Albert Turpain conducted the first radio experiment in 1894 in Bordeaux, France, transmitting a radio signal up to 25 meters using Morse code through four 50 cm thick walls with a Hertz resonator and telephone. This marked the beginning of radio communication and set the stage for further development and expansion of radio technology over the next several decades.
The document summarizes the history of radio, beginning with Heinrich Hertz's discovery of radio waves in the late 1880s. It then discusses Guglielmo Marconi's pioneering work transmitting radio signals over long distances in the 1890s. By 1901, Marconi had sent the first transatlantic radio signal from Canada to Ireland. The document also briefly outlines the science behind how radio works and provides a timeline of major developments in radio, including the establishment of the BBC in the 1920s and the rise of pirate radio stations in the 1960s-1970s.
ITU has coordinated international telecommunications since 1865, beginning with telegraph networks and expanding to include telephone, radio, television, satellites, and the internet. ITU sets international standards and regulations to facilitate cooperation and interoperability as new technologies develop. ITU's role has grown from 20 founding members coordinating telegraph services to nearly 200 member states and 900 private sector entities working to connect the world and spread the benefits of communications technologies.
Radio developed from earlier inventions like the telegraph and telephone using electromagnetic waves to transmit audio such as music and speech without wires. Key developments included Maxwell and Hertz's work establishing the existence of radio waves in the 1860s-1880s, Marconi's successful transatlantic radio transmission in 1901, and Armstrong's invention of FM radio in 1933 which improved audio quality. Radio broadcasting began in the early 1920s and grew rapidly that decade as more people purchased receivers. However, the lack of regulation led to interference issues until the Federal Radio Commission was established in 1926 to bring order. Radio has since been used for various purposes like education, news, entertainment and more, becoming an important mass medium.
The radio was the first device that enabled mass communication across long distances both nationally and internationally. Its development began in 1893 with Nikolai Tesla's demonstration of wireless communication, while Guglielmo Marconi is most associated with patenting the radio in 1896. Early radios were mainly used by ships at sea to maintain contact, only able to transmit Morse code messages. The BBC was founded in 1922 as one of the first radio broadcasting stations, airing plays, music and variety programs across the UK. Over time, radio evolved into its more modern form and became a primary means of communication and entertainment in many countries.
Bjmc i-i, met, unit-iv, marconi, hertz and radioRai University
Arthur C. Clarke first suggested using satellites for communication in 1945, though it may have seemed outlandish at the time. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first satellite, demonstrating the viability of satellite technology. In 1962, the US launched Telstar, allowing live television broadcasts between the US and Europe, including coverage of John F. Kennedy's funeral. This inaugurated an era of global communication via satellite.
1. Marconi's Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company was formed in 1897 and was responsible for important advances in radio and television broadcasting in the UK, including the formation of the BBC.
2. The top 5 most listened to national radio stations in the UK are BBC Radio 2, BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 4, Heart, and Capital. The top 5 local radio stations by percentage of local listeners are Channel 103, Manx Radio, Radio Borders, Moray Firth Radio, and Radio Pembrokeshire.
3. Television broadcasting began in the UK in the 1920s and was suspended during World War II. The BBC and ITV are the most watched TV channels today.
The document traces the history and development of radio technology from early experiments in the late 19th century to its rise as a mass communication medium in the mid-20th century. Some key developments and events include Thomas Edison's early experiments in the 1870s, David Hughes transmitting radio waves in 1878, the invention of the coherer detector by Calzecchi-Onesti in 1884, and radio becoming a central part of American life and culture during the Golden Age of Radio from 1935-1950. Today, radio remains popular for listening to music and news while driving.
The document summarizes the history of radio, beginning with Heinrich Hertz's discovery of radio waves in the late 1880s. It then discusses Guglielmo Marconi's pioneering work transmitting radio signals over long distances in the 1890s. By 1901, Marconi had sent the first transatlantic radio signal from Canada to Ireland. The document also briefly outlines the science behind how radio works and provides a timeline of major developments in radio, including the establishment of the BBC in the 1920s and the rise of pirate radio stations in the 1960s-1970s.
ITU has coordinated international telecommunications since 1865, beginning with telegraph networks and expanding to include telephone, radio, television, satellites, and the internet. ITU sets international standards and regulations to facilitate cooperation and interoperability as new technologies develop. ITU's role has grown from 20 founding members coordinating telegraph services to nearly 200 member states and 900 private sector entities working to connect the world and spread the benefits of communications technologies.
Radio developed from earlier inventions like the telegraph and telephone using electromagnetic waves to transmit audio such as music and speech without wires. Key developments included Maxwell and Hertz's work establishing the existence of radio waves in the 1860s-1880s, Marconi's successful transatlantic radio transmission in 1901, and Armstrong's invention of FM radio in 1933 which improved audio quality. Radio broadcasting began in the early 1920s and grew rapidly that decade as more people purchased receivers. However, the lack of regulation led to interference issues until the Federal Radio Commission was established in 1926 to bring order. Radio has since been used for various purposes like education, news, entertainment and more, becoming an important mass medium.
The radio was the first device that enabled mass communication across long distances both nationally and internationally. Its development began in 1893 with Nikolai Tesla's demonstration of wireless communication, while Guglielmo Marconi is most associated with patenting the radio in 1896. Early radios were mainly used by ships at sea to maintain contact, only able to transmit Morse code messages. The BBC was founded in 1922 as one of the first radio broadcasting stations, airing plays, music and variety programs across the UK. Over time, radio evolved into its more modern form and became a primary means of communication and entertainment in many countries.
Bjmc i-i, met, unit-iv, marconi, hertz and radioRai University
Arthur C. Clarke first suggested using satellites for communication in 1945, though it may have seemed outlandish at the time. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first satellite, demonstrating the viability of satellite technology. In 1962, the US launched Telstar, allowing live television broadcasts between the US and Europe, including coverage of John F. Kennedy's funeral. This inaugurated an era of global communication via satellite.
1. Marconi's Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company was formed in 1897 and was responsible for important advances in radio and television broadcasting in the UK, including the formation of the BBC.
2. The top 5 most listened to national radio stations in the UK are BBC Radio 2, BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 4, Heart, and Capital. The top 5 local radio stations by percentage of local listeners are Channel 103, Manx Radio, Radio Borders, Moray Firth Radio, and Radio Pembrokeshire.
3. Television broadcasting began in the UK in the 1920s and was suspended during World War II. The BBC and ITV are the most watched TV channels today.
The document traces the history and development of radio technology from early experiments in the late 19th century to its rise as a mass communication medium in the mid-20th century. Some key developments and events include Thomas Edison's early experiments in the 1870s, David Hughes transmitting radio waves in 1878, the invention of the coherer detector by Calzecchi-Onesti in 1884, and radio becoming a central part of American life and culture during the Golden Age of Radio from 1935-1950. Today, radio remains popular for listening to music and news while driving.
The history of radio began with experiments in the 1830s but the first intentional electromagnetic wave was created in the 1880s. In the 1890s, many scientists like Hertz, Lodge, Popov and Tesla contributed to understanding electromagnetic waves and their potential for wireless communication. In 1894, Marconi built the first wireless telegraph system and went on to commercialize radio. In the early 20th century, radio technology advanced and the first radio broadcasts occurred in the 1920s led by the BBC. However, pirate radio stations on boats offshore gained popularity in the 1960s by appealing to younger audiences with new music formats not offered by the BBC.
The document provides a history of radio broadcasting, beginning with the discovery of radio waves in the 1860s by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell and demonstrations by others in the late 1800s. Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi sent the first radio signal across the English Channel in 1899 and the first transatlantic message in 1901. In the early 1900s, radiotelegraphy was developed for ship-to-shore communication. American inventor Lee de Forest developed the vacuum tube amplifier and AM radio in the early 1900s. The first radio broadcast occurred in the US in 1920. Frequency modulation (FM) radio was invented in 1933. Existing laws in the Philippines govern radio broadcasting and provide franchises for radio stations.
- The history of radio began with scientific discoveries in the late 19th century demonstrating that electromagnetic waves could be transmitted through space. This led to early experiments transmitting radio signals over short distances.
- Guglielmo Marconi built the first commercially successful wireless telegraph system in the 1890s and demonstrated early applications of radio in military communications.
- The BBC launched the first radio broadcast in the UK in 1922, establishing standards for radio broadcasting. As the only station allowed, it focused on news, discussions and classical music.
Radio has come a long way since its early discoveries and developments in the late 19th century. Key figures like Guglielmo Marconi and Edwin Howard Armstrong made important contributions to the technology through experiments transmitting radio waves and developing modulation techniques. By the 1920s, radio was being used commercially for telegraphy, telephony, and broadcasting news and entertainment programs, allowing it to become a popular mass medium. Further innovations in the following decades expanded its capabilities and applications.
Television has evolved from early experiments in the 1800s to become a global mass media platform. Key developments included mechanical scanning techniques using disks in the 1920s, the introduction of electronic scanning in the 1930s, the start of regular broadcasting in the late 1940s, and the transition to digital broadcasting by the 2010s. Television plays an important social and cultural role in providing news, entertainment and advertising to audiences worldwide.
This document discusses the history and evolution of radio from its origins to modern times. It begins with the discovery of electromagnetic waves and the initial development of radiotelegraph technology in the late 19th/early 20th century. It then covers radio's growth as an entertainment and news medium in the 1920s-1940s, known as the Golden Age of Radio. The document also discusses the rise of television's influence in the 1950s, the growth of FM and public radio in the 1960s-1970s, and radio's role today.
After early experiments with recording sound, radio broadcasting began to develop in the late 19th/early 20th century. Key milestones included Marconi sending the first radio signal over 2 miles in 1896, the first radio broadcast occurring on Christmas Eve 1906, and the launch of Sputnik in 1957 with its radio beacon. In India, amateur radio clubs conducted early broadcasts in the 1920s, leading to the formation of All India Radio in 1936 under British rule. AIR played a key role in the independence movement and post-independence nation-building. Through the 20th century, AIR expanded its network across India and introduced new programming.
The document provides a chronological history of communications technologies from 3500 BC to 1994 AD. It describes the development of early writing systems by ancient civilizations, the establishment of postal services in China and Rome, the invention of printing presses and movable type in China, Johannes Gutenberg's printing press in Europe, the development of telegraph, telephone, radio, television, computers and the internet over the centuries. Key inventions and milestones in communications are highlighted across different eras.
The document provides a brief history of radio in the UK from its scientific origins in the 19th century to modern developments. Some key points include:
- Michael Faraday and others laid the scientific groundwork for radio in the 1800s, while Marconi is often credited with creating the first radio in the early 1900s.
- The Titanic disaster in 1912 demonstrated the importance of radio for distress calls.
- The BBC was formed in 1922 and began national radio broadcasting.
- The transistor radio was invented in 1954, ushering in a new era of portable radio.
- Pirate radio stations operated offshore in the 1960s to circumvent BBC's broadcasting monopoly.
- Radio 1 launched in 1967 to target younger
The document provides a brief history of radio in the UK from its scientific origins in the 19th century to modern developments. Some key points include:
- Michael Faraday and others laid the scientific groundwork for radio in the 1800s, while Marconi is often credited with creating the first radio in the early 1900s.
- The Titanic disaster in 1912 demonstrated the importance of radio for distress calls.
- The BBC was formed in 1922 and began national radio broadcasting.
- The transistor radio was invented in 1954, ushering in a new era of portable radio.
- Pirate radio stations operated offshore in the 1960s to circumvent BBC restrictions.
- Radio 1 launched in 1967 to target youth audiences.
The invention of television emerged from the work of many individuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Electronic television was first successfully demonstrated by Philo Taylor Farnsworth in San Francisco in 1927. Television transmits sound and moving images through a telecommunication system, and has evolved from early monochrome transmission to modern color and 3D transmission.
The birth of telecommunications was enabled by four key developments: 1) advances in electromagnetism science, 2) the ability to generate and store electricity, 3) the mechanical devices and infrastructure to transmit electricity, and 4) the creation of Morse code to translate electrical pulses into language. Together, these scientific and technological progressions allowed for the establishment of telegraph lines and marked the beginning of telecommunications.
Television is a system that transmits moving pictures and sound over a distance using radio waves, cables, or satellites. It was invented in 1926 by John Logie Baird, a Scottish inventor, who made the first public demonstration of a true television system in London. Baird also managed to transmit television signals between Glasgow and London in 1927 and from London to New York via radio signals in 1928. World Television Day is celebrated annually on November 21st to commemorate the first World Television Forum held by the United Nations in 1996.
Television was first introduced in Mexico in the 1930s through experimental broadcasts. The first commercial TV channel in Mexico and Latin America launched on August 31, 1950. Color broadcasts began in 1967. Mexico began using communication satellites to broadcast the 1968 Olympics around the world. The United States saw its first public TV broadcasts from CBS and NBC in 1930, with the first TVs marketed in the 1950s leading to over half of US households owning black and white TVs by 1955. The UK's first TV channel, BBC One, launched on November 2, 1936, becoming the first TV network in the country.
Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. Daily transmission began in 1965 as a part of All India Radio (AIR). Television service was later extended to Bombay and Amritsar in 1972.
The document summarizes the history and development of radio. It discusses how in the 19th century, many individuals contributed inventions and experiments with electromagnetic waves that led to wireless communication using Morse code. In 1900, a Brazilian priest was able to transmit the human voice wirelessly. Early uses of radio in the early 20th century included maritime communications using Morse code between ships and land, including during the sinking of the Titanic in 1912. The document then provides a brief overview of AM radio technology and how digital radio systems have now largely replaced older analog formats.
Guglielmo Marconi was an Italian inventor known for developing radiotelegraphy, which laid the foundation for wireless communication. He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to developing wireless telegraphy. As a young man in Italy, Marconi conducted experiments transmitting electromagnetic waves and was able to achieve transmission ranges of over 1.5 km. He moved to London seeking support and gave demonstrations transmitting signals over 6 km. This led to further experiments transmitting across channels and oceans, culminating in the first transatlantic radio transmission in 1901. However, consistent transatlantic communication remained difficult to establish at that time.
The document provides a history of radio, beginning with early pioneers in wireless communication like Marconi, Hertz, and Popov. It discusses the development of AM radio in the US in the 1920s and the establishment of the first radio networks by AT&T and RCA. By the 1940s, NBC, CBS and ABC had emerged as the dominant broadcast radio networks in the US. The document also outlines the growth of radio formats and ownership consolidation in the industry over time.
Television was invented in the early 20th century through the work of several inventors. Vladimir Zworykin filed a patent for an electron scanning tube in 1923 but could not get his television to work until 1934. Philo Farnsworth successfully demonstrated the first television signal transmission in 1927 using his own scanning tube. In a subsequent patent battle, the court ruled in Farnsworth's favor, making him the official inventor of the first fully functional, all-electronic television. Terrestrial television in India began with experimental broadcasts in Delhi in 1959 and regular daily transmissions started in 1965 as part of All India Radio. Colour television was introduced to the Indian market in 1982.
United Nations World Oceans Day 2024; June 8th " Awaken new dephts".Christina Parmionova
The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
UN WOD 2024 will take us on a journey of discovery through the ocean's vastness, tapping into the wisdom and expertise of global policy-makers, scientists, managers, thought leaders, and artists to awaken new depths of understanding, compassion, collaboration and commitment for the ocean and all it sustains. The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
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Semelhante a The First Half Century (1894-1945) - Milestones in radio.
The history of radio began with experiments in the 1830s but the first intentional electromagnetic wave was created in the 1880s. In the 1890s, many scientists like Hertz, Lodge, Popov and Tesla contributed to understanding electromagnetic waves and their potential for wireless communication. In 1894, Marconi built the first wireless telegraph system and went on to commercialize radio. In the early 20th century, radio technology advanced and the first radio broadcasts occurred in the 1920s led by the BBC. However, pirate radio stations on boats offshore gained popularity in the 1960s by appealing to younger audiences with new music formats not offered by the BBC.
The document provides a history of radio broadcasting, beginning with the discovery of radio waves in the 1860s by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell and demonstrations by others in the late 1800s. Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi sent the first radio signal across the English Channel in 1899 and the first transatlantic message in 1901. In the early 1900s, radiotelegraphy was developed for ship-to-shore communication. American inventor Lee de Forest developed the vacuum tube amplifier and AM radio in the early 1900s. The first radio broadcast occurred in the US in 1920. Frequency modulation (FM) radio was invented in 1933. Existing laws in the Philippines govern radio broadcasting and provide franchises for radio stations.
- The history of radio began with scientific discoveries in the late 19th century demonstrating that electromagnetic waves could be transmitted through space. This led to early experiments transmitting radio signals over short distances.
- Guglielmo Marconi built the first commercially successful wireless telegraph system in the 1890s and demonstrated early applications of radio in military communications.
- The BBC launched the first radio broadcast in the UK in 1922, establishing standards for radio broadcasting. As the only station allowed, it focused on news, discussions and classical music.
Radio has come a long way since its early discoveries and developments in the late 19th century. Key figures like Guglielmo Marconi and Edwin Howard Armstrong made important contributions to the technology through experiments transmitting radio waves and developing modulation techniques. By the 1920s, radio was being used commercially for telegraphy, telephony, and broadcasting news and entertainment programs, allowing it to become a popular mass medium. Further innovations in the following decades expanded its capabilities and applications.
Television has evolved from early experiments in the 1800s to become a global mass media platform. Key developments included mechanical scanning techniques using disks in the 1920s, the introduction of electronic scanning in the 1930s, the start of regular broadcasting in the late 1940s, and the transition to digital broadcasting by the 2010s. Television plays an important social and cultural role in providing news, entertainment and advertising to audiences worldwide.
This document discusses the history and evolution of radio from its origins to modern times. It begins with the discovery of electromagnetic waves and the initial development of radiotelegraph technology in the late 19th/early 20th century. It then covers radio's growth as an entertainment and news medium in the 1920s-1940s, known as the Golden Age of Radio. The document also discusses the rise of television's influence in the 1950s, the growth of FM and public radio in the 1960s-1970s, and radio's role today.
After early experiments with recording sound, radio broadcasting began to develop in the late 19th/early 20th century. Key milestones included Marconi sending the first radio signal over 2 miles in 1896, the first radio broadcast occurring on Christmas Eve 1906, and the launch of Sputnik in 1957 with its radio beacon. In India, amateur radio clubs conducted early broadcasts in the 1920s, leading to the formation of All India Radio in 1936 under British rule. AIR played a key role in the independence movement and post-independence nation-building. Through the 20th century, AIR expanded its network across India and introduced new programming.
The document provides a chronological history of communications technologies from 3500 BC to 1994 AD. It describes the development of early writing systems by ancient civilizations, the establishment of postal services in China and Rome, the invention of printing presses and movable type in China, Johannes Gutenberg's printing press in Europe, the development of telegraph, telephone, radio, television, computers and the internet over the centuries. Key inventions and milestones in communications are highlighted across different eras.
The document provides a brief history of radio in the UK from its scientific origins in the 19th century to modern developments. Some key points include:
- Michael Faraday and others laid the scientific groundwork for radio in the 1800s, while Marconi is often credited with creating the first radio in the early 1900s.
- The Titanic disaster in 1912 demonstrated the importance of radio for distress calls.
- The BBC was formed in 1922 and began national radio broadcasting.
- The transistor radio was invented in 1954, ushering in a new era of portable radio.
- Pirate radio stations operated offshore in the 1960s to circumvent BBC's broadcasting monopoly.
- Radio 1 launched in 1967 to target younger
The document provides a brief history of radio in the UK from its scientific origins in the 19th century to modern developments. Some key points include:
- Michael Faraday and others laid the scientific groundwork for radio in the 1800s, while Marconi is often credited with creating the first radio in the early 1900s.
- The Titanic disaster in 1912 demonstrated the importance of radio for distress calls.
- The BBC was formed in 1922 and began national radio broadcasting.
- The transistor radio was invented in 1954, ushering in a new era of portable radio.
- Pirate radio stations operated offshore in the 1960s to circumvent BBC restrictions.
- Radio 1 launched in 1967 to target youth audiences.
The invention of television emerged from the work of many individuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Electronic television was first successfully demonstrated by Philo Taylor Farnsworth in San Francisco in 1927. Television transmits sound and moving images through a telecommunication system, and has evolved from early monochrome transmission to modern color and 3D transmission.
The birth of telecommunications was enabled by four key developments: 1) advances in electromagnetism science, 2) the ability to generate and store electricity, 3) the mechanical devices and infrastructure to transmit electricity, and 4) the creation of Morse code to translate electrical pulses into language. Together, these scientific and technological progressions allowed for the establishment of telegraph lines and marked the beginning of telecommunications.
Television is a system that transmits moving pictures and sound over a distance using radio waves, cables, or satellites. It was invented in 1926 by John Logie Baird, a Scottish inventor, who made the first public demonstration of a true television system in London. Baird also managed to transmit television signals between Glasgow and London in 1927 and from London to New York via radio signals in 1928. World Television Day is celebrated annually on November 21st to commemorate the first World Television Forum held by the United Nations in 1996.
Television was first introduced in Mexico in the 1930s through experimental broadcasts. The first commercial TV channel in Mexico and Latin America launched on August 31, 1950. Color broadcasts began in 1967. Mexico began using communication satellites to broadcast the 1968 Olympics around the world. The United States saw its first public TV broadcasts from CBS and NBC in 1930, with the first TVs marketed in the 1950s leading to over half of US households owning black and white TVs by 1955. The UK's first TV channel, BBC One, launched on November 2, 1936, becoming the first TV network in the country.
Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. Daily transmission began in 1965 as a part of All India Radio (AIR). Television service was later extended to Bombay and Amritsar in 1972.
The document summarizes the history and development of radio. It discusses how in the 19th century, many individuals contributed inventions and experiments with electromagnetic waves that led to wireless communication using Morse code. In 1900, a Brazilian priest was able to transmit the human voice wirelessly. Early uses of radio in the early 20th century included maritime communications using Morse code between ships and land, including during the sinking of the Titanic in 1912. The document then provides a brief overview of AM radio technology and how digital radio systems have now largely replaced older analog formats.
Guglielmo Marconi was an Italian inventor known for developing radiotelegraphy, which laid the foundation for wireless communication. He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to developing wireless telegraphy. As a young man in Italy, Marconi conducted experiments transmitting electromagnetic waves and was able to achieve transmission ranges of over 1.5 km. He moved to London seeking support and gave demonstrations transmitting signals over 6 km. This led to further experiments transmitting across channels and oceans, culminating in the first transatlantic radio transmission in 1901. However, consistent transatlantic communication remained difficult to establish at that time.
The document provides a history of radio, beginning with early pioneers in wireless communication like Marconi, Hertz, and Popov. It discusses the development of AM radio in the US in the 1920s and the establishment of the first radio networks by AT&T and RCA. By the 1940s, NBC, CBS and ABC had emerged as the dominant broadcast radio networks in the US. The document also outlines the growth of radio formats and ownership consolidation in the industry over time.
Television was invented in the early 20th century through the work of several inventors. Vladimir Zworykin filed a patent for an electron scanning tube in 1923 but could not get his television to work until 1934. Philo Farnsworth successfully demonstrated the first television signal transmission in 1927 using his own scanning tube. In a subsequent patent battle, the court ruled in Farnsworth's favor, making him the official inventor of the first fully functional, all-electronic television. Terrestrial television in India began with experimental broadcasts in Delhi in 1959 and regular daily transmissions started in 1965 as part of All India Radio. Colour television was introduced to the Indian market in 1982.
Semelhante a The First Half Century (1894-1945) - Milestones in radio. (20)
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This session will dive into how to create rich generosity experiences that foster long-lasting relationships. You’ll walk away with actionable insights to redefine how you engage with your supporters — emphasizing trust, engagement, and community!
This report explores the significance of border towns and spaces for strengthening responses to young people on the move. In particular it explores the linkages of young people to local service centres with the aim of further developing service, protection, and support strategies for migrant children in border areas across the region. The report is based on a small-scale fieldwork study in the border towns of Chipata and Katete in Zambia conducted in July 2023. Border towns and spaces provide a rich source of information about issues related to the informal or irregular movement of young people across borders, including smuggling and trafficking. They can help build a picture of the nature and scope of the type of movement young migrants undertake and also the forms of protection available to them. Border towns and spaces also provide a lens through which we can better understand the vulnerabilities of young people on the move and, critically, the strategies they use to navigate challenges and access support.
The findings in this report highlight some of the key factors shaping the experiences and vulnerabilities of young people on the move – particularly their proximity to border spaces and how this affects the risks that they face. The report describes strategies that young people on the move employ to remain below the radar of visibility to state and non-state actors due to fear of arrest, detention, and deportation while also trying to keep themselves safe and access support in border towns. These strategies of (in)visibility provide a way to protect themselves yet at the same time also heighten some of the risks young people face as their vulnerabilities are not always recognised by those who could offer support.
In this report we show that the realities and challenges of life and migration in this region and in Zambia need to be better understood for support to be strengthened and tuned to meet the specific needs of young people on the move. This includes understanding the role of state and non-state stakeholders, the impact of laws and policies and, critically, the experiences of the young people themselves. We provide recommendations for immediate action, recommendations for programming to support young people on the move in the two towns that would reduce risk for young people in this area, and recommendations for longer term policy advocacy.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
karnataka housing board schemes . all schemesnarinav14
The Karnataka government, along with the central government’s Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), offers various housing schemes to cater to the diverse needs of citizens across the state. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the major housing schemes available in the Karnataka housing board for both urban and rural areas in 2024.
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
A Guide to AI for Smarter Nonprofits - Dr. Cori Faklaris, UNC CharlotteCori Faklaris
Working with data is a challenge for many organizations. Nonprofits in particular may need to collect and analyze sensitive, incomplete, and/or biased historical data about people. In this talk, Dr. Cori Faklaris of UNC Charlotte provides an overview of current AI capabilities and weaknesses to consider when integrating current AI technologies into the data workflow. The talk is organized around three takeaways: (1) For better or sometimes worse, AI provides you with “infinite interns.” (2) Give people permission & guardrails to learn what works with these “interns” and what doesn’t. (3) Create a roadmap for adding in more AI to assist nonprofit work, along with strategies for bias mitigation.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
2024: The FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations, Part 41
The First Half Century (1894-1945) - Milestones in radio.
1. In November 1894, in the basement of the Faculty of Science of
Bordeaux, France, with a Hertz resonator equipped with a
telephone, Albert Turpain sent and received his first radio signal,
using Morse code transmitting distance up to the 25 meters,
through four walls 50 cm thick.
THE FIRST HALF CENTURY (1894 - 1945)
Milestones in radio
By Bernard BLIN
1894
French scientist Albert
Turpain (1867 - 1952).
By Jacques MARZAC
2. built on the Adriatic coast in the
principality of Montenegro.
In Canada, the Wireless
Telegraph Act stipulates that a
licence must be obtained for
wireless telegraphy.
First wireless communication
in Spain, between El Ferrol del
Caudillo and LaCoruña.
Discovery of the properties of
galena (lead sulphide) as a
detector of radio-electric signals.
Reginald Fessenden (U.S.A.)
constructs a high-frequency
alternator and succeeds in
transmitting the human voice via
radio.
25 October: Lee de Forest
(U.S.A.) applies for a patent on
the triode, a 3-electrode valve
that makes possible the
detection, transmission and
amplification of radio signals.
2 April: De Forest experiments
with his triode in France by
broadcasting from the Eiffel
Tower.
13 January: A broadcast from
the Metropolitan Opera House in
New York featuring Enrico Caruso
is arranged by Lee de Forest and
is heard 20 km away on a ship at
sea.
15 April: Radio amateurs pick
up the SOS sent out by the
Titanic.
Amateurs with galena-crystal
radios listen in to the first regular
weekly musical programmes
broadcast from a wing of the
Château de Laeken (Belgium).
A federation of radio clubs, the
Wireless Society of London (later
the Radio Society of Great
Britain) is founded in London.
March to August: a weekly
concert is broadcast from the
Château de Laeken (Belgium).
First international broadcasts,
from Germany, of daily news
reports.
25 October: The American
Navy station in Arlington, Virginia
(U.S.A.) establishes a link with
the Eiffel Tower in Paris.
The Bolsheviks use radio to
influence the Germans during
negotiations for the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk.
8 November: A decree on the
press establishes censorship that
will last for 72 years in Russia.
17 October: The Radio
Corporation of America (RCA) is
founded, absorbing the American
subsidiary of the Marconi
Company and amalgamating
General Electric, Western
Electric, AT&T (American
Telephone and Telegraph) and
Westinghouse.
16 November: In Germany
Hans Bredow organizes political
and economic news broadcasts
for the press and industry.
Many American radio
amateurs receive on their crystal
sets regular broadcasts from
Pittsburgh (U.S.A.) by Frank
Conrad. On Wednesday and
Saturday evenings the station
plays records chosen by the
listeners. This marks the
appearance of broadcasting as
opposed to wireless telephony,
where a connection is made from
one point to another, between two
correspondents.
Broadcasting on a regular daily
basis was born in the United States.
The first demonstrations of
radio broadcasting in Australia.
The appearance in France of
battery-powered receivers with
valves and headphones.
The Amsterdam stock market
(Netherlands) broadcasts stock
prices and financial news.
23 February: The Marconi
Company organizes a radio¬
telephone concert (featuring
Dame Nellie Melba) that is
broadcast from Chelmsford
(U.K.) and heard in France,
Norway, Italy, Persia and by ships
at sea. The British Postmaster
General protests against the
"frivolous" use of a public service
and suspends broadcasts in
November.
Autumn: Soviet international
broadcasts begin.
2 November: The Westinghouse
station KDKA in Pittsburgh
announces the victory of Warren
G. Harding over James Cox in the
American presidential election.
A recital by the Italian
tenor Enrico Caruso was
broadcast from New York
in 1910.
-4 In 1903
radiotelegraphy
equipment was installed
on the Eiffel Tower in
Paris. For many years the
Tower's transmitter was
one of the most powerful
in the world.
American farmers with a
radio receiver on their
way to a dance (1924).
T
THE UNE5CO lOURIERl FEBRUARY 1997
17
3. The first radiotelegraph
(Maracay) service begins in
Venezuela.
2 January: KDKA broadcasts
the first religious programme,
"Church of the Air".
In France Gustave Ferrie
makes the first radio broadcasts
from the official "Paris PTT"
transmitter on the Eiffel Tower.
9 May: A play is broadcast for
the first time on the air, direct
from the Davis Theatre in the
U.S.A.
2 July: An RCA station
broadcasts the world heavyweight
championship fight between
Georges Carpentier and Jack
Dempseyfrom Hoboken, New
Jersey (U.S.A.).
August: Radiokomintern is
launched in the U.S. S.R.
Regular public broadcasting
(news and music) begins to
spread in many countries,
including Argentina, Denmark,
Canada, the U.S. S.R. and the
United Kingdom.
The Canadian government
imposes a one-dollar tax on radio
receivers.
Publication of Spain's first
magazine devoted to radio, Radio-
Sport, coincides with the
inauguration of the country's first
transmitters.
In France a wireless industry
employers' federation and an
International Wireless
Committee are formed to
examine legal, economic and
administrative issues connected
with wireless.
Rules for the control of
wireless telegraphy in time of war
are adopted at The Hague
(Netherlands).
16 August: AT&T launches '
station WEAF in New York
(U.S.A.), the first station funded
by advertising.
17 September: The first
programmes are broadcast from
Moscow to all Soviet radio
stations.
October: The BBC (British
Broadcasting Company) is formed.
6 big companies own 60% of the
capital, the rest being divided
among 200 private companies.
Marconi demonstrates the
range of short waves.
There are 700 licenced radio
stations in the U.S.A.
The first Chinese radio station
starts up in Shanghai.
Radio broadcasting starts in
Cuba.
The first regular broadcasts in
Germany, Belgium, Finland,
Norway, Switzerland,
Czechoslovakia and Australia.
8 February: In Italy radio is
nationalized by royal decree and
placed under the authority of the
Ministries of Posts, of the Army,
and the Navy.
Colombia sets up a Ministry of
Posts and Telegraph and an
international
radiocommunication station.
30 June: A French law extends
the principle of state monopoly
on telegraphic transmissions to
the broadcasting and receiving of
radioelectric signals.
A private Radio Club is founded
in Madras (India).
Japan's minister of
communications regulates radio
broadcasting by decree and bans
radio advertising.
The first experiments are
carried out by the Ceylon (now Sri
Lanka) Telegraph Service.
First broadcasts in Prague
(Czechoslovakia).
First broadcasts by the Finnish
Radio Society from Helsinki.
The federal Mexican
government authorizes the first
commercial radio station.
27 April: The Unione
Radiofónica Italiana (URI, a
jointly-owned company with a
majority participation by the
state) is set up in Italy.
October: Radio broadcasting
begins in Austria with the
founding of the RAVAG, a semi-
public body that takes over from
the Viennese Radio-Hekophon
experimental station,
inaugurated in 1923.
Regular broadcasting begins
in Sweden. It is funded by licence
fees, carries no advertising and
has an educational mission.
Radiojänst (Sverige Radio) is
granted exclusive rights.
In France Paris-PTT broadcasts
debates at the League of Nations.
14 December: URI obtains
exclusive rights to broadcast in
Italy.
A long-wave station is founded
in Mexico and a state-run
educational station is opened.
The Philips Company launches
the Hilversum (Netherlands)
station. Programmes are managed
by a listeners' association.
Experimental broadcasts in
Ceylon.
In the U.K. the BBC broadcasts
its first programmes for schools
and young people.
Radio Moscow transmits on a
regular basis. Its programmes are
produced by Radioperedacha, a
joint body associating the unions
and the People's Commissariat for
National Education.
KDKA broadcasts on short
wave to South Africa.
Radio broadcasting starts in
Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Romania
and Mexico.
The Union internationale des
radio-amateurs (International
Union of Radio Amateurs) is
formed in Paris.
25 March: Independent
companies funded by private
capital open the first Japanese
radio stations in Tokyo, Osaka and
Nagoya.
3 April: The International
Broadcasting Union (UIR) is
formed in Geneva under the
auspices of the League of
Nations.
Association Radio-Luxembourg
is established with a 50-watt
transmitter in the Grand Duchy.
20 June: The first Peruvian
radio station (OAX) is founded.
August: Polskie Radio is
created in Warsaw (Poland) as a
limited liability company (40% of
the shares are state-owned).
The first regular radio service
in a British colony opens in
Ceylon.
The United Kingdom's most
powerful transmitter is opened at
Daventry. It covers 85% of the
population and transmits on long
Wireless being used in
central Africa (1924).
T
wave the BBC's first regular
broadcasts to North America.
Venezuela's first radio
broadcasting service, AYRE,
starts up.
Radio broadcasting starts in
Estonia, Iceland, Lithuania and
Yugoslavia.
A radio station is established
in Beijing (China).
The Indian Broadcasting
Company (an affiliate of British
Marconi) is authorized to open
radio stations in India.
A radio broadcasting monopoly
is set up in Japan with the
establishment of NHK (Nippon
Hoso Kyokai), a public utility
incorporating the existing Tokyo,
Osaka and Nagoya stations.
Following a resolution from
the UIR and seeking to avoid or
settle differences between radio
broadcasting bodies, the League
of Nations examines the dangers
of international radio for world
peace.
3 to 12 May: In Britain the
general strike hits the press, and
the BBC becomes the only source
of news and public information.
In the U.S.A. RCA sets up the
NBC (National Broadcasting
Company) network, based on two
existing networks.
Radio Zagreb is opened in
Yugoslavia.
1 January: The British
Broadcasting Company becomes
the British Broadcasting
Corporation, established by Royal
Charter, and is granted the
broadcasting monopoly by licence
for an initial 10-year period. It
becomes a public service funded
by a licence fee and managed by
an independent Board of
Governors.
18 THE UNESCO lOURIER FEBRUARY 1097
4. 23 February: In the U.S.A. the
Radio Act grants radio protection
under the First Amendment to the
Constitution (on free speech) and
sets up the Federal Radio
Commission (FRC). From now on
a licence is required in order to
broadcast.
The Austrian, Czech, German
and Polish radio networks use
telephone circuits to exchange
symphony concerts.
The Japanese colonial
authorities set up a radio station
in Seoul (Korea).
The Indian Broadcasting
Company Ltd. opens in Bombay
and Calcutta.
Eindhoven (Netherlands)
transmits the first radio
broadcasts to the East and West
Indies.
The BBC starts educational
broadcasting.
11 November: The BBC starts
broadcasting on short wave from
Chelmsford.
The Columbia Broadcasting
System (CBS) is established in
the U.S.A.
The Kuomintang sets up the
central Chinese broadcasting
station at Nankin.
The Zeesen station relays
German national programmes to
Germans overseas.
The first short-wave
broadcasts in Kenya and in
Tanganyika (now the United
Republic of Tanzania).
Reporters use a
walkie-talkie radio during
floods in Louisville
(U.S.A.) in 1927.
11 February: The Lateran
Agreement between the Holy See
and Mussolini's Italy provides for
the establishment of a radio
station in Vatican City. Radio
Vatican is organized by Marconi
and inaugurated in 1931.
April: Representatives of 27
countries attend an international
conference in Prague
(Czechoslovakia) and reach a
long-term agreement on the
allocation of radio-electric
frequencies in Europe.
October: Radio Moscow
International starts short-wave
broadcasts in German, French
and English, in compliance with
its missions under the first 5-Year
Plan.
Colombia's first radio station,
"Voz de Bogotá", starts to
broadcast.
Danish national programmes
are relayed on short wave.
7 October: The first Spanish
radio news programme, "La
Palabra" goes on the air.
In France, the radio station at
Agen warns of the sudden
flooding of the Garonne before
being swept away by the
floodwaters.
Station 1 BC in Caracas
(Venezuela) starts regular
broadcasting.
In Sydney and Melbourne
(Australia), Amalgamated
Wireless launches "The Voice of
Australia", the first regular world
.
^w r7:I&
British archaeologist Walter
Emery broadcasts to
America from the burial
chamber of the great
pyramid of Cheops (Egypt,
1930).
Radio Moscow
headquarters (around
1930).
A studio at the Tokyo
radio station (Japan),
around 1930.
T
broadcasting service in the
southern hemisphere.
A schools broadcasting
service is launched in Ceylon.
From Ecuador, station HCJB
(Heralding Christ Jesus'
Blessings) broadcasts religious
programmes in 11 languages
under the auspices of the World
Radio Missionary Fellowship.
Japanese radio comes under
state control and censorship
becomes more stringent.
29 April: A Madagascar station
broadcasts music and
information in French and
Malagasy for two hours a day.
A short-wave transmitter
makes occasional broadcasts in
Thailand.
The International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)
succeeds the International
Telegraph Union, founded in 1865.
THE UNESCO ÏOURIER« FEBRUARY 1997
5. Radio plays a leading role in
the U.S. presidential election
campaign (Hoover vs Roosevelt).
13 March: A Ministry of
Popular Education and
Propaganda is established in
Germany to control the press,
cinema, theatre and radio
broadcasting. The RRG
(Reichsrundfunk Gesellschaft),
set up in May 1925, becomes a
state body.
The Ente Radio Rurale
broadcasts "educational"
programmes to Italian rural
areas in support of a campaign to
increase farm output.
The broadcasting
countries (members of the UIR)
attend a conference in Lucerne
(Switzerland) to negotiate an
agreement on the distribution of
wavelengths.
MÊÊÊÊÊEHMKÊÊÊ
1 January: A law regulating
radio broadcasting in India
comes into force.
The South American Radio
Broadcasting Union (SARBU) is
formed.
12 February: Austrian Radio
(RAVAG) broadcasts official
information and practical advice
during riots in Vienna.
In Austria, the Dollfuss
government organizes the
jamming of Nazi propaganda
broadcasts from Germany.
The first Mongolian radio
station is set up at Ulan Bator,
serving 1,700 receivers.
The Radio Club of Lisbon
(Portugal) broadcasts to Brazil,
North America and the
Portuguese colonies.
19 June: In the United States,
the Federal Communications Act
sets up a Federal
Communications Commission '
(FCC) to regulate transmission
and reception of all
communications, internal and
external, to grant licences and
allocate frequencies. There is no
censorship, but indecency,
vulgarity, false or deceptive
signals, etc. are forbidden.
Radio Vatican starts
broadcasting religious services
and liturgical and spiritual
commentaries.
Meeting in Brussels
(Belgium), jurists of the
International Wi reless Committee
propose a "code of good conduct"
An outdoor loudspeaker built to
broadcast Hitler's speeches (1933).
A mobile transmitter in
France (c. 1935).
T
for international radio
broadcasting.
China starts broadcasting to
other countries.
Radio broadcasting begins in the
Gold Coast (now Ghana).
Italian radio starts to broadcast
in Arabic (anti-British
propaganda) and jams
broadcasts from Ethiopian radio.
1 June: Japan starts
broadcasting programmes to the
west coast of the Americas,
Hawaii and the Pacific, in order to
defend its foreign policy after
leaving the League of Nations.
10 August: A radio-
communications agreement
between Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and
U ruguay sets up technical co¬
operation and bans broadcasts
detrimental to good international
relations.
Number of radio receivers per
1,000 population:
Algeria: 7
Australia: 131
United States: 189
France: 62
Hungary: 40
Italy: 15
Kenya: 77
New Zealand: 146
Poland: 20
Romania: 8
Czechoslovakia: 63
U.S. S.R. 22
A new radio centre
broadcasting on short wave is set
up at Zeesen (Germany) on the
occasion of the Berlin Olympic
Games.
April: A Radio-Club station is
set up in Congo Brazzaville.
11 July: In Spain a Falangist
group seizes the Union-Radio
station in Valencia and
announces that revolution is
imminent. There is widespread
fighting for control of Spain's
radio stations.
23 September: The
International Convention on the
use of Broadcasting in the Cause
of Peace is signed at Geneva
(Switzerland).
Hong Kong starts short-wave
broadcasting to China and
Europe.
The BBC's first big scoop: a
report on the fire at the Crystal
Palace (London), with on-the-spot
commentary and background
noise.
Number of receivers per
thousand population
Germany: 122
France: 76
Netherlands: 118
Canada: 122
5 January: A radio transmitter
is inaugurated at the Albert I
college, Kinshasa (Zaire) on the
initiative of the Jesuits. It later
becomes "Radio-Leo".
Radio supportswithin Japan
and externallyJapan's military
campaign against China. A ban is
imposed on listening to foreign
radio programmes.
The United Kingdom has 10
radio transmitters and over 8
million receivers.
The United States adopts a
"Radio Code": information is a
social duty and should be in the
public interest. Radio should
provide entertainment, education
and information that is not
subject to censorship and serves
objective truth.
October: Roosevelt gives a
radio talk against the rise of
fascism, terror and international
lawlessness.
U.S. commercial radio
advertising receipts total $70
million.
A law sets up military
censorship in Spain.
There are 650 transmitters and
26 million receivers in the U.S.A.
30 October: Orson Welles's
programme based on H.G.
Wells's War of the Worldss
broadcast on CBS and sows panic
among thousands of listeners.
Germany transmits external
broadcasts ¡n 26 languages.
September: The German
government makes listening to
foreign radio broadcasts a capital
offence.
The French Ministry of Posts,
Telegraphs and Telephones
establishes Radio Dakar in
Senegal.
20 THE UNESCO lOURIER FEBRUARY 1907
6. 4 Arms upraised,
Orson Welles
directs a rehearsal
of a radio
programme in
1938. His
broadcast on 30
October of an
adaptation of H.G.
Wells's War of the
Worlds sowed
panic among
listeners who
thought the
country was being
nvaded by
Martians.
Algerians listen
to the radio in a
café (1939).
A BBC mobile
recording unit
during the Second
World War.
Radio operators
of the French
Resistance (around
1943).
German radio broadcasts a
single national programme.
24 April: The first Iranian radio
station, supervised by the
Ministry of Posts, Telegraphs and
Telephones, is inaugurated.
15 May: Belgian radio destroys
its facilities in Brussels and
moves to France, where ¡t
broadcasts from Lille and later
from Montpellier.
18 June: Broadcasting from
London on the BBC, General de
Gaulle calls on the French people
to resist.
27 July: In occupied Belgium,
a decree makes listening to
British radio broadcasts an
offence punishable by forced
labour.
1 August: General de Gaulle
launches an appeal to French
Canadians from London.
28 September: Radio-Belgique
is established in London.
24 October: Regular news
broadcasts begin in Ewe, Fanti,
Hausa, Ga, Tiv and French in the
Gold Coast (now Ghana).
Radio Omdurman is created
in Sudan to serve the Allied
cause.
Radio Douala (Cameroon),
broadcasts programmes in
support of the Free French.
Negus Haile Selassie I sets up
a radio station broadcasting 4
hours a day in Amharic, Arabic
and English, independent of
colonial control.
Radio Nairobi (Kenya)
broadcasts in Hindustani, Urdu
and Gujarati.
The Geneva Studio
(Switzerland) begins broadcasts
in support of humanitarian action
by the International Red Cross.
August: A commission led
by Colonel W. Donovan is set up
in the United States to
combat Axis radio propaganda
worldwide.
The Yugoslav radio network is
destroyed. A transmitter is built
at Skopje. A clandestine
transmitter of the Central
Committee of the Communist
Party of Croatia is established at
Zagreb.
Radio starts up in Northern
Rhodesia (now Zambia).
24 February: The Voice of
America (VOA) starts short-wave
broadcasts in English, French,
Italian and German.
14 July: Following an appeal
launched on the BBC, tens of
thousands of French people
gather around war memorials
and then parade through the main
streets of French towns.
The Office of War Information
(OWI)issetup in the United
States.
18 June: "Radio-Brazzaville-
Voix de la France Combattante" is
inaugurated in the Congo.
Radio Kudu is set up at
Hargeisa (Somalia) for the British
army.
The BBC starts broadcasting
English-language lessons and
halts its Russian-language
broadcasts at the request of the
Soviet government.
4 July: The American Forces
Network (AFN) is set up.
Chinese communist stations in
the Shaanxi-Yanan region start
broadcasting.
1-5 June: Coded messages
broadcast on the BBC announce
the imminence of the Allied
landings (which take place in
Normandy, France, on 6 June) and
alert resistance fighters for
action.
23 March: In France, all
private radio stations are
nationalized by decree and the
state broadcasting monopoly is
strengthened.
11 April: The Sarajevo
(Yugoslavia) radio station starts
broadcasting.
19 May: The Berlin Rundfunk
starts broadcasting.
9 June: Radio broadcasting in
the Soviet-occupied zone of
Germany comes under the
control of the Soviet military
administration.
15 August: The Emperor of
Japan makes his first radio
broadcast, announcing his
country's capitulation.
10 September: A
memorandum on "Freedom of
expression and freedom of the
press" in Japan abolishes all
restrictive laws promulgated
under the previous regime.
11 December: A memorandum
reorganizes NHK. Government
control is abolished and private
radio is banned. A committee of
representatives of the Japanese
people is formed. H
THE UNESCO lOURIER« FEBRUARY 1997
21