coastline with many rivers and distributaries and complex ecology which is
affected by natural hazards like cyclones, coastal flooding, tidal surges, salinity and the like phenomenon.
The coastline is of 734 km involving coastal and island communities of about 50 million people, nearly
about one-third of the total population of Bangladesh . The coastal areas of Bangladesh has been classified
into two broad categories viz. interior coast and exterior coast.
Depending on the geomorphological features , coastal zones of Bangladesh can broadly be divided into the
following three regions
1. The Eastern Region: Morphologically the eastern coastline of Bangladesh started from the big Feni
river to Badar Mokam (southern tip of the mainland) along Chittagong can be classified as a “Pacific
Type" coast running parallel to the young (Tertiary) folded hill ranges.
2. The Central Region: This region begins from the Tebegins from the Tetulia river to the big Feni river
estuary including the mouth of the Meghna river upto the confluence of the Padma (Ganges-
Brahmaputra) and the Meghna river near Chadpur.

5. 3. The Western Region: The western region covers the coastline westward from the
Tetulia River to the international boundary (India) located at the Hariabangha River. The
region is mostly covered with dense mangrove forests with deeply scoured tidal channels of
the tidal plain overlapping abandoned Ganges delta.
Stakeholders in Coastal Management
The stakeholders in coastal management policy include major interest groups that seek to
influence or are influenced by the allocation of coastal resources. Coastal policy in the United
States or Bangladesh is shaped in large part by and for these stakeholders, who make up a
network of public and private organizations. Of course, the entire body of stakeholders is much
larger than these groups and their membership. It includes all people who, regardless of their
place of residence, spend time at the coast renting, camping, boating, fishing, swimming, or just
relaxing. It includes all those who eat seafood, expecting it to be healthful and free from toxins
or other harmful pollutants.

6. It includes all the people who have some relationship with the coast. Some would argue that the major
stakeholders—biodiversity and future generations—do not even vote or belong to a single nongovernmental
organization. It is the breadth and depth of this body of stakeholders that make coastal management of
special importance because of the responsibility to ensure that all their values are fairly and adequately
represented.
This network shapes our coastal policy and also is important in the implementation of resource management
and water and land use regulation. Coastal management in the United States/ other countries are carried out
by a unique blend of government and nongovernment organizations, forprofit and nonprofit groups, and
development and environmental advocates. Often policy coalitions compete with one another, each seeking
to secure its own piece of the coastal resource pie. Despite the disparate viewpoints and multiplicity of
agendas, a dynamic process creates a working system of policies, plans, and programs that affect the
conservation and development of coastal areas and resources.
Coastal development interests make up another stakeholder group whose influence cannot be overstated.
This group is composed of powerful energy organizations such as the American Petroleum Institute, which
calls for greater latitude in areas such as offshore oil exploration and drilling. Development organizations
such as the National Association of Homebuilders push for less regulation of private property to allow more
development in coastal regions. These interest groups often are supported by local economic development
advocates and chambers of commerce, which are anxious to see their communities grow.

7. Role of Governments (State and Local Govt)
The coastal management framework is clearly one of shared management between federal, state, and local
jurisdictions. The federal government plays a major role in coastal management. However, most of the
responsibility for managing development in the coastal zone lies with coastal states and localities.
Effective, comprehensive coastal management involves management and control of the use of land, powers
reserved under our federal system to state government. Historically, there has been substantial opposition to
and suspicion of federal efforts to impose land use controls in the coastal zone or elsewhere.
States play an important role in coastal management. Each coastal state and territory exercises some degree of
control over the coastal zone within its jurisdiction. The states, like the federal government, have policies that
directly affect the coastal zone are connected to the coastal zone in that they clearly affect it but also affect
other areas of the state (e.g., water quality programs), or affect the coastal zone as an unintended consequence
of the implementation of the policy.
States also exercise control over the coastal zone under CZMA. Almost all eligible jurisdictions, including
oceanfront and Great Lakes states, territories, and commonwealths, have OCRM-approved coastal management
programs and are implementing coastal management programs and policies with OCRM assistance. These
programs include direct regulation and control of shorefront development, development in other sensitive
coastal lands (e.g., coastal marshes), acquisition of coastal lands and provision of beach access and recreational
facilities, and other policies.

8. The authority to manage land use and development has been delegated by the states to local
governments. Typically, coastal localities have authority (and indeed in a few states are required) to adopt
at least basic land use management tools, some of which include comprehensive or land use plans,
zoning and subdivision ordinances, capital improvement programs, historic district regulations, land
acquisition programs, targeted taxation assessments, impact fees, and annexation programs.
The Coastal Area Policy (2005) has a similar commitment. It generally emphasizes sustainable
development in the coastal region and thus directly supports the establishment of coastal plantations and
conservation of existing coastal forests and preservation of coastal habitats.
Coastal policy and its outcomes clearly are the result of political processes in which different factions and
interest groups compete for attention and resources. Coastal management must be understood to occur
within a political process.

9. Coastal Zone Policy (CZPo);
The specific objectives of the Coastal Zone Policy are ;
 Economic growth
 Meeting basis needs and creating livelihood opportunities for coastal communities
 Reduction of vulnerabilities and enhancement of coping capacities
 Empowerment of coastal communities
 Women’s advancement and promotion of gender equality
 Sustainable management of natural resources
 Preservation and enhancement of critical ecosystems

10. The coastal policy include legislation and policy on
A. Land: Planning to control unplanned and indiscriminate use of land resources
B. Aquaculture: Environmentally adopted and socially responsive shrimp farming be encouraged
C. Water: Adequate upland flow in water channels to preserve the coastal estuary ecosystem
threatened by the intrusion of soil salinity from the sea
D. Capture Fishery : National Fish Policy, in relation to exploitation, conservation and management
of marine fisheries resources
E. Agriculture : increasing the production of crops suitable for the coastal area with attention to
maintenance of soil health
F. Livestock : Grazing land for livestock be arranged
G. Energy : An assessment of all types of energy resources (e.g., oil, gas, coal, nuclear minerals,
hydropower, biomass fuels, solar, wind and tidal waves) undertaken on a regular/continuous
basis
H. Afforestation :Measures taken in the coastal areas including newly accreted chars

11. Coastal Policy
Although the CZMA is an important element of federal involvement in managing the coastal zone, the
program it created is but one piece of the federal coastal policy mosaic. This policy mosaic is made up
of three types of coastal policy: direct, connected, and de facto coastal policy. Direct coastal policy
includes
 The CZMA,
 Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA),
 The National Marine Sanctuary Act, and
 Other legislative acts that have as their purpose the conservation of coastal and marine
resources.
Connected coastal policy includes environmental policy that affects the coast through federal laws aimed
at maintaining the quality of critical resources such as water and air and reducing the impacts of disasters
and natural hazards, all of which affect the coastal zone. De facto coastal policy includes federal actions,
such as road and bridge building, taxation, and housing policy, that have consequences, often
unintended, for the coastal zone.

12. Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)
The CZMA is the cornerstone of federal efforts to protect and manage our nation’s coastlines. Enacted in
1972, the act grew out of a growing public concern for the environment, including ocean and coastal
resources. The Stratton Commission’s 1969 report, Our Nation and the Sea, was instrumental in focusing
the attention of citizens, politicians, and scientists on the importance of the coastal zone and the lack of
effective management. Several coastal management bills were introduced in Congress after issuance of the
Stratton Report; most of the legislation emphasized either development or conservation. Passed in 1972, the
act is a unique combination of goals:
Congress enacted the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) to protect the coastal environment from
growing demands associated with residential, recreational, commercial, and industrial uses (e.g., State and
Federal offshore oil and gas development). The CZMA provisions help States develop coastal management
programs (Programs) to manage and balance competing uses of the coastal zone. The CZMA outlines three
national programs,
 The National Coastal Zone Management Program,
 The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, and
 The Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP).

13. The National Coastal Zone Management Program aims to balance competing land and water issues through
state and territorial coastal management programs, the reserves serve as field laboratories that provide a
greater understanding of estuaries and how humans impact them, and CELCP provides matching funds to
state and local governments to purchase threatened coastal and estuarine lands or obtain conservation
easements.

14. A Collaborative Strategy
The CZMA is a unique federal–state collaboration. The act provides incentives for coastal states to prepare
and implement coastal management programs, through cost-sharing grants, the consistency doctrine, and
technical assistance. the act set out congressional findings and policy that lay a solid foundation for federal
involvement in the management of the coastal zone and the direction that involvement should take. Program
development, federal grants are made available to states to prepare coastal management programs (CMPs).
Program administration sets out the program elements that a state coastal management program must have
to be approved, which include the following:
 a definition of the boundaries of the coastal zone to which the program applies
 a definition of areas of particular concern within the coastal zone
 a definition of permissible land and water uses within the coastal zone and the “identification of the
means by which the state proposes to exert control” over them
 a description of the organizational structure for the implementation of the program
 a planning process to provide protection of and access to public beaches
 a planning process to lessen the impact of shoreline erosion

15. Once the coastal management program has been approved, a state is eligible for annual matching grants to
administer its program. The amount of the annual grant is based on “the extent and nature of the shoreline and
area covered by the program” and its population.
In 1990, the Coastal Zone Enhancement Program, which encourages the states and territories to make
changes in their CMP that, as defined by Congress, “support attainment” of one or more of the “coastal zone
enhancement objectives.” Unlike the federal grants available pursuant to the Coastal Zone Enhancement
Program does not require state matching funds and is competitively awarded to the coastal states. The coastal
zone enhancement objectives defined by Congress include the following:
 to protect, restore, enhance, or create coastal wetlands
 to eliminate development in hazardous areas and anticipate sea level rise
 to expand beach access opportunities
 to reduce marine debris
 to control cumulative and secondary impacts of development
 to formulate and implement Special Area Management Plans
 to plan for the use of ocean resources
 to formulate a process to facilitate siting energy facilities
 to adopt procedures to facilitate siting aquaculture facilities

16. Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA)
The CBRA was enacted by Congress in 1982 in an attempt to shift some of the ill effects of federal subsidies,
such as flood insurance and infrastructure assistance, away from coastal barriers, including barrier islands. A
product of conservative political times, CBRA was intended to reduce threats to people and property and to
minimize the expenditures of the federal government that typically encourage the development of hazardous,
sensitive areas of the coast.
Coastal barriers were defined in the act to include depositional geologic features (barrier islands, barrier spits)
and “associated aquatic habitats” (e.g., adjacent marshes, estuaries). Criteria for determining whether a coastal
barrier was undeveloped, and thus should be included, were as follows:
 less than one walled and roofed building per 5 acres of land
 absence of urban infrastructure (vehicle access, water supply, wastewater disposal, and electrical
service to each lot)
 not part of a development of 100 or more lots;

17. A coastal barrier is not considered undeveloped if it has been perturbed in one or more of the following
ways:
 extensive shoreline manipulation or stabilization
 widespread canal construction and maintenance
 major dredging projects and resulting sedimentary deposits
 intensive capitalization projects, such as condominiums, that effectively establish a commitment
to stabilize the area even when there are few actual structures.

18. National Marine Sanctuary Program
The National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) was created in 1972 by Title III of the Marine
Protection, Reserve and Sanctuary Act (MPRSA) and is administered by NOAA. The program was
established to create and manage marine sanctuaries in areas of national significance to protect coastal
and marine resources and to encourage scientific research in pristine waters. Sites selected must exhibit
unique ecological, historical, research, educational, recreational, or aesthetic qualities.
Thirteen marine sanctuaries have been designated thus far: Stellwagen Bank in Massachusetts Bay;
U.S.S. Monitor (North Carolina); Gray’s Reef (Georgia); Florida Keys; Flower Garden Banks (Texas and
Louisiana); Channel Islands, Cordell Bank, Monterey Bay, and Gulf of the Farallones (California);
Olympic Coast (Washington); Fagatele Bay, American Samoa; Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale
Sanctuary; and the newest sanctuary and the first on the Great Lakes, Thunder Bay National Marine
Sanctuary and Underwater Preserve in Lake Huron. Each sanctuary is managed according to a site-
specific management plan prepared by NOAA.

19. The stated policies of MPRSA are to:
 identify marine environment areas of national significance because of their resource or human use
value.
 provide authority for comprehensive and coordinated conservation and management of these
marine areas that will complement existing regulatory authorities
 support, promote, and coordinate scientific research and monitoring of the resources of these
marine areas
 enhance public awareness, understanding, appreciation, and wise use of the marine environment
 facilitate, to the extent compatible with the primary objective of resource protection, all public and
private uses of the resources of these marine areas not prohibited pursuant to other authorities
 develop and implement plans to protect and manage the designated area and facilitate
intergovernment coordination
 create models and incentives for ways to conserve and manage the designated areas
 cooperate with global programs that encourage conservation of marine resources
 maintain, restore, and enhance marine species that depend on the designated areas to survive

20. The concept of multiple use was introduced in this program to accommodate the various activities that
are demanded of the sanctuary’s resources. These include recreational and commercial fishing, scuba
diving, vessel traffic, and oil exploration and drilling. Allowing sanctuaries to be used for purposes other
than research made the designation of some areas more politically and economically feasible. Another
problem facing the NMSP is the enforcement and jurisdictional mechanisms in place. Multiple agencies
at all levels of government exercise regulatory authority within each designated sanctuary, causing a
lack of coordination and cooperation at some sites.
For instance, in addition to NOAA, the National Marine Fisheries Service has authority to enforce
regulations at all sanctuaries; the National Park Service and various state agencies often are involved in
regulatory enforcement. Conflict has been known to arise between the various agencies involved.
However, there has been a concerted effort at intergovernment coordination on some levels.
For example, the Coast Guard and NOAA are directed to coordinate enforcement activities in
designated sanctuaries. Furthermore, since the 1992 reauthorization and amendments, NOAA has the
power to review all federal agency actions that affect the sanctuaries.

21. National Estuary Program
The National Estuary Program (NEP) aims to identify, restore, and protect nationally significant estuaries.
Created in a 1987 amendment to the CWA. The EPA administers the program adapting the ecosystem
approach used in the Chesapeake Bay Program for 28 estuaries in the United States. The NEP is a voluntary
program that provides funds on a 75–25 federal–state share and technical assistance to designated estuary
projects. The EPA identifies estuaries that are threatened by pollution, development, or overuse and assists
these projects in preparing a Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP). The CCMP must
address three management areas:
1. Water and sediment quality
2. Living resources
3. Land use and water resources;
To prepare a CCMP, NEP projects are developed through a management conference process involving a
policy committee and a management committee. The management conference generally is headed by a
policy committee made up of the following:
 The EPA
 The state governor
 State agency officials

22. MPA proposals have often raised controversy, particularly when a no-take reserve area is proposed.
The process of establishing MPAs includes the following four steps;
 Evaluate conservation needs at local and regional levels
 Define objectives and goals
 Describe key biological and oceanic features of the region
 Identify and choose sites that have the highest potential for implementation

23. References
1. Timothy Beatley, David J. Brower, Anna K. Schwab. 2005. Introduction to Coastal Zone Management.
2nd Edition. Island Press. Washington D. C. 20009
2. https://www.slideshare.net/MishkatMarziya/coastal-zone-management
3. https://www.slideshare.net/injamamun/policies-and-legislation-related-to-coastal
4.https://www.boem.gov/environment/environmental-assessment/coastal-zone-management-act
5. https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/act/

24. Thanksgiving