The chapter introduces the basic components of a C++ program, including functions, data types, operators, and statements. It discusses simple data types like integers, characters, and floating-point numbers. The chapter also covers arithmetic operators, expressions, and the order of precedence. It explains variable declaration, assignment statements, and how to input and output data. The goal is for readers to understand the basic structure and syntax of a C++ program.
This document discusses C++ programming and includes several sections:
- It provides an overview of how a C++ program is processed by a compiler and linker before being executed.
- It explains the problem analysis-coding-execution cycle used for programming and problem solving.
- It presents an example algorithm for calculating the perimeter and area of a rectangle.
- It outlines the basic elements and components of a C++ program such as functions, data types, operators, and comments.
This document discusses C++ user-defined data types including enumeration types, namespaces, and strings. It covers creating enumeration types and anonymous data types, using the typedef statement, and defining namespaces to avoid naming collisions. The string type is explored along with functions like length(), size(), find(), substr(), and swap() for manipulating strings. Examples are provided for creating an enumeration type, using namespaces, and a program that converts strings to pig Latin.
The aim of this list of programming languages is to include all notable programming languages in existence, both those in current use and ... Note: This page does not list esoteric programming languages. .... Computer programming portal ...
This document provides an overview of the key concepts covered in Chapter 2 of the C++ Programming textbook. These include basic C++ program components like functions, data types, arithmetic operators, and input/output statements. It also discusses programming fundamentals like declaring variables, writing comments, using preprocessor directives, and properly structuring a C++ program with a main function. An example is provided to demonstrate how to write a program that converts between feet/inches and centimeters.
This chapter discusses pointers, classes, virtual functions, and abstract classes in C++. Pointers contain the addresses of other variables and can be used to access dynamic memory. The address of and dereferencing operators are used to work with pointers. Classes and structs can have pointer member variables. Virtual functions allow dynamic binding at runtime rather than compile-time. Abstract classes define pure virtual functions that derived classes must implement.
The document provides an overview of key concepts for C++ programming including:
- The problem analysis to coding execution cycle involves analyzing the problem, designing an algorithm, coding the program, preprocessing directives, compiling, linking, loading, and executing the program.
- Basic C++ program structure includes #include directives, using namespace std, and main() function returning int.
- Comments, identifiers, data types, arithmetic operators, expressions, type conversions, strings, constants, increment/decrement operators, I/O streams, and input/output statements are discussed.
- Syntax errors are reported by the compiler while logic errors are typically not caught and must be debugged using output statements.
This document provides an overview of C++ programming and processing a C++ program. It discusses the evolution of programming languages and how a C++ program is compiled from source code to machine code. The document also explains that a C++ program is run by using an editor to create source code, preprocessing it, compiling it to create an object program, linking the object program, loading the executable code into memory, and executing it.
The chapter introduces the basic components of a C++ program, including functions, data types, operators, and statements. It discusses simple data types like integers, characters, and floating-point numbers. The chapter also covers arithmetic operators, expressions, and the order of precedence. It explains variable declaration, assignment statements, and how to input and output data. The goal is for readers to understand the basic structure and syntax of a C++ program.
This document discusses C++ programming and includes several sections:
- It provides an overview of how a C++ program is processed by a compiler and linker before being executed.
- It explains the problem analysis-coding-execution cycle used for programming and problem solving.
- It presents an example algorithm for calculating the perimeter and area of a rectangle.
- It outlines the basic elements and components of a C++ program such as functions, data types, operators, and comments.
This document discusses C++ user-defined data types including enumeration types, namespaces, and strings. It covers creating enumeration types and anonymous data types, using the typedef statement, and defining namespaces to avoid naming collisions. The string type is explored along with functions like length(), size(), find(), substr(), and swap() for manipulating strings. Examples are provided for creating an enumeration type, using namespaces, and a program that converts strings to pig Latin.
The aim of this list of programming languages is to include all notable programming languages in existence, both those in current use and ... Note: This page does not list esoteric programming languages. .... Computer programming portal ...
This document provides an overview of the key concepts covered in Chapter 2 of the C++ Programming textbook. These include basic C++ program components like functions, data types, arithmetic operators, and input/output statements. It also discusses programming fundamentals like declaring variables, writing comments, using preprocessor directives, and properly structuring a C++ program with a main function. An example is provided to demonstrate how to write a program that converts between feet/inches and centimeters.
This chapter discusses pointers, classes, virtual functions, and abstract classes in C++. Pointers contain the addresses of other variables and can be used to access dynamic memory. The address of and dereferencing operators are used to work with pointers. Classes and structs can have pointer member variables. Virtual functions allow dynamic binding at runtime rather than compile-time. Abstract classes define pure virtual functions that derived classes must implement.
The document provides an overview of key concepts for C++ programming including:
- The problem analysis to coding execution cycle involves analyzing the problem, designing an algorithm, coding the program, preprocessing directives, compiling, linking, loading, and executing the program.
- Basic C++ program structure includes #include directives, using namespace std, and main() function returning int.
- Comments, identifiers, data types, arithmetic operators, expressions, type conversions, strings, constants, increment/decrement operators, I/O streams, and input/output statements are discussed.
- Syntax errors are reported by the compiler while logic errors are typically not caught and must be debugged using output statements.
This document provides an overview of C++ programming and processing a C++ program. It discusses the evolution of programming languages and how a C++ program is compiled from source code to machine code. The document also explains that a C++ program is run by using an editor to create source code, preprocessing it, compiling it to create an object program, linking the object program, loading the executable code into memory, and executing it.
Object oriented programming 8 basics of c++ programmingVaibhav Khanna
OOP was inventing to overcome the drawbacks of POP. It follows down -up approach.
• In OOP, problem is considered as a collection of objects and objects are instance of classes.
This chapter discusses user-defined functions in C++. It covers void functions, value and reference parameters, scope of identifiers, static and automatic variables, function overloading, and functions with default parameters. The key topics are how to define and call void functions, the difference between value and reference parameters and their effect on passing data, and how scopes determine where identifiers are accessible within a program. An example program is provided to demonstrate classifying numbers with user-defined functions.
The document discusses chapters 4 and 5 from a C++ programming textbook. Chapter 4 covers selection control structures like if/else statements and relational operators. Chapter 5 discusses repetition control structures like while, for, and do-while loops. The document provides examples and explanations of how to use these different control structures in C++ programs. It also discusses logical operators, order of precedence, switch statements, nested control structures, and the break and continue statements.
This document discusses programming fundamentals and control structures like selection statements. It covers topics like avoiding bugs by fully understanding concepts before using them, handling input failures, avoiding logical errors from confusing equality and assignment operators, and using proper indentation. Pseudocode is presented as a way to develop the structure of a program without errors. The document also discusses switch structures with examples and explains their use.
The document provides an introduction to programming fundamentals in C++, including basic syntax and components of a C++ program. It covers variables and data types, input/output, comments, and how to write a simple C++ program with preprocessor directives and a main function. The key topics discussed are variable declaration, fundamental data types like int, float, char, comments, and how to write a basic "Hello World" program in C++.
Object oriented programming 11 preprocessor directives and program structureVaibhav Khanna
C++ Preprocessor. The preprocessors are the directives, which give instructions to the compiler to preprocess the information before actual compilation starts. All preprocessor directives begin with #, and only white-space characters may appear before a preprocessor directive on a line.
This chapter discusses arrays and strings in C++. It covers topics such as declaring and initializing one-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays, accessing array elements, common array operations like summation and finding largest/smallest elements, passing arrays to functions, and using character arrays (C-strings) to represent strings. The chapter also discusses parallel arrays, arrays of strings, and multidimensional arrays.
The chapter introduces the basic elements of a Java program, including methods, data types, expressions, input/output, and control structures. It discusses primitive data types, arithmetic operators, strings, and control flow. The chapter aims to familiarize readers with creating and structuring Java applications, defining classes and methods, and debugging syntax errors. Consistent formatting and walking through code is advised to avoid bugs. Examples demonstrate converting lengths and making change in cents.
The chapter discusses user-defined functions in C++, including:
- Value-returning functions that use the return statement to return a value of a specific data type.
- Void functions that do not return a value.
- Function prototypes that declare a function without defining its body, allowing a function to be called before it is defined.
- Value and reference parameters, where reference parameters pass a reference to the variable rather than a copy.
- The scope of identifiers as either local to a function or global across the entire program.
The document provides an overview of the C programming language, including its history, basic structure, data types, operators, input/output, decision making, looping, functions, arrays, pointers, strings, structures, file handling, and linked data structures. Some key topics covered include the C compilation process, basic C program structure, common data types like int and char, arithmetic, relational, and logical operators, if/else and switch statements, while, do-while and for loops, defining functions, and passing arguments to functions.
This document discusses coding the algorithm into a program, which is the fourth step of the problem-solving process. It covers declaring variables, coding instructions, getting input from the keyboard using cin, displaying output to the screen using cout, arithmetic expressions and operators, type conversions, and assignment statements. Arithmetic assignment operators can abbreviate statements that contain an operator and assignment.
This chapter discusses records (structs) in C++. A struct is a collection of members of different types that are accessed by name. Structs allow grouping of related data and functions together. The chapter covers defining and declaring structs, accessing struct members, assigning struct variables, comparing structs, passing structs to functions, using arrays within structs, and nesting structs within other structs.
This chapter covers overloading operators and templates in C++. It discusses overloading operators as member and non-member functions, and the restrictions on operator overloading. The chapter also explains templates for functions and classes, which allow writing generic code for related types. Pointers, friend functions, and classes with pointer members are additionally addressed.
This chapter discusses arrays and strings in C++. It covers topics such as declaring and initializing one-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays, accessing array elements, passing arrays to functions, and built-in functions for manipulating C-strings. The chapter also introduces parallel arrays, arrays of strings, and common array processing tasks like searching, sorting, summing elements, and finding maximum/minimum values.
This chapter discusses classes and data abstraction in C++. It covers objectives like learning about classes, private/public/protected class members, accessor and mutator functions, constructors and destructors. The key topics covered include defining classes, declaring class objects, accessing class members, passing class objects as function parameters, implementing member functions, and using constructors to initialize class objects. The chapter aims to explain how classes are used to implement abstract data types and differences between classes and structs in C++.
This chapter discusses classes and data abstraction in C++. It covers defining classes, class members, access specifiers for members, constructors and destructors, abstract data types, the differences between structs and classes, information hiding, and static class members. The key topics are defining classes and objects, initializing objects using constructors, cleaning up objects using destructors, separating interface from implementation through information hiding, and declaring static members that are shared across class instances.
Java is a computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.
This document outlines the objectives and topics covered in the course EC8393 - Fundamentals of Data Structures in C. The course aims to teach students about linear and non-linear data structures and their applications using the C programming language. Key topics include implementing various data structure operations in C, choosing appropriate data structures, and modifying existing or designing new data structures for applications. Assessment includes continuous internal assessments, a university exam, and a minimum 80% attendance requirement.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in the C programming language, including data types, operators, control structures, and functions. It discusses integers, characters, floating point numbers, arrays, structures, pointers, and user-defined data types. The document also covers topics like conditional statements, loops, functions, and arrays in C.
Introduction to C++
Difference between C and C++
Evolution of C++
Procedure Oriented Programming vs Object OrientedProgramming
Key concepts of Object-Oriented Programming
Advantages and Disadvantages of OOP
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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2. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 2
Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
• Become familiar with the basic components of
a C++ program, including functions, special
symbols, and identifiers
• Explore simple data types
• Discover how to use arithmetic operators
• Examine how a program evaluates arithmetic
expressions
3. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 3
Objectives (continued)
• Learn what an assignment statement is and
what it does
• Become familiar with the string data type
• Discover how to input data into memory using
input statements
• Become familiar with the use of increment
and decrement operators
• Examine ways to output results using output
statements
4. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 4
Objectives (continued)
• Learn how to use preprocessor directives and
why they are necessary
• Explore how to properly structure a program,
including using comments to document a
program
• Learn how to write a C++ program
5. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 5
The Basics of a C++ Program
• Function: collection of statements; when
executed, accomplishes something
− May be predefined or standard
• Syntax: rules that specify which statements
(instructions) are legal
• Programming language: a set of rules,
symbols, and special words
• Semantic rule: meaning of the instruction
6. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 6
Comments
• Comments are for the reader, not the compiler
• Two types:
− Single line
// This is a C++ program. It prints the sentence:
// Welcome to C++ Programming.
− Multiple line
/*
You can include comments that can
occupy several lines.
*/
7. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 7
Special Symbols
• Special symbols
+
-
*
/
.
;
?
,
<=
!=
==
>=
8. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 8
Reserved Words (Keywords)
• Reserved words, keywords, or word symbols
− Include:
• int
• float
• double
• char
• const
• void
• return
9. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 9
Identifiers
• Consist of letters, digits, and the underscore
character (_)
• Must begin with a letter or underscore
• C++ is case sensitive
− NUMBER is not the same as number
• Two predefined identifiers are cout and cin
• Unlike reserved words, predefined identifiers
may be redefined, but it is not a good idea
10. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 10
Identifiers (continued)
• The following are legal identifiers in C++:
− first
− conversion
− payRate
11. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 11
Whitespaces
• Every C++ program contains whitespaces
− Include blanks, tabs, and newline characters
• Used to separate special symbols, reserved
words, and identifiers
• Proper utilization of whitespaces is important
− Can be used to make the program readable
12. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 12
Data Types
• Data type: set of values together with a set of
operations
• C++ data types fall into three categories:
13. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 13
Simple Data Types
• Three categories of simple data
− Integral: integers (numbers without a decimal)
− Floating-point: decimal numbers
− Enumeration type: user-defined data type
14. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 14
Simple Data Types (continued)
• Integral data types are further classified into
nine categories:
15. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 15
Simple Data Types (continued)
• Different compilers may allow different ranges
of values
16. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 16
int Data Type
• Examples:
-6728
0
78
+763
• Positive integers do not need a + sign
• No commas are used within an integer
− Commas are used for separating items in a list
17. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 17
bool Data Type
• bool type
− Two values: true and false
− Manipulate logical (Boolean) expressions
• true and false are called logical values
• bool, true, and false are reserved words
18. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 18
char Data Type
• The smallest integral data type
• Used for characters: letters, digits, and special
symbols
• Each character is enclosed in single quotes
− 'A', 'a', '0', '*', '+', '$', '&'
• A blank space is a character and is written ' ',
with a space left between the single quotes
19. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 19
• C++ uses scientific notation to represent real
numbers (floating-point notation)
Floating-Point Data Types
20. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 20
Floating-Point Data Types
(continued)
− float: represents any real number
• Range: -3.4E+38 to 3.4E+38 (four bytes)
− double: represents any real number
• Range: -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+308 (eight bytes)
− On most newer compilers, data types double
and long double are same
21. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 21
Floating-Point Data Types
(continued)
• Maximum number of significant digits
(decimal places) for float values is 6 or 7
• Maximum number of significant digits for
double is 15
• Precision: maximum number of significant
digits
− Float values are called single precision
− Double values are called double precision
22. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 22
Arithmetic Operators and Operator
Precedence
• C++ arithmetic operators:
− + addition
− - subtraction
− * multiplication
− / division
− % modulus operator
• +, -, *, and / can be used with integral and
floating-point data types
• Operators can be unary or binary
23. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 23
Order of Precedence
• All operations inside of () are evaluated first
• *, /, and % are at the same level of
precedence and are evaluated next
• + and – have the same level of precedence
and are evaluated last
• When operators are on the same level
− Performed from left to right (associativity)
• 3 * 7 - 6 + 2 * 5 / 4 + 6 means
(((3 * 7) – 6) + ((2 * 5) / 4 )) + 6
24. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 24
Expressions
• If all operands are integers
− Expression is called an integral expression
• Yields an integral result
• Example: 2 + 3 * 5
• If all operands are floating-point
− Expression is called a floating-point
expression
• Yields a floating-point result
• Example: 12.8 * 17.5 - 34.50
25. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 25
Mixed Expressions
• Mixed expression:
− Has operands of different data types
− Contains integers and floating-point
• Examples of mixed expressions:
2 + 3.5
6 / 4 + 3.9
5.4 * 2 – 13.6 + 18 / 2
26. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 26
Mixed Expressions (continued)
• Evaluation rules:
− If operator has same types of operands
• Evaluated according to the type of the operands
− If operator has both types of operands
• Integer is changed to floating-point
• Operator is evaluated
• Result is floating-point
− Entire expression is evaluated according to
precedence rules
27. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 27
Type Conversion (Casting)
• Implicit type coercion: when value of one type
is automatically changed to another type
• Cast operator: provides explicit type
conversion
static_cast<dataTypeName>(expression)
28. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 28
Type Conversion (continued)
29. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 29
string Type
• Programmer-defined type supplied in
ANSI/ISO Standard C++ library
• Sequence of zero or more characters
• Enclosed in double quotation marks
• Null: a string with no characters
• Each character has relative position in string
− Position of first character is 0
• Length of a string is number of characters in it
− Example: length of "William Jacob" is 13
30. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 30
Input
• Data must be loaded into main memory
before it can be manipulated
• Storing data in memory is a two-step process:
− Instruct computer to allocate memory
− Include statements to put data into memory
31. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 31
Allocating Memory with Constants
and Variables
• Named constant: memory location whose
content can’t change during execution
• The syntax to declare a named constant is:
• In C++, const is a reserved word
32. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 32
Allocating Memory with Constants
and Variables (continued)
• Variable: memory location whose content
may change during execution
• The syntax to declare a named constant is:
33. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 33
Putting Data into Variables
• Ways to place data into a variable:
− Use C++’s assignment statement
− Use input (read) statements
34. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 34
Assignment Statement
• The assignment statement takes the form:
• Expression is evaluated and its value is
assigned to the variable on the left side
• In C++, = is called the assignment operator
35. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 35
Assignment Statement (continued)
36. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 36
Saving and Using the Value of an
Expression
• To save the value of an expression:
− Declare a variable of the appropriate data type
− Assign the value of the expression to the
variable that was declared
• Use the assignment statement
• Wherever the value of the expression is
needed, use the variable holding the value
37. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 37
Declaring & Initializing Variables
• Variables can be initialized when declared:
int first=13, second=10;
char ch=' ';
double x=12.6;
• All variables must be initialized before they
are used
− But not necessarily during declaration
38. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 38
Input (Read) Statement
• cin is used with >> to gather input
• The stream extraction operator is >>
• For example, if miles is a double variable
cin >> miles;
− Causes computer to get a value of type
double
− Places it in the variable miles
39. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 39
Input (Read) Statement (continued)
• Using more than one variable in cin allows
more than one value to be read at a time
• For example, if feet and inches are
variables of type int, a statement such as:
cin >> feet >> inches;
− Inputs two integers from the keyboard
− Places them in variables feet and inches
respectively
40. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 40
Input (Read) Statement (continued)
41. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 41
Variable Initialization
• There are two ways to initialize a variable:
int feet;
− By using the assignment statement
feet = 35;
− By using a read statement
cin >> feet;
42. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 42
Increment & Decrement Operators
• Increment operator: increment variable by 1
− Pre-increment: ++variable
− Post-increment: variable++
• Decrement operator: decrement variable by 1
− Pre-decrement: --variable
− Post-decrement: variable—
• What is the difference between the following?
x = 5;
y = ++x;
x = 5;
y = x++;
43. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 43
Output
• The syntax of cout and << is:
− Called an output statement
• The stream insertion operator is <<
• Expression evaluated and its value is printed
at the current cursor position on the screen
44. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 44
Output (continued)
• A manipulator is used to format the output
− Example: endl causes insertion point to move
to beginning of next line
45. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 45
Output (continued)
• The new line character is 'n'
− May appear anywhere in the string
cout << "Hello there.";
cout << "My name is James.";
• Output:
Hello there.My name is James.
cout << "Hello there.n";
cout << "My name is James.";
• Output :
Hello there.
My name is James.
46. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 46
Output (continued)
47. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 47
Preprocessor Directives
• C++ has a small number of operations
• Many functions and symbols needed to run a
C++ program are provided as collection of
libraries
• Every library has a name and is referred to by a
header file
• Preprocessor directives are commands
supplied to the preprocessor
• All preprocessor commands begin with #
• No semicolon at the end of these commands
48. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 48
Preprocessor Directives
(continued)
• Syntax to include a header file:
• For example:
#include <iostream>
− Causes the preprocessor to include the
header file iostream in the program
49. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 49
namespace and Using cin and
cout in a Program
• cin and cout are declared in the header file
iostream, but within std namespace
• To use cin and cout in a program, use the
following two statements:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
50. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 50
Using the string Data Type in a
Program
• To use the string type, you need to access
its definition from the header file string
• Include the following preprocessor directive:
#include <string>
51. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 51
Creating a C++ Program
• C++ program has two parts:
− Preprocessor directives
− The program
• Preprocessor directives and program
statements constitute C++ source code (.cpp)
• Compiler generates object code (.obj)
• Executable code is produced and saved in a
file with the file extension .exe
52. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 52
Creating a C++ Program
(continued)
• A C++ program is a collection of functions,
one of which is the function main
• The first line of the function main is called the
heading of the function:
int main()
• The statements enclosed between the curly
braces ({ and }) form the body of the function
− Contains two types of statements:
• Declaration statements
• Executable statements
54. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 54
Creating a C++ Program
(continued)
Sample Run:
Line 9: firstNum = 18
Line 10: Enter an integer: 15
Line 13: secondNum = 15
Line 15: The new value of firstNum = 60
55. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 55
Program Style and Form
• Every C++ program has a function main
• It must also follow the syntax rules
• Other rules serve the purpose of giving
precise meaning to the language
56. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 56
Syntax
• Errors in syntax are found in compilation
int x; //Line 1
int y //Line 2: error
double z; //Line 3
y = w + x; //Line 4: error
57. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 57
Use of Blanks
• In C++, you use one or more blanks to
separate numbers when data is input
• Used to separate reserved words and
identifiers from each other and from other
symbols
• Must never appear within a reserved word or
identifier
58. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 58
Use of Semicolons, Brackets, and
Commas
• All C++ statements end with a semicolon
− Also called a statement terminator
• { and } are not C++ statements
• Commas separate items in a list
59. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 59
Semantics
• Possible to remove all syntax errors in a
program and still not have it run
• Even if it runs, it may still not do what you
meant it to do
• For example,
2 + 3 * 5 and (2 + 3) * 5
are both syntactically correct expressions, but
have different meanings
60. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 60
Naming Identifiers
• Identifiers can be self-documenting:
− CENTIMETERS_PER_INCH
• Avoid run-together words :
− annualsale
− Solution:
• Capitalize the beginning of each new word
• annualSale
• Inserting an underscore just before a new word
• annual_sale
61. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 61
Prompt Lines
• Prompt lines: executable statements that
inform the user what to do
cout << "Please enter a number between 1 and 10 and "
<< "press the return key" << endl;
cin >> num;
62. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 62
Documentation
• A well-documented program is easier to
understand and modify
• You use comments to document programs
• Comments should appear in a program to:
− Explain the purpose of the program
− Identify who wrote it
− Explain the purpose of particular statements
63. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 63
Form and Style
• Consider two ways of declaring variables:
− Method 1
int feet, inch;
double x, y;
− Method 2
int a,b;double x,y;
• Both are correct; however, the second is hard
to read
64. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 64
More on Assignment Statements
• C++ has special assignment statements
called compound assignments
+=, -=, *=, /=, and %=
• Example:
x *= y;
65. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 65
Programming Example:
Convert Length
• Write a program that takes as input a given
length expressed in feet and inches
− Convert and output the length in centimeters
• Input: length in feet and inches
• Output: equivalent length in centimeters
• Lengths are given in feet and inches
• Program computes the equivalent length in
centimeters
• One inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters
66. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 66
Programming Example: Convert
Length (continued)
• Convert the length in feet and inches to all
inches:
− Multiply the number of feet by 12
− Add given inches
• Use the conversion formula (1 inch = 2.54
centimeters) to find the equivalent length in
centimeters
67. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 67
Programming Example: Convert
Length (continued)
• The algorithm is as follows:
− Get the length in feet and inches
− Convert the length into total inches
− Convert total inches into centimeters
− Output centimeters
68. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 68
Programming Example: Variables
and Constants
• Variables
int feet; //variable to hold given feet
int inches; //variable to hold given inches
int totalInches; //variable to hold total inches
double centimeters; //variable to hold length in
//centimeters
• Named Constant
const double CENTIMETERS_PER_INCH = 2.54;
const int INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12;
69. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 69
Programming Example: Main
Algorithm
• Prompt user for input
• Get data
• Echo the input (output the input)
• Find length in inches
• Output length in inches
• Convert length to centimeters
• Output length in centimeters
70. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 70
Programming Example: Putting It
Together
• Program begins with comments
• System resources will be used for I/O
• Use input statements to get data and output
statements to print results
• Data comes from keyboard and the output
will display on the screen
• The first statement of the program, after
comments, is preprocessor directive to
include header file iostream
71. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 71
Programming Example: Putting It
Together (continued)
• Two types of memory locations for data
manipulation:
− Named constants
• Usually put before main
− Variables
• This program has only one function (main),
which will contain all the code
• The program needs variables to manipulate
data, which are declared in main
72. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 72
Programming Example: Body of
the Function
• The body of the function main has the
following form:
int main ()
{
declare variables
statements
return 0;
}
73. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 73
Programming Example: Writing a
Complete Program
• Begin the program with comments for
documentation
• Include header files
• Declare named constants, if any
• Write the definition of the function main
75. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 75
Programming Example: Sample
Run
Enter two integers, one for feet, one for inches: 15 7
The numbers you entered are 15 for feet and 7 for inches.
The total number of inches = 187
The number of centimeters = 474.98
76. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 76
Summary
• C++ program: collection of functions where
each program has a function called main
• Identifier consists of letters, digits, and
underscores, and begins with letter or
underscore
• The arithmetic operators in C++ are addition
(+), subtraction (-),multiplication (*), division (/),
and modulus (%)
• Arithmetic expressions are evaluated using the
precedence associativity rules
77. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 77
Summary (continued)
• All operands in an integral expression are
integers and all operands in a floating-point
expression are decimal numbers
• Mixed expression: contains both integers and
decimal numbers
• Use the cast operator to explicitly convert
values from one data type to another
• A named constant is initialized when declared
• All variables must be declared before used
78. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 78
Summary (continued)
• Use cin and stream extraction operator >> to
input from the standard input device
• Use cout and stream insertion operator <<
to output to the standard output device
• Preprocessor commands are processed
before the program goes through the
compiler
• A file containing a C++ program usually ends
with the extension .cpp