in Engineer’s language scale means the proportion or ratio between the dimensions adopted for the drawing and the corresponding dimensions of the object.
The document provides an overview of topics related to engineering graphics and orthographic projections. It contains 14 sections that cover various concepts such as scales, engineering curves, loci of points, orthographic projections, projections of points and lines, projections of planes and solids, sections and developments, intersections of surfaces, and isometric projections. For each section, it lists the subtopics that will be covered along with brief explanations and examples. The document serves as a table of contents or syllabus for an engineering graphics course, outlining the key concepts and methods that will be taught.
Scales
THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
The document discusses scales used in engineering drawings. It defines scale as the ratio between the dimensions on a drawing and the actual dimensions of an object. Scales can be represented by a ratio like 1cm = 1m or a representative fraction like 1/100. There are three types of scales: reducing, full, and enlarging. Plain and diagonal scales are used to accurately measure distances on drawings. Examples are given of how to construct various scales meeting given specifications, such as units of measurement, accuracy, and range of distances.
CIVIL Engineering Drawing by haseeb muhammadhaseeb mohd
The document discusses the layout of a drawing sheet, including borders, filing margins, grid reference systems, and title boxes. It also covers starting a new drawing, including cleaning materials, fixing the drawing sheet, and completing administrative details in the title box. Guidelines are provided for keeping drawings clean while working.
The document discusses isometric projection, which is a method for visually representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions in technical drawings. It defines key terms like isometric axes and lines. The steps for constructing an isometric projection are outlined, including defining the axes and adding details to blocks. Various types of objects that can be drawn using isometric projection are described, such as those with normal, oblique, or curved surfaces. Circles are approximated as ellipses, while curved lines use a series of offset points.
Download the original presentation for animation and clear understanding. This Presentation describes the concepts of Engineering Drawing of VTU Syllabus. However same can also be used for learning drawing concepts. Please write to me for suggestions and criticisms here: hareeshang@gmail.com or visit this website for more details: www.hareeshang.wikifoundry.com.
The document provides an overview of topics related to engineering graphics and orthographic projections. It contains 14 sections that cover various concepts such as scales, engineering curves, loci of points, orthographic projections, projections of points and lines, projections of planes and solids, sections and developments, intersections of surfaces, and isometric projections. For each section, it lists the subtopics that will be covered along with brief explanations and examples. The document serves as a table of contents or syllabus for an engineering graphics course, outlining the key concepts and methods that will be taught.
Scales
THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
The document discusses scales used in engineering drawings. It defines scale as the ratio between the dimensions on a drawing and the actual dimensions of an object. Scales can be represented by a ratio like 1cm = 1m or a representative fraction like 1/100. There are three types of scales: reducing, full, and enlarging. Plain and diagonal scales are used to accurately measure distances on drawings. Examples are given of how to construct various scales meeting given specifications, such as units of measurement, accuracy, and range of distances.
CIVIL Engineering Drawing by haseeb muhammadhaseeb mohd
The document discusses the layout of a drawing sheet, including borders, filing margins, grid reference systems, and title boxes. It also covers starting a new drawing, including cleaning materials, fixing the drawing sheet, and completing administrative details in the title box. Guidelines are provided for keeping drawings clean while working.
The document discusses isometric projection, which is a method for visually representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions in technical drawings. It defines key terms like isometric axes and lines. The steps for constructing an isometric projection are outlined, including defining the axes and adding details to blocks. Various types of objects that can be drawn using isometric projection are described, such as those with normal, oblique, or curved surfaces. Circles are approximated as ellipses, while curved lines use a series of offset points.
Download the original presentation for animation and clear understanding. This Presentation describes the concepts of Engineering Drawing of VTU Syllabus. However same can also be used for learning drawing concepts. Please write to me for suggestions and criticisms here: hareeshang@gmail.com or visit this website for more details: www.hareeshang.wikifoundry.com.
The document discusses different types of technical drawings used in civil engineering. It describes third angle and first angle projections, which differ in how top, front and side views of an object are arranged relative to each other on a page. It also covers conventions for indicating hidden lines, center lines, and the order drawings should be made. Dimensioning techniques like transferring measurements between views are explained. The document concludes by briefly discussing freehand sketching and physical modeling.
This document discusses plain scales used in engineering graphics. Plain scales allow measurement of distances and consist of a line divided into equal units. There are two types of plain scales - those that reduce dimensions for smaller drawings and those that enlarge dimensions for drawings of tiny objects. Formulas are provided to calculate the scale ratio and length of a plain scale based on the maximum distance to be measured. Several example problems are included showing how to construct plain scales to specified scale ratios and measurement needs.
Engineering drawing is a systematic process of communicating design ideas through documentation. It involves conceiving ideas and representing objects through systematic lines on paper. Orthographic projection is a method of projection where projectors from points on an object are parallel and perpendicular to projection planes. There are two main methods: first-angle projection places the object in the first quadrant with the sequence being observer-object-plane, while third-angle projection places the object in the third quadrant with the sequence being observer-plane-object. Points are projected onto planes by extending perpendicular projectors, and their projections are shown in the respective views above or below the reference line.
This lecture contains the detail of isometric projections of an object. This will improve your skills to draw isometric views which is the major part of engineering drawings.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
This document discusses dimensioning techniques and best practices. It covers:
1. The components used for dimensioning like extension lines, dimension lines, and leader lines. It provides examples of proper dimensioning techniques.
2. How to dimension different features such as lengths, angles, arcs, cylinders, holes, and slots. It describes which dimensioning components to use for each feature.
3. Recommended practices for placement of dimensions and dimensioning components like avoiding crossing lines and placing dimensions outside views.
4. A process for dimensioning a part by identifying features, selecting dimensioning components, and placing dimensions. An example is provided.
The document provides guidelines for dimensioning drawings:
- Dimensions should show all sizes and not be repeated, placed clearly and use the same units.
- Dimension lines must be kept apart from drawings and have extension lines exceeding them.
- Dimension lines cannot match or prolong edges or axes and not cross other lines.
- Parallel dimensions place smaller values closer. Diameters use "Ø" and radii use "R" symbols and follow arch directions.
This document provides information about isometric drawings and projections. It begins by explaining that 3D drawings can be drawn in various ways, including isometrically where the three axes are equally inclined at 120 degrees. It then discusses the construction of isometric scales and various techniques for drawing isometric views of plane figures, solids, and assemblies of objects. Examples are provided to illustrate how to draw isometric views when given orthographic projections of an object. The purpose of isometric drawings is to show the overall size, shape, and appearance of an object prior to production.
Plain scale and Diagonal Scale Engineering GraphicsR A Shah
This document discusses different types of scales used in engineering graphics for reducing or enlarging dimensions of objects to draw them accurately on a drawing sheet. It describes plain scales which use a line divided into equal units to measure two dimensions, such as meters and decimeters. It provides examples of how to construct plain scales with given reduction factors (R.F.) and measure distances on them. Diagonal scales are also introduced which allow measuring three dimensions on a single scale. Several problems are presented on constructing plain and diagonal scales meeting given criteria and measuring specific distances on them.
The document discusses lettering techniques for technical drawings. It describes the essential features of lettering as being legibility, uniformity, and suitability for reproduction processes. Letters should be clearly distinguishable from each other to avoid confusion. Guidelines are provided for letter dimensions and types, including that vertical capital letters are preferred for technical work. Basic drawing strokes and their directions in lettering are identified. The document also briefly discusses drawing scales for representing actual object sizes on paper.
This document discusses drafting scales and how to use them. It explains that drawings are rarely done at true size and scales are commonly written as ratios like 1:1, 1:2, 2:1. It also describes the different types of drafting scales - decimal, mechanical engineer, metric, and architectural. The key steps for using a scale are identified as determining the scale type and factor, measuring the last full line passed, and calculating fractional measurements. Architectural and engineer scales are compared, with architectural scales using feet and engineer scales using inches. Finally, the document outlines assignments for practicing using different scales.
The document discusses working drawings for building layout and architectural and structural designs. It provides details on building planning, proportions, orientations, site plans, and working drawings. It explains that working drawings include dimensions and details to guide construction. They consist of 2D projections like plans, sections and elevations, and may include title blocks, dimensions, notations and symbols. The document also defines architectural drawings as technical representations of structures, and structural drawings as plans detailing foundations, framing, beams, columns and wall sections.
This document provides an overview of key elements in engineering drawing, including lines, lettering, guidelines, and spacing. It discusses different types of lines like visible, hidden, center, and break lines. It explains single stroke lettering techniques in detail, including stroking order and groups. Guidelines for height, placement, and conventions for lettering are also covered. Uniformity in lettering style, size, and spacing is emphasized.
This document provides an overview of engineering graphics and technical drawing basics. It discusses different types of drawings, orthographic projections, scales, drawing tools like compasses and mini drafters, layout of drawing sheets, title blocks, and guidelines for labeling, dimensioning, line types and arrowheads. Key topics covered include the purpose of technical drawings in engineering, basic drawing terminology, and how to set up a drawing for clarity and accuracy.
The document discusses different types of lines used in graphical representations, including their thicknesses and purposes. It provides details on the order of priority when lines coincide and recommendations for invisible line technique and axis representation. Leader lines are described as referring to features, with specifications on how they should terminate depending on where they end. Examples of machine drawings are also listed.
The document discusses dimensioning techniques including:
1) Dimensioning components like extension lines, dimension lines, and dimension numbers and their proper usage.
2) Dimensioning common features like lengths, angles, arcs, holes, and their associated dimensioning methods.
3) Recommended practices for placement of dimensions and problem solving steps for dimensioning objects.
The document contains advice from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam about achieving success. It states that to shine brightly like the sun, one must be willing to burn brightly by working hard. It then quotes Abraham Lincoln saying that to accomplish a big task, it is important to properly prepare in advance.
Engineering drawings are technical drawings used to define requirements for engineered items. They contain various views, dimensions, and details. There are different types of engineering drawings for different fields like machine drawings, structural drawings, and electrical drawings. Engineering drawings are based on geometric drawings and are important for communicating design ideas, analyzing designs, stimulating further design, and supporting manufacturing. They contain various elements like lines, scales, dimensions, projections, and symbols to convey important information about an engineering design.
The document discusses different types of scales used for technical drawings. It begins by explaining that a reducing or enlarging scale is used to adjust dimensions of large or small objects to fit a standard drawing sheet size. The scale ratio is called the representative factor. It then describes various types of scales - plain, diagonal, vernier, and comparative - that are used to measure different units and precision of measurements. Specific examples are provided to illustrate how to construct plain and diagonal scales, calculate their representative factors, and indicate distances on the scales.
The document discusses different types of technical drawings used in civil engineering. It describes third angle and first angle projections, which differ in how top, front and side views of an object are arranged relative to each other on a page. It also covers conventions for indicating hidden lines, center lines, and the order drawings should be made. Dimensioning techniques like transferring measurements between views are explained. The document concludes by briefly discussing freehand sketching and physical modeling.
This document discusses plain scales used in engineering graphics. Plain scales allow measurement of distances and consist of a line divided into equal units. There are two types of plain scales - those that reduce dimensions for smaller drawings and those that enlarge dimensions for drawings of tiny objects. Formulas are provided to calculate the scale ratio and length of a plain scale based on the maximum distance to be measured. Several example problems are included showing how to construct plain scales to specified scale ratios and measurement needs.
Engineering drawing is a systematic process of communicating design ideas through documentation. It involves conceiving ideas and representing objects through systematic lines on paper. Orthographic projection is a method of projection where projectors from points on an object are parallel and perpendicular to projection planes. There are two main methods: first-angle projection places the object in the first quadrant with the sequence being observer-object-plane, while third-angle projection places the object in the third quadrant with the sequence being observer-plane-object. Points are projected onto planes by extending perpendicular projectors, and their projections are shown in the respective views above or below the reference line.
This lecture contains the detail of isometric projections of an object. This will improve your skills to draw isometric views which is the major part of engineering drawings.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
This document discusses dimensioning techniques and best practices. It covers:
1. The components used for dimensioning like extension lines, dimension lines, and leader lines. It provides examples of proper dimensioning techniques.
2. How to dimension different features such as lengths, angles, arcs, cylinders, holes, and slots. It describes which dimensioning components to use for each feature.
3. Recommended practices for placement of dimensions and dimensioning components like avoiding crossing lines and placing dimensions outside views.
4. A process for dimensioning a part by identifying features, selecting dimensioning components, and placing dimensions. An example is provided.
The document provides guidelines for dimensioning drawings:
- Dimensions should show all sizes and not be repeated, placed clearly and use the same units.
- Dimension lines must be kept apart from drawings and have extension lines exceeding them.
- Dimension lines cannot match or prolong edges or axes and not cross other lines.
- Parallel dimensions place smaller values closer. Diameters use "Ø" and radii use "R" symbols and follow arch directions.
This document provides information about isometric drawings and projections. It begins by explaining that 3D drawings can be drawn in various ways, including isometrically where the three axes are equally inclined at 120 degrees. It then discusses the construction of isometric scales and various techniques for drawing isometric views of plane figures, solids, and assemblies of objects. Examples are provided to illustrate how to draw isometric views when given orthographic projections of an object. The purpose of isometric drawings is to show the overall size, shape, and appearance of an object prior to production.
Plain scale and Diagonal Scale Engineering GraphicsR A Shah
This document discusses different types of scales used in engineering graphics for reducing or enlarging dimensions of objects to draw them accurately on a drawing sheet. It describes plain scales which use a line divided into equal units to measure two dimensions, such as meters and decimeters. It provides examples of how to construct plain scales with given reduction factors (R.F.) and measure distances on them. Diagonal scales are also introduced which allow measuring three dimensions on a single scale. Several problems are presented on constructing plain and diagonal scales meeting given criteria and measuring specific distances on them.
The document discusses lettering techniques for technical drawings. It describes the essential features of lettering as being legibility, uniformity, and suitability for reproduction processes. Letters should be clearly distinguishable from each other to avoid confusion. Guidelines are provided for letter dimensions and types, including that vertical capital letters are preferred for technical work. Basic drawing strokes and their directions in lettering are identified. The document also briefly discusses drawing scales for representing actual object sizes on paper.
This document discusses drafting scales and how to use them. It explains that drawings are rarely done at true size and scales are commonly written as ratios like 1:1, 1:2, 2:1. It also describes the different types of drafting scales - decimal, mechanical engineer, metric, and architectural. The key steps for using a scale are identified as determining the scale type and factor, measuring the last full line passed, and calculating fractional measurements. Architectural and engineer scales are compared, with architectural scales using feet and engineer scales using inches. Finally, the document outlines assignments for practicing using different scales.
The document discusses working drawings for building layout and architectural and structural designs. It provides details on building planning, proportions, orientations, site plans, and working drawings. It explains that working drawings include dimensions and details to guide construction. They consist of 2D projections like plans, sections and elevations, and may include title blocks, dimensions, notations and symbols. The document also defines architectural drawings as technical representations of structures, and structural drawings as plans detailing foundations, framing, beams, columns and wall sections.
This document provides an overview of key elements in engineering drawing, including lines, lettering, guidelines, and spacing. It discusses different types of lines like visible, hidden, center, and break lines. It explains single stroke lettering techniques in detail, including stroking order and groups. Guidelines for height, placement, and conventions for lettering are also covered. Uniformity in lettering style, size, and spacing is emphasized.
This document provides an overview of engineering graphics and technical drawing basics. It discusses different types of drawings, orthographic projections, scales, drawing tools like compasses and mini drafters, layout of drawing sheets, title blocks, and guidelines for labeling, dimensioning, line types and arrowheads. Key topics covered include the purpose of technical drawings in engineering, basic drawing terminology, and how to set up a drawing for clarity and accuracy.
The document discusses different types of lines used in graphical representations, including their thicknesses and purposes. It provides details on the order of priority when lines coincide and recommendations for invisible line technique and axis representation. Leader lines are described as referring to features, with specifications on how they should terminate depending on where they end. Examples of machine drawings are also listed.
The document discusses dimensioning techniques including:
1) Dimensioning components like extension lines, dimension lines, and dimension numbers and their proper usage.
2) Dimensioning common features like lengths, angles, arcs, holes, and their associated dimensioning methods.
3) Recommended practices for placement of dimensions and problem solving steps for dimensioning objects.
The document contains advice from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam about achieving success. It states that to shine brightly like the sun, one must be willing to burn brightly by working hard. It then quotes Abraham Lincoln saying that to accomplish a big task, it is important to properly prepare in advance.
Engineering drawings are technical drawings used to define requirements for engineered items. They contain various views, dimensions, and details. There are different types of engineering drawings for different fields like machine drawings, structural drawings, and electrical drawings. Engineering drawings are based on geometric drawings and are important for communicating design ideas, analyzing designs, stimulating further design, and supporting manufacturing. They contain various elements like lines, scales, dimensions, projections, and symbols to convey important information about an engineering design.
The document discusses different types of scales used for technical drawings. It begins by explaining that a reducing or enlarging scale is used to adjust dimensions of large or small objects to fit a standard drawing sheet size. The scale ratio is called the representative factor. It then describes various types of scales - plain, diagonal, vernier, and comparative - that are used to measure different units and precision of measurements. Specific examples are provided to illustrate how to construct plain and diagonal scales, calculate their representative factors, and indicate distances on the scales.
The document discusses scales used in engineering drawings. It defines scale as the ratio of dimensions on a drawing to the actual dimensions of an object. There are three types of scales: engineer's scale, graphical scale, and representative fraction. A representative fraction expresses the ratio of a length on a drawing to the actual length. Several examples are given of constructing various scales, including plain, diagonal, and comparative scales. Steps are provided for constructing specific scales showing different units of measurement.
The document discusses scales used in engineering drawings. It defines scale as the ratio of dimensions on a drawing to the actual dimensions of an object. There are three types of scales: engineer's scale, graphical scale, and representative fraction. A representative fraction expresses the ratio of a length on a drawing to the actual length. Steps are provided for constructing various scales, including plain, vernier, diagonal, and comparative scales. Examples show how to construct specific scales measuring different units like meters, centimeters, miles and furlongs.
This document provides information about engineering drawing scales. It discusses various types of scales including plain scales, diagonal scales, and Vernier scales. Examples are given for how to construct and use each type of scale. Plain scales can measure two units or a unit and subdivision, diagonal scales provide three successive dimensions, and Vernier scales allow for very accurate measurements of small units. Formulas are provided for calculating representative factors and scale lengths for different problems.
SCALES IN ENGG.DRAWING khjdhjfdadasdhuashdashdhasidhasdhashdhjasdjhlsadhjlasARAMESH14
This document discusses scales used in engineering drawings. It defines scale as the proportion by which an object is enlarged or reduced in a drawing. Scales can be reducing or enlarging depending on if the dimensions are reduced or enlarged. Representative factor is the ratio of dimension shown to actual dimension. Standard scales recommended by BIS include plain, diagonal, vernier, and comparative scales. Plain scales show two units like cm and mm while diagonal scales show three units like m, dm, and cm. Examples are given on how to construct scales and mark distances on them.
The document describes various techniques for technical drawing, including copying segments and angles, bisecting segments and angles, and different types of projection. It discusses orthographic projection, which uses parallel lines of sight perpendicular to the projection plane. Orthographic projection can be used to create multiview drawings showing objects in two dimensions from different angles or axonometric drawings showing three dimensions in a single view. The document also covers topics like drawing standards, scales, line types including visible, hidden and center lines, and their conventions.
The document describes various techniques for technical drawing, including copying segments and angles, bisecting segments and angles, and different types of projection. It discusses orthographic projection, which uses parallel lines of sight perpendicular to the projection plane to represent 3D objects in 2D views. Multiview projection shows the object through multiple views, while axonometric projection shows three dimensions in a single view, though with some distortion of angles and sizes. Hidden and center lines are also covered.
Conic sections such as ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas are formed by cutting a cone with planes.
An ellipse is defined as the locus of points where the sum of distances to two fixed foci is a constant equal to the major axis length. A parabola occurs when the cutting plane is parallel to the axis and side of the cone. For a hyperbola, the cutting plane is neither parallel to the axis nor side of the cone.
The ratio of distances from a point on the conic section to the fixed point and fixed line is called the eccentricity. Eccentricity is less than 1 for ellipses, 1 for parabolas, and greater than 1 for
The document provides information about different types of scales used for measurement and their construction. It discusses plain scales, which measure up to one decimal place, diagonal scales, which measure up to two decimals, and Vernier scales. Examples are given for constructing each type of scale along with sample measurement problems. Comparative scales are also introduced, which use the same representative fraction but graduate different units, like miles and kilometers. Step-by-step instructions teach how to determine the representative fraction and layout the scales according to the given measurements.
The document provides information about different types of scales used in engineering drawings, including:
- Plain scales which represent two units or a unit and its subdivision, up to a single decimal place. Examples and problems of constructing plain scales are provided.
- Diagonal scales which represent units up to two decimal places. The principles of constructing a diagonal scale with examples are explained.
- Vernier scales which also represent dimensions up to two decimal places.
- Comparative scales for comparing two different units. An example of constructing a comparative plain scale is given.
- Scales of cords used for measuring and constructing angles.
The document provides step-by-step instructions on how to construct each type
The document provides an introduction to engineering drawing concepts. It covers drawing instruments, lines and their meanings, lettering techniques, dimensioning, geometric constructions, and representation of materials. The introduction defines engineering drawing and its importance. It then describes drawing tools like the drawing board, mini-drafter, pencils, scales, templates and more. It explains the different types of lines used in drawings and their purposes. The document outlines methods for lettering, dimensioning, and performing geometric constructions. It also includes tables showing line types, letter sizes, and material representations.
This document discusses different types of scales used in technical drawings. It explains plain scales which represent two dimensions like a unit and subunit. Diagonal scales represent three dimensions by subdividing the first unit into 10 parts. Representative fraction (R.F.) is used to calculate the ratio between the actual length of an object and its reduced length on a drawing. Formulas are provided to calculate R.F., length of scale, and to represent distances on the scale. Examples show how to construct plain and diagonal scales and represent given distances on them.
The document discusses different types of scales used in technical drawings. It explains full size, reducing, and enlarging scales, with representative factors to show the ratio between the actual and drawn dimensions. Full size scales have a ratio of 1:1. Reducing scales are used to shrink large objects to fit on a drawing sheet, while enlarging scales increase tiny objects. Representative factors greater than one indicate enlarging scales. The document also covers plain, diagonal, and vernier scales, with examples of how to construct each type of scale and show distances on them using representative factors and formulas. It defines scales of cords for measuring angles and lists common unit prefixes.
This document provides instructions for constructing different types of scales. It discusses representative fractions, maximum length, length of scale, dividing the scale into parts based on maximum length, and subdividing the first part. It provides examples of plain scales, which show two units, and diagonal scales, which show three units. Specific problems are presented for constructing plain and diagonal scales to measure given lengths.
This document discusses different types of scales used in engineering graphics. It provides examples of constructing plain, diagonal, and vernier scales. For plain scales, it demonstrates how to calculate the scale's representative fraction and construct the scale to measure specific distances. For diagonal scales, it explains the principle of constructing inclined lines to represent successive dimensions. It also provides an example of constructing a diagonal scale and indicating distances on it. Finally, it describes how vernier scales use a primary scale and vernier to allow for more precise measurements below the primary scale's units.
The document discusses different types of scales used in technical drawings. It describes engineering scales, graphical scales, and representative fractions. The main types of scales covered are plain scales, diagonal scales, comparative scales, and vernier scales. Requirements for constructing scales are also provided, including representative fraction, maximum measurable length, and least count. Scales allow drawings to be made at different sizes relative to the actual object, such as full size, reduced size, or enlarged size.
The document discusses different types of scales used for measurement and their construction. It describes plain scales which can measure up to a single decimal place, diagonal scales which can measure up to two decimals, and Vernier scales which also measure up to two decimals. It provides examples of problems and step-by-step solutions for constructing each type of scale. Comparative scales that measure the same distance in different units are also discussed. Formulas for calculating representative factors and scale lengths are presented.
The document discusses engineering drawing and constructing diagonal scales. It provides examples of constructing scales with representative fractions of 1:50, 1:4000, 1:32, and 1:66 2/3 to measure distances in meters, decimeters, centimeters, yards, feet and inches. It explains that a diagonal scale is used to accurately measure very small distances or distances in multiple units. The key steps to construct a scale are to determine the representative fraction, units to represent, maximum length to measure, and scale length using the formula: Length of scale = Representative Fraction x Maximum Length.
This document provides instructions for a class project to create a set of hand-sketched plans including orthographic views, dimensions, and other required elements. Students must submit a proposal, 50% completed plans, and final plans on specified due dates for grading. The document also covers topics like line types, scales, dimensioning, and lettering that are important for technical drawings.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Usually the word scale is used for an instrument
used for drawing straight lines.
But actually in Engineer’s language scale means
the proportion or ratio between the dimensions
adopted for the drawing and the corresponding
dimensions of the object.
6. REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (R.F.)
The ratio of the size of the element in the drawing
to the size of the same element in the object is
called the Representative Fraction (R.F.).
7. REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (R.F.)
Example 1
If 1 cm length of drawing represents 5 m length of
the object, then in engineering scale it is written as
1 cm = 5 m and in graphical scale it is denoted by
8. REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (R.F.)
Example 2
If a 5 cm long line in the drawing represents 3 km
length of a road, then in engineering scale it is
written as 1 cm = 600 m and in graphical scale it is
denoted by
9. REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (R.F.)
Example 3
If a gear with a 15 cm diameter in the drawing
represents an actual gear of 6 mm diameter in
graphical scale, it is expressed by
10. TYPES OF SCALES
1.
Mechanical Engineers’
scale
Architects’ scale
Civil Engineers’ scale
2.
Plain scale
Diagonal scale
Comparative scale
Vernier scale
Scale of Chords
Isometric scale
Scales are classified in two different manner as under:
11. TYPES OF SCALES
These scales are 300
mm long and each unit
is sub-divided.
Mechanical Engineers
generally use following
scales.
1:1 1:2 1:2.5 1:5
2:1 5:1
Mechanical Engineers’ scale
12. TYPES OF SCALES
Architects are required
to take very small R.F.
since buildings are
comparatively very big
as compared to
drawing paper size.
Only the first main
division of the
architects’ scale is sub-
divided.
Architects’ scale
13. TYPES OF SCALES
Civil Engineers dealing
with road maps and
survey maps are
required to take very
very small R.F..
These scales are sub-
divided on their entire
lengths.
Civil Engineers’ scale
14. PLAIN SCALES
Plain scales read or measure upto two units or a unit and its
sub-division, for example centimeters (cm) and millimeters
(mm).
When measurements are required upto first decimal, for
example 2.3 m or 4.6 cm etc.
It consists of a line divided into number of equal main parts
and the first main part is sub-divided into smaller parts.
15. PLAIN SCALES
Example
A 3 cm long line represents a length of 4.5 meters.
Extend this line to measure upto 30 meters and
show on it units of meter and 5 meter. Show the
length of 22 meters on this line.
16. Construction:
Draw a straight line of 20cm length and divide into 6 equal parts.
Divide again first part into 5 equal parts. Give numbers as shown. To
represent 22 meters, take 4 main parts to represent 20 meters and 2
small parts to represent 2meters. Give names as A and B so that the
distance between A and B is 22 meters as shown.
Note: Assume height of the plain scale as 1 cm.
17. DIAGONAL SCALES
Diagonal scales are used to read or measure upto three units.
For example: decimeters (dm), centimeters (cm) and millimeters (mm) or
miles, furlongs and yards etc. This scale is used when very small
distances such as 0.1 mm are to be accurately measured or when
measurements are required upto second decimal.
For example: 2.35dm or 4.68km etc.
Small divisions of short lines are obtained by the principle of diagonal
division, as explained below:
Principle of diagonal scale: To divide a given line AB into small divisions
in multiples of 1/10 its length for example 0.1AB; 0.2AB etc.
18. DIAGONAL SCALES
Example
An area of 144 sq. cm on a map represents an area
of 9 sq. km on the field. Find the R.F. of the scale
for this map and draw a diagonal scale to show
kilometers, hectometers and decameters and to
measure upto 5 kilometers. Indicate on the scale a
distance of 3 kilometers, 5 hectometers and 6
decameters or 3.56km.
19. Construction:
Draw a line AB of 20 cm and construct a rectangle on it, by taking AD
5cm as shown. Divide AB into 5 equal parts and number them from
second part starting with 0 to 4 towards right side to indicate kilometers
(km). Divide 0A into 10 equal parts, each part represents a hectometer
(hm). Divide AD into 10 equal parts, each part represents one decameter
(dam). Join diagonals as shown.
To mark 3.56km, take it as sum of 3.50km and 0.06km. On the plain
scale take 3.5km and on the diagonal at 5 upto 6 parts diagonally which
is equal to 0.06km, giving a total of 3.56km as shown by MN.
Note: Assume the height of the diagonal scale AD as 5cm for dividing it
into 10 equal parts conveniently.
20. ISOMETRIC SCALES
A scale is now constructed by stepping
off true measurements along line 'AB1'
which is a true length line.
The measurements are then transferred
back to line 'AB' to get a smaller scale, in
this case an isometric scale.
Lines drawn using the isometric scale
are approximately 80% of true size. This
scale is usually marked off on a piece of
paper and used to step off the
foreshortened measurements along the
projection of axes lines and lines parallel
to them.
Lines parallel to the projection of axes
are known as isometric lines.
Lines which are not parallel to theses
axes are known as non-isometric lines.
It is important to note that you can only
use the scales on isometric lines.
Notas do Editor
Example: The actual dimensions of the room say 10m x 8m cannot be adopted on the drawing. In suitable proportion the dimensions should be reduced in order to adopt conveniently on the drawing sheet. If the room is represented by a rectangle of 10cm x 8cm size on the drawing sheet that means the actual size is reduced by 100 times.