Persuasive Techniques in Imam Al-Baqir's (a.s.) Speeches
Dr. Manar Kareem Mehdi,
Department of English, College of Education, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Iraq
Persuasion is an interactive communicative process in which the persuader aims at influencing the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of his audience (Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012: 32). As such, there are certain persuasive techniques and strategies employed by the persuader in order to achieve his ultimate goal of gaining his audience's agreement and support. Accordingly, this paper sets itself the task of detecting the persuasive strategies and techniques utilized in Imam Al-Baqir’s (a.s.) speeches. More precisely, it aims at elucidating the persuasion configuration of the above mentioned speeches. Consequently, it is hypothesized that (1) the most prevalent persuasive strategy adopted by the Imam is response changing, (2) persuasive techniques such as: alliteration, rhetorical questions, repetition, exaggeration, emotive language, and metaphor are frequently utilized by the Imam. To achieve the aim of this study and test its hypotheses, three speeches of Imam Al- Baqir have been chosen for analysis by utilizing the persuasion model developed by the study. Moreover, a statistical method represented by percentage equation has been implemented to demonstrate the findings of the analysis of the data. Results of the analysis verify the above mentioned hypotheses.
Keywords: Persuasion, Alliteration, Rhetorical Questions, Repetition, Emotive Language, Metaphor
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
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Persuasive Techniques in Imam Al-Baqir's (a.s.) Speeches
Dr. Manar Kareem Mehdi,
Al-Zahraa University for Women, Iraq
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
کتیب الملخصات - المؤتمر الدولي السادس حول القضايا الراهنة للغات، علم اللغة، الترجمة و الأدب
9-10 أكتوبر 2021 ، الأهواز
لمزید من المعلومات، ﯾرﺟﯽ زﯾﺎرة ﻣوﻗﻌﻧﺎ اﻹﻟﮐﺗروﻧﻲ : WWW.LLLD.IR
لا تتردد فی مراسلتنا للاجابة عن ای استفسارات.
اللجنة المنظمة للمؤتمر،
الأهواز / الصندوق البريدی 61335-4619:
الهاتف :32931199-61 (98+)
الفاکس:32931198-61(98+)
النقال و رقم للتواصل عبر الواتس اب : 9165088772(98+)
WWW.LLLD.IR، البريد اﻹﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﻲ: info@pahi.ir
Embarking The Six Thinking Hats in EFL Students’ Dissertation Writing at Saida University
Dr. Nadia Ghounane & Dr. Hanane Rabahi,
Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts,
Saida University, Dr. Moulay Tahar, Algeria & Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters and Languages, Maghnia University Centre, Algeria
The present study aims to provide some helpful techniques that guide EFL students in writing essays based on de Bono’s The Six Thinking Hats, hoping that these techniques can help EFL Master Students in writing their dissertations. The researchers selected first-year Master's students at Dr. Moulay Tahar University, Saida. The sample of the study consists of 39 students forming the experimental group. Before starting the experiment, the group had a pretest. After that, they were taught how to use the Six Thinking Hats Approach in writing the abstract and general introduction. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant difference between the results of the pretest and posttest. The result also indicated that the use of the Six Thinking Hats technique provides mechanisms that can enhance the EFL student’s writing skill mainly, in writing dissertations. It is recommended that more importance should be given to practice in developing students’ writing skills. This may enhance the teaching process by implementing techniques that include cognitive abilities in writing tasks that may also improve their critical thinking.
Keywords: Abstract and General Introduction Writing, Cognitive Abilities, Dissertation Writing, EFL Master Students, Six Thinking Hats
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Investigating the Integration of Culture Teaching in Foreign Language Classroom: A Case Study
Dr. Samah Benzerroug (Department of English) & Dr. Souhila Benzerroug (Department of French),
Teacher Training College of Bouzareah, Algiers, Algeria
Many scholars argue that language and culture are closely related to each other and hence the teaching of a foreign language cannot take place without the teaching of its corresponding culture which helps promoting language learning and enhancing learners’ motivation and performance (Corbett, J. (2003); (1996); Hinkel, E. (1999); Kramsch, C. (2006)). This being the case, the present study aims at putting emphasis on the importance and significance of integrating culture teaching in foreign language classroom in the Algerian school. It seeks to investigate whether foreign language teachers grant significant value and interest to the foreign language culture. Therefore, a descriptive analysis of the English and French textbooks of the secondary education was carried out to identify and examine the way the cultural dimensions are being dealt with. In addition, a survey was conducted by addressing a questionnaire to a number of secondary school teachers of English and French to investigate to what extent they consider culture teaching in their classroom. The research results revealed that despite the fact that there is a move towards fostering culture teaching, the textbooks still offer few tasks that deal with cultural aspects and teachers are still unfamiliar with the techniques to promote it in the classroom, thus they neglect culture teaching and prefer to focus on other aspects in the class like accuracy, fluency and language skills development. In light of these findings, a number of considerable implications and recommendation are presented to foreign language teachers and language policy decision-makers to stress the importance of integrating culture teaching and adequately implement it in the classroom.
Keywords: Foreign Language, Culture, Teaching, Integrating, Classroom
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Relationship between Creativity and Tolerance of Ambiguity to Understand Metaphorical Polysemy: A Pilot Study
Maha Ounis,
University of Sfax, Tunisia
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Relationship between Creativity and Tolerance of Ambiguity to Understand Metaphorical Polysemy: A Pilot Study
Maha Ounis,
Department of English, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, University of Sfax, Tunisia
This study focuses on lexical ambiguity as polysemous words were proved to hinder meaning understanding. In an attempt to operationalize polysemous words from a cognitive perspective, the researcher deduces that metaphorical polysemy engenders words with basic and peripheral (or metaphorical) senses. Participants were asked to answer Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale II (MSTAT II). Then, they answered Wallach and Kogan Creativity Test, which revealed a slight positive relationship with MSTAT II. Furthermore, the results show two things. First, there is a positive relationship between creativity and semi-technical vocabulary tests scores. Second, there is a link between creativity level and understanding the prototypical meanings of words. Contrarily, MSTAT II and prototypical meanings tests scores correlation is very weak.
Keywords: Adult Language Learners, Multilingualism, Language Testing, Language Learning, Foreign Languages
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Role of Speech Therapy in Overcoming Lexical Deficit in Adult Broca’s Aphasia
Tanzeela Abid & Dr. Habibullah Pathan,
English Language Development Centre, Faculty of Science, Technology and Humanities, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan
This is an exploratory study and qualitative in nature. Unit of exploration is ‘Adult Broca’s Aphasic Patients.’ This paper aims to explore the function and integrity of ‘Speech Therapy’ for adult Broca’s aphasia. Aphasia is the after-effect of brain damage, commonly found in left hemisphere which disrupts language faculty. The present study focuses on ‘Lexical’ aspect of language in which an individual faces trouble in processing of words. In Broca’s aphasia affected individual suffers from diminished capability of speaking/communication. To recover such diminished capabilities, speech therapy is utilized. This study intends to investigate the effectiveness of speech therapy that how speech therapy helps to adult Broca’s aphasia to recover their speaking or conversing skills? Participants of the study are ‘Speech therapists.’ Purposeful sampling, particularly Snowball sampling has been undertaken. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted from five speech therapists, which have been analyzed through thematic analysis under the light of ‘Sketch Model’ given by De ruiter and De beer (2013). The Findings of the study suggest that speech therapy may be proved helpful for Broca’s aphasia to recover their communicating capabilities but it requires much time (minimum 6 months). Moreover, recovery depends upon certain factors such as age, level of disorder and willingness.
Keywords: Broca’s Aphasia, Lexical Deficit, Speech Therapy, Communication, Speaking Skills
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Role of Speech Therapy in Overcoming Lexical Deficit in Adult Broca’s Aphasia
Tanzeela Abid & Dr. Habibullah Pathan,
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Persuasive Techniques in Imam Al-Baqir's (a.s.) Speeches
Dr. Manar Kareem Mehdi,
Al-Zahraa University for Women, Iraq
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
کتیب الملخصات - المؤتمر الدولي السادس حول القضايا الراهنة للغات، علم اللغة، الترجمة و الأدب
9-10 أكتوبر 2021 ، الأهواز
لمزید من المعلومات، ﯾرﺟﯽ زﯾﺎرة ﻣوﻗﻌﻧﺎ اﻹﻟﮐﺗروﻧﻲ : WWW.LLLD.IR
لا تتردد فی مراسلتنا للاجابة عن ای استفسارات.
اللجنة المنظمة للمؤتمر،
الأهواز / الصندوق البريدی 61335-4619:
الهاتف :32931199-61 (98+)
الفاکس:32931198-61(98+)
النقال و رقم للتواصل عبر الواتس اب : 9165088772(98+)
WWW.LLLD.IR، البريد اﻹﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﻲ: info@pahi.ir
Embarking The Six Thinking Hats in EFL Students’ Dissertation Writing at Saida University
Dr. Nadia Ghounane & Dr. Hanane Rabahi,
Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts,
Saida University, Dr. Moulay Tahar, Algeria & Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters and Languages, Maghnia University Centre, Algeria
The present study aims to provide some helpful techniques that guide EFL students in writing essays based on de Bono’s The Six Thinking Hats, hoping that these techniques can help EFL Master Students in writing their dissertations. The researchers selected first-year Master's students at Dr. Moulay Tahar University, Saida. The sample of the study consists of 39 students forming the experimental group. Before starting the experiment, the group had a pretest. After that, they were taught how to use the Six Thinking Hats Approach in writing the abstract and general introduction. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant difference between the results of the pretest and posttest. The result also indicated that the use of the Six Thinking Hats technique provides mechanisms that can enhance the EFL student’s writing skill mainly, in writing dissertations. It is recommended that more importance should be given to practice in developing students’ writing skills. This may enhance the teaching process by implementing techniques that include cognitive abilities in writing tasks that may also improve their critical thinking.
Keywords: Abstract and General Introduction Writing, Cognitive Abilities, Dissertation Writing, EFL Master Students, Six Thinking Hats
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Investigating the Integration of Culture Teaching in Foreign Language Classroom: A Case Study
Dr. Samah Benzerroug (Department of English) & Dr. Souhila Benzerroug (Department of French),
Teacher Training College of Bouzareah, Algiers, Algeria
Many scholars argue that language and culture are closely related to each other and hence the teaching of a foreign language cannot take place without the teaching of its corresponding culture which helps promoting language learning and enhancing learners’ motivation and performance (Corbett, J. (2003); (1996); Hinkel, E. (1999); Kramsch, C. (2006)). This being the case, the present study aims at putting emphasis on the importance and significance of integrating culture teaching in foreign language classroom in the Algerian school. It seeks to investigate whether foreign language teachers grant significant value and interest to the foreign language culture. Therefore, a descriptive analysis of the English and French textbooks of the secondary education was carried out to identify and examine the way the cultural dimensions are being dealt with. In addition, a survey was conducted by addressing a questionnaire to a number of secondary school teachers of English and French to investigate to what extent they consider culture teaching in their classroom. The research results revealed that despite the fact that there is a move towards fostering culture teaching, the textbooks still offer few tasks that deal with cultural aspects and teachers are still unfamiliar with the techniques to promote it in the classroom, thus they neglect culture teaching and prefer to focus on other aspects in the class like accuracy, fluency and language skills development. In light of these findings, a number of considerable implications and recommendation are presented to foreign language teachers and language policy decision-makers to stress the importance of integrating culture teaching and adequately implement it in the classroom.
Keywords: Foreign Language, Culture, Teaching, Integrating, Classroom
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Relationship between Creativity and Tolerance of Ambiguity to Understand Metaphorical Polysemy: A Pilot Study
Maha Ounis,
University of Sfax, Tunisia
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Relationship between Creativity and Tolerance of Ambiguity to Understand Metaphorical Polysemy: A Pilot Study
Maha Ounis,
Department of English, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, University of Sfax, Tunisia
This study focuses on lexical ambiguity as polysemous words were proved to hinder meaning understanding. In an attempt to operationalize polysemous words from a cognitive perspective, the researcher deduces that metaphorical polysemy engenders words with basic and peripheral (or metaphorical) senses. Participants were asked to answer Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale II (MSTAT II). Then, they answered Wallach and Kogan Creativity Test, which revealed a slight positive relationship with MSTAT II. Furthermore, the results show two things. First, there is a positive relationship between creativity and semi-technical vocabulary tests scores. Second, there is a link between creativity level and understanding the prototypical meanings of words. Contrarily, MSTAT II and prototypical meanings tests scores correlation is very weak.
Keywords: Adult Language Learners, Multilingualism, Language Testing, Language Learning, Foreign Languages
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Role of Speech Therapy in Overcoming Lexical Deficit in Adult Broca’s Aphasia
Tanzeela Abid & Dr. Habibullah Pathan,
English Language Development Centre, Faculty of Science, Technology and Humanities, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan
This is an exploratory study and qualitative in nature. Unit of exploration is ‘Adult Broca’s Aphasic Patients.’ This paper aims to explore the function and integrity of ‘Speech Therapy’ for adult Broca’s aphasia. Aphasia is the after-effect of brain damage, commonly found in left hemisphere which disrupts language faculty. The present study focuses on ‘Lexical’ aspect of language in which an individual faces trouble in processing of words. In Broca’s aphasia affected individual suffers from diminished capability of speaking/communication. To recover such diminished capabilities, speech therapy is utilized. This study intends to investigate the effectiveness of speech therapy that how speech therapy helps to adult Broca’s aphasia to recover their speaking or conversing skills? Participants of the study are ‘Speech therapists.’ Purposeful sampling, particularly Snowball sampling has been undertaken. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted from five speech therapists, which have been analyzed through thematic analysis under the light of ‘Sketch Model’ given by De ruiter and De beer (2013). The Findings of the study suggest that speech therapy may be proved helpful for Broca’s aphasia to recover their communicating capabilities but it requires much time (minimum 6 months). Moreover, recovery depends upon certain factors such as age, level of disorder and willingness.
Keywords: Broca’s Aphasia, Lexical Deficit, Speech Therapy, Communication, Speaking Skills
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Role of Speech Therapy in Overcoming Lexical Deficit in Adult Broca’s Aphasia
Tanzeela Abid & Dr. Habibullah Pathan,
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Full Articles (Volume Two) - The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
Ahwaz, Iran
9-10 October 2021
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
--- International Standard Book Number (ISBN): 978-622-94212-0-8
--- According to the governmental approval (The Ministry): 2260614
--- Iranian National Standard Number of Book (Number of National Library of Islamic Republic of Iran): 8679332
--- The Dewey Decimal Classification: 410
--- The Library of Congress Classification: P23
--- Publisher: Ahwaz Publication of Research and Sciences (The Ministry Approval Number: 16171)
Please feel free to write if there is any query.
The Conference Secretariat,
Ahwaz 61335-4619 Iran
(+98) 61-32931199
(+98) 61-32931198
(+98) 916-5088772 (WhatsApp Number)
WWW.LLLD.IR, Email: info@pahi.ir
This document discusses applying Bloom's Taxonomy of educational objectives to grade English texts in terms of difficulty for non-native English translators. The study had 30 Iranian English translation students take a translation test with 6 passages graded based on the cognitive processes (knowledge, comprehension, application, etc.) required. Results found translator performance quality aligned with expected difficulty based on Bloom's levels, except for the synthesis text. The findings support using Bloom's Taxonomy to assess translation quality and reliability, and to teach translation skills.
المجلد: 2 ، العدد: 3 ، مجلة الأهواز لدراسات علم اللغة
مجلة الأهواز لدراسات علم اللغة
(مجلة فصلية دولية محكمة)
(ISSN: 2717-2716)
لمزید من المعلومات، ﯾرﺟﯽ زﯾﺎرة ﻣوﻗﻌﻧﺎ اﻹﻟﮐﺗروﻧﻲ : WWW.AJLS.IR
ترحب المجلة بجميع الباحثين في مجال اهتمامها العلمي والبحثي في احد المحاور المذکورة أدﻧﺎه بإحدی اللغات التالیة: العربیة، الإنجلیزیة و الفارسیة:
أ) اللغات و اللهجات (القضايا الراهنة بلسانیات اللغة)
ب) علم اللغة (القضايا الراهنة بعلم اللغة)
ج) الأدب (القضاية الراهنة بالأدب العربي، الإنجليزي، و سائر اللغات)
د) الترجمة (القضاية الراهنة بترجمة اللغات)
ه) القضايا الراهنة بلسانیات القرآن الکریم
و) القضايا الراهنة لتعلیم اللغات لغير الناطقين بها
ز) تعليم، برمجة و تقييم برامج تعليم و تعلم اللغات
ح) الاستراتيجيات، إمكانیات و تحديات التسويق وريادة الأعمال فی اللغات المتنوعة
ط) القضايا الراهنة بلسانیات النصوص و الخطاب الديني، الاقتصادی، الاجتماعي، القانوني، و ...
الأهواز / الصندوق البريدی 61335-4619:
الهاتف :32931199-61 (98+)
الفاکس:32931198-61(98+)
النقال و رقم للتواصل علی الواتس اب : 9165088772(98+)
البريد اﻹﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﻲ: info@pahi.ir
Investigating the Integration of Culture Teaching in Foreign Language Classroom: A Case Study
Dr. Samah Benzerroug & Dr. Souhila Benzerroug,
Teacher Training College of Bouzareah, Algiers, Algeria
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
This document discusses a study on how intercultural competence affects the translation process of English students at Tridinanti University in Palembang, Indonesia. The study analyzed translations done by fourth semester English students with different cultural backgrounds. It found that while the students had diverse cultures, they demonstrated the same ability to translate the target language well by considering its cultural context. Most translations showed good word choice, correct grammar and syntax, and could be understood by readers. The document provides background on intercultural communication, translation, and the relationship between language, culture and translation competence.
This study examined the impact of cohesive devices in English textbooks on Iranian high school students' reading comprehension. 64 students were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group read passages from a textbook that highlighted cohesive devices, while the control group practiced past exam questions. Both groups took a pre-test and post-test of reading comprehension. Results of t-tests and effect size calculations showed that the experimental group performed significantly better on the post-test, indicating that exposure to cohesive devices in texts helped improve their reading comprehension. A correlation also suggested that students with higher English proficiency benefited more from the cohesive devices. The findings suggest explicit instruction of cohesive devices could aid EFL reading comprehension.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Advertisments in MalaysiaIhsan Ibadurrahman
The document provides a summary of a study analyzing advertisements in Malaysia using critical discourse analysis. It begins with an introduction to advertising and critical discourse analysis. It then reviews relevant literature on critical discourse analyses of advertisements conducted in other contexts. The methodology discusses how the current study analyzed 10 advertisements from Malaysian media using questionnaires and a three-level approach of linguistic, social, and cultural analysis. The results and discussion section provides examples of how 5 of the advertisements were analyzed based on this framework, looking at linguistic features, target audiences, and implied cultural meanings. In summary, the document outlines a critical discourse analysis of Malaysian advertisements applying techniques used in previous similar studies.
The document discusses a study analyzing the translation strategies used for proper nouns in Harry Potter books from English to Persian. 100 proper nouns from Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix were identified and compared to their translations in three Persian versions. The researcher classified the translation strategies used according to models by Newmark and Vinay-Darbelnet, finding that the most frequent strategies were direct translation for place/organization nouns and calque for creature/spell nouns. The study also involved a questionnaire with young readers to determine preferences between translated and untranslated proper nouns.
This document discusses a study that investigated the impact of English metaphorical awareness on vocabulary retention in 60 intermediate EFL learners in Iran. The experimental group received 20 minutes of tasks involving pictorial idioms, poems, and matching for 16 sessions to increase their metaphorical awareness, while the control group received regular vocabulary exercises. The experimental group significantly outperformed the control group on tests of vocabulary retention, supporting the positive impact of metaphorical awareness training. Prior research suggests metaphorical awareness can help EFL learners better understand polysemic words and idioms by recognizing conceptual metaphors.
1) The document discusses a study that compared the effectiveness of input-oriented tasks (like glossing) and output-oriented tasks (like gap-filling and composing) on improving EFL learners' vocabulary.
2) 64 Iranian EFL learners were divided into two groups - one received input tasks and the other received output tasks over 15 sessions.
3) Both groups showed improvement on a vocabulary test, but the study found no significant difference between the groups, suggesting that neither input nor output tasks were superior for vocabulary learning.
This document analyzes Nelson Mandela's presidential inauguration speech using Systemic Functional Grammar and the interpersonal metafunction framework. It examines Mandela's use of mood, modality, personal pronouns, and rhythmic words. The analysis found Mandela primarily used declarative mood and first personal pronouns to connect with the audience. Modal verbs and a variety of rhythmic words also helped establish his stance and relationship with listeners. The speech demonstrated how strategic use of language can influence audiences and convey interpersonal meanings.
Critical Discourse Analysis of Pakistani TV Comedy Talk Show “Khabarnaak”AJHSSR Journal
Various TV channels are established in the Pakistani media with an increasing number of
satellites. Talk shows are most prominent among other shows as they precise and present bitter facts in a very
light way by commenting, satirizing, analyzing and criticizing in much funny style. All day morning, noon,
evening, late night- talk shows are shown; even for special occasions, special talk shows are arranged. Among
these shows Political shows are most spectacular to manifest the thinking, perceptions, and impact of the
different political announcements from the leaders in a present alarming situation.“Khabarnaak” is a very
popular comedy talk show in Pakistan due to lofty language, witty compliments and especially characters of
“Khabarnaak” criticizing different aspects of society.Critical analysis of these announcements amuse the
listener as well as convey the news exploring specific words, accent, tone , indirect speech or some similes or
metaphors used by the host. Critical Discourse Analysis of “Khabarnaak” will explain how they criticize and
why they criticize. Actually, characters of “Khabarnaak” did not know different linguistic phenomenon. They
communicate in Urdu, Punjabi and English, every sentence uttered by the characters have a different ratio of
code switching. The present study is based on political and social scenarios through CDA of “Khabarnaak” as it
is very popular because it has first-moveredge.This research is purely qualitative and based on the philosophy of
Fairclough‟s model. According to Fairclough‟s model language can be manipulated through different social
factors. Three episodes are selected to critically analyze thesocio-political aspects that can be identified from the
Pakistani TV comedy talk show “Khabarnaak
The Ideology of Translation in Turtle and Dolphin Story into Indonesian and B...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research examines the ideology of translation applied in translating adjectives in an
English trilingual child story book entitled “Turtle and Dolphin” by Dunkle, et al (2012) which is written in
English, Indonesian, and Balinese. It has a message to keep the environment clean and green. This study is
aimed at finding out the translation ideology by describing the procedures and methods of translation. The data
were obtained by documentation method and note-taking technique. Three theories applied to analyze the
problems of study are translation procedures by Vinay and Dalbernet (in Venuti, 2000), translation methods by
Newmark‟s (1988), and translation ideology by Hatim & Mason (1997). The results showed that there are three
procedures applied including literal, transposition, and modulation. Meanwhile, the translation methods applied
were literal and communicative method. The amounts of source language emphasis is higher than the target
language emphasis, therefore it can be considered that the ideology of translation is the Foreignization ideology.
The use of this ideology is well adjusted especially for children as the main target readers. The translation result
is easier to comprehend as it is simpler and more neutral both in structure and meaning
المجلد: 2 ، العدد: 2 ، مجلة الأهواز لدراسات علم اللغة
مجلةالأهواز لدراسات علم اللغة
(مجلة فصلية دولية محكمة)
(ISSN: 2717-2716)
لمزید من المعلومات، ﯾرﺟﯽ زﯾﺎرة ﻣوﻗﻌﻧﺎ اﻹﻟﮐﺗروﻧﻲ : WWW.AJLS.IR
ترحب المجلة بجميع الباحثين في مجال اهتمامها العلمي والبحثي بإحدی اللغات التالیة: العربیة، الإنجلیزیة و الفارسیة فی احد المحاور المذکورة ادناه:
أ) اللغات و اللهجات (القضايا الراهنة بلسانیات اللغة)
ب) علم اللغة (القضايا الراهنة بعلم اللغة)
ج) الأدب (القضاية الراهنة بالأدب العربي، الإنجليزي، و سائر اللغات)
د) الترجمة (القضاية الراهنة بترجمة اللغات)
ه) القضايا الراهنة بلسانیات القرآن الکریم
و) القضايا الراهنة لتعلیم اللغات لغير الناطقين بها
ز) تعليم، برمجة و تقييم برامج تعليم و تعلم اللغات
ح) الاستراتيجيات، إمكانیات و تحديات التسويق وريادة الأعمال فی اللغات المتنوعة
ط) القضايا الراهنة بلسانیات النصوص و الخطاب الديني، الاقتصادی، الاجتماعي، القانوني، و ...
الأهواز / الصندوق البريدی 61335-4619:
الهاتف :32931199-61 (98+)
الفاکس:32931198-61(98+)
النقال و رقم للتواصل علی الواتس اب : 9165088772(98+)
البريد اﻹﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﻲ: info@pahi.ir
Computer conferencing—does it motivate EFL students? by Barbara Skinner and ...yoanamendez92
The document discusses a study that explored the effects of computer conferencing (CC) on the motivation of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. The study found that CC had noticeable positive effects on student motivation. Students reported that CC provided opportunities for real communication and a sense of community. It also improved their personal confidence and encouraged them to overcome writing apprehension. The study suggests these motivations contribute to supporting newer classifications of motivation in second language learning beyond traditional intrinsic/extrinsic and instrumental/integrative distinctions.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE APPROPRIATENESS OF ADVICE-GIVING AMONG IRANIAN EFL ...Yasser Al-Shboul
This study investigates the differences in the perceptions of the appropriateness in advice giving
in English between Iranian Persian English as a foreign language (EFL) male and female
learners. Data were collected through an adopted version of a Multiple Choice Questionnaire
(MCQ) by Hinkel (1997). The questionnaire involves a series of questions with regard to advice
giving or opting out to a peer acquaintance (equal status) and an instructor (higher status). The
result of the study illustrated that both groups perceived the social distance in the situations with
peer acquaintance (equal status) and instructor (higher status) differently. The learners also
differed in the types of advice they used as the appropriate choice. For Iranian Persian EFL male
learners, in both situations (peer acquaintance and instructor) they preferred indirect advice rather
than the other three options which are hedge advice, direct advice and opting out. On the other
hand, for Iranian Persian EFL female learners, they selected hedge advice in both peer
acquaintance and instructor situations as compared to the other three options (direct advice,
indirect advice and opting out). The study concluded that Iranian Persian EFL learners should be
provided with programs that improve the awareness on different appropriate conversational
strategies in English language. The findings of this study are expected to be beneficial in crosscultural
and cross-gender comparison studies.
A Radical Shift to a Profound and Rigorous Investigation in Political Discour...Bahram Kazemian
Drawing on overarching methodological frameworks of Hallidayan grammatical metaphor, Fairclough’s
perspective on critical discourse analysis and rhetoric, this study attempts to posit a novel, integrated and
practical approach to political, the media, advertisement and other discourses. To this end and based on the
proposed approach, it aims to critically and eclectically exemplify and dissect three speeches delivered by Mr.
Barack Obama, former president of the US, to first manifest the integrated approach practicality and adeptness
through analysis; then by virtue of analysis to unveil how language is manipulated and distorted by orators in
order to convey seamlessly intended messages and political creeds to the audience. Surveying recent annals of
literature, to date no one has conducted an integrated study applying these disciplines in an individual paper and
this study as a trial one can be useful for upcoming research. The analysis depicts practicality and efficiency of
the integrated approach and displays that the speeches abound with nominalizations, modal verbs, parallelisms
and antitheses. Furthermore, there are some three-part listing, the use of passivization, quotations and modality
metaphors. Therefore, a tendency to utilize more nominalizations, parallelism and other devices by the speaker
can be a fundamental reason for making his political language more powerful, impressive, persuasive and
ambiguous as well.
The use of personal pronouns: A comparison between Iranian and Malaysian dyadsJames Cook University
Yazdi-Amirkhiz, S. Y., Abu Bakar, K., & Hajhashemi, K. (2014). The use of personal pronouns: A comparison between Iranian and Malaysian dyads. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 3(1), 245-248. doi: 10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.3n.1p.245
Abstract: The present paper is part of a larger study which comparatively examined the collaborative discourse of two Iranian and two Malaysian dyads. The members of the dyads were all female and of the same English language proficiency. Core findings of the study on the typology and the frequency of the pronouns used by the participants in the course of eleven sessions of collaborative writing are reported. The content analysis of their pair talk for pronouns indicated that Iranian participants tended to use “I” and “you” considerably more than their Malaysian counterparts, whereas Malaysian participants were found to have a stronger tendency to use “we” more often. The findings are discussed with regard to the macro-cultural dichotomy of world cultures (collectivist/ individualist).
This study aimed at appraising the observance of Gricean maxims by Tanzanian politicians in T.V. hosted interviews. The study adopted Grice (1975) cooperative principle in finding out politicians’ observance of the Gricean quality and quantity maxims.The interviews are from EATV ‘Mkasi’ session and involved Honorable Mwigulu Nchemba from CCM and Hon. Zitto Kabwe from CHADEMA and only their verbal responses were subjected to analysis. Content analysis for data collection was used and the study involved a case study design. The study findings show that politicians did not adhere to these conversational maxims as they responded to questions employing different forms of non-observances include flouting and opting out of maxims as well as maxim clash. These non-observances were meant to persuade the viewers and gain social and political credibility, achieving politeness, imposing and suppressing/avoid any face-threatening, and building the speakers’ positive images and that of their parties. However, the inferences drawn from the findings were the two politicians like other members of public service did not often observe the maxims, meaning that they intentionally chose to be non-literal and opted for indirect communication, even in their non-observances of the maxims they remained communicative in a richer and profound way than if they were literal and direct.
The document discusses teaching methods used by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that could be implemented in modern learning technologies. It analyzes Prophet Muhammad's methods under categories such as directing, mind management, stimulating, gradual approaches, and considering individual differences. Some examples given include using practical application and role models to teach, praise and competition to motivate students, and progressive simplification and individualization to ensure concepts are understood by all. The document argues Prophet Muhammad's learner-centered approach can inform the development of adaptive and blended learning models.
The document discusses teaching methods used by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that could be implemented in modern learning technologies. It analyzes Prophet Muhammad's methods under categories such as directing, mind management, stimulating, gradual approaches, and considering individual differences. Some examples given include using practical application and role models to teach, praise and competition to motivate students, and progressive simplification and individualization to ensure concepts are understood by all. The document argues Prophet Muhammad's learner-centered approach can inform the development of adaptive and blended learning models.
Discourse Analysis article shared by Azhar Khan ..1Abdullah Saleem
This document discusses a study that analyzed six advertisements using methods of critical discourse analysis. The study aimed to investigate the intentions and techniques used by companies to influence consumers. Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model and Kress and van Leeuwen's grammar of visual design were used to analyze how power and ideology are expressed in advertisements. The results showed that private producers try to give power to viewers to persuade them to buy products, while government producers try to show their own power. Overall, advertisements generally use power and ideology to change behaviors and thoughts.
Full Articles (Volume Two) - The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
Ahwaz, Iran
9-10 October 2021
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
--- International Standard Book Number (ISBN): 978-622-94212-0-8
--- According to the governmental approval (The Ministry): 2260614
--- Iranian National Standard Number of Book (Number of National Library of Islamic Republic of Iran): 8679332
--- The Dewey Decimal Classification: 410
--- The Library of Congress Classification: P23
--- Publisher: Ahwaz Publication of Research and Sciences (The Ministry Approval Number: 16171)
Please feel free to write if there is any query.
The Conference Secretariat,
Ahwaz 61335-4619 Iran
(+98) 61-32931199
(+98) 61-32931198
(+98) 916-5088772 (WhatsApp Number)
WWW.LLLD.IR, Email: info@pahi.ir
This document discusses applying Bloom's Taxonomy of educational objectives to grade English texts in terms of difficulty for non-native English translators. The study had 30 Iranian English translation students take a translation test with 6 passages graded based on the cognitive processes (knowledge, comprehension, application, etc.) required. Results found translator performance quality aligned with expected difficulty based on Bloom's levels, except for the synthesis text. The findings support using Bloom's Taxonomy to assess translation quality and reliability, and to teach translation skills.
المجلد: 2 ، العدد: 3 ، مجلة الأهواز لدراسات علم اللغة
مجلة الأهواز لدراسات علم اللغة
(مجلة فصلية دولية محكمة)
(ISSN: 2717-2716)
لمزید من المعلومات، ﯾرﺟﯽ زﯾﺎرة ﻣوﻗﻌﻧﺎ اﻹﻟﮐﺗروﻧﻲ : WWW.AJLS.IR
ترحب المجلة بجميع الباحثين في مجال اهتمامها العلمي والبحثي في احد المحاور المذکورة أدﻧﺎه بإحدی اللغات التالیة: العربیة، الإنجلیزیة و الفارسیة:
أ) اللغات و اللهجات (القضايا الراهنة بلسانیات اللغة)
ب) علم اللغة (القضايا الراهنة بعلم اللغة)
ج) الأدب (القضاية الراهنة بالأدب العربي، الإنجليزي، و سائر اللغات)
د) الترجمة (القضاية الراهنة بترجمة اللغات)
ه) القضايا الراهنة بلسانیات القرآن الکریم
و) القضايا الراهنة لتعلیم اللغات لغير الناطقين بها
ز) تعليم، برمجة و تقييم برامج تعليم و تعلم اللغات
ح) الاستراتيجيات، إمكانیات و تحديات التسويق وريادة الأعمال فی اللغات المتنوعة
ط) القضايا الراهنة بلسانیات النصوص و الخطاب الديني، الاقتصادی، الاجتماعي، القانوني، و ...
الأهواز / الصندوق البريدی 61335-4619:
الهاتف :32931199-61 (98+)
الفاکس:32931198-61(98+)
النقال و رقم للتواصل علی الواتس اب : 9165088772(98+)
البريد اﻹﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﻲ: info@pahi.ir
Investigating the Integration of Culture Teaching in Foreign Language Classroom: A Case Study
Dr. Samah Benzerroug & Dr. Souhila Benzerroug,
Teacher Training College of Bouzareah, Algiers, Algeria
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
This document discusses a study on how intercultural competence affects the translation process of English students at Tridinanti University in Palembang, Indonesia. The study analyzed translations done by fourth semester English students with different cultural backgrounds. It found that while the students had diverse cultures, they demonstrated the same ability to translate the target language well by considering its cultural context. Most translations showed good word choice, correct grammar and syntax, and could be understood by readers. The document provides background on intercultural communication, translation, and the relationship between language, culture and translation competence.
This study examined the impact of cohesive devices in English textbooks on Iranian high school students' reading comprehension. 64 students were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group read passages from a textbook that highlighted cohesive devices, while the control group practiced past exam questions. Both groups took a pre-test and post-test of reading comprehension. Results of t-tests and effect size calculations showed that the experimental group performed significantly better on the post-test, indicating that exposure to cohesive devices in texts helped improve their reading comprehension. A correlation also suggested that students with higher English proficiency benefited more from the cohesive devices. The findings suggest explicit instruction of cohesive devices could aid EFL reading comprehension.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Advertisments in MalaysiaIhsan Ibadurrahman
The document provides a summary of a study analyzing advertisements in Malaysia using critical discourse analysis. It begins with an introduction to advertising and critical discourse analysis. It then reviews relevant literature on critical discourse analyses of advertisements conducted in other contexts. The methodology discusses how the current study analyzed 10 advertisements from Malaysian media using questionnaires and a three-level approach of linguistic, social, and cultural analysis. The results and discussion section provides examples of how 5 of the advertisements were analyzed based on this framework, looking at linguistic features, target audiences, and implied cultural meanings. In summary, the document outlines a critical discourse analysis of Malaysian advertisements applying techniques used in previous similar studies.
The document discusses a study analyzing the translation strategies used for proper nouns in Harry Potter books from English to Persian. 100 proper nouns from Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix were identified and compared to their translations in three Persian versions. The researcher classified the translation strategies used according to models by Newmark and Vinay-Darbelnet, finding that the most frequent strategies were direct translation for place/organization nouns and calque for creature/spell nouns. The study also involved a questionnaire with young readers to determine preferences between translated and untranslated proper nouns.
This document discusses a study that investigated the impact of English metaphorical awareness on vocabulary retention in 60 intermediate EFL learners in Iran. The experimental group received 20 minutes of tasks involving pictorial idioms, poems, and matching for 16 sessions to increase their metaphorical awareness, while the control group received regular vocabulary exercises. The experimental group significantly outperformed the control group on tests of vocabulary retention, supporting the positive impact of metaphorical awareness training. Prior research suggests metaphorical awareness can help EFL learners better understand polysemic words and idioms by recognizing conceptual metaphors.
1) The document discusses a study that compared the effectiveness of input-oriented tasks (like glossing) and output-oriented tasks (like gap-filling and composing) on improving EFL learners' vocabulary.
2) 64 Iranian EFL learners were divided into two groups - one received input tasks and the other received output tasks over 15 sessions.
3) Both groups showed improvement on a vocabulary test, but the study found no significant difference between the groups, suggesting that neither input nor output tasks were superior for vocabulary learning.
This document analyzes Nelson Mandela's presidential inauguration speech using Systemic Functional Grammar and the interpersonal metafunction framework. It examines Mandela's use of mood, modality, personal pronouns, and rhythmic words. The analysis found Mandela primarily used declarative mood and first personal pronouns to connect with the audience. Modal verbs and a variety of rhythmic words also helped establish his stance and relationship with listeners. The speech demonstrated how strategic use of language can influence audiences and convey interpersonal meanings.
Critical Discourse Analysis of Pakistani TV Comedy Talk Show “Khabarnaak”AJHSSR Journal
Various TV channels are established in the Pakistani media with an increasing number of
satellites. Talk shows are most prominent among other shows as they precise and present bitter facts in a very
light way by commenting, satirizing, analyzing and criticizing in much funny style. All day morning, noon,
evening, late night- talk shows are shown; even for special occasions, special talk shows are arranged. Among
these shows Political shows are most spectacular to manifest the thinking, perceptions, and impact of the
different political announcements from the leaders in a present alarming situation.“Khabarnaak” is a very
popular comedy talk show in Pakistan due to lofty language, witty compliments and especially characters of
“Khabarnaak” criticizing different aspects of society.Critical analysis of these announcements amuse the
listener as well as convey the news exploring specific words, accent, tone , indirect speech or some similes or
metaphors used by the host. Critical Discourse Analysis of “Khabarnaak” will explain how they criticize and
why they criticize. Actually, characters of “Khabarnaak” did not know different linguistic phenomenon. They
communicate in Urdu, Punjabi and English, every sentence uttered by the characters have a different ratio of
code switching. The present study is based on political and social scenarios through CDA of “Khabarnaak” as it
is very popular because it has first-moveredge.This research is purely qualitative and based on the philosophy of
Fairclough‟s model. According to Fairclough‟s model language can be manipulated through different social
factors. Three episodes are selected to critically analyze thesocio-political aspects that can be identified from the
Pakistani TV comedy talk show “Khabarnaak
The Ideology of Translation in Turtle and Dolphin Story into Indonesian and B...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research examines the ideology of translation applied in translating adjectives in an
English trilingual child story book entitled “Turtle and Dolphin” by Dunkle, et al (2012) which is written in
English, Indonesian, and Balinese. It has a message to keep the environment clean and green. This study is
aimed at finding out the translation ideology by describing the procedures and methods of translation. The data
were obtained by documentation method and note-taking technique. Three theories applied to analyze the
problems of study are translation procedures by Vinay and Dalbernet (in Venuti, 2000), translation methods by
Newmark‟s (1988), and translation ideology by Hatim & Mason (1997). The results showed that there are three
procedures applied including literal, transposition, and modulation. Meanwhile, the translation methods applied
were literal and communicative method. The amounts of source language emphasis is higher than the target
language emphasis, therefore it can be considered that the ideology of translation is the Foreignization ideology.
The use of this ideology is well adjusted especially for children as the main target readers. The translation result
is easier to comprehend as it is simpler and more neutral both in structure and meaning
المجلد: 2 ، العدد: 2 ، مجلة الأهواز لدراسات علم اللغة
مجلةالأهواز لدراسات علم اللغة
(مجلة فصلية دولية محكمة)
(ISSN: 2717-2716)
لمزید من المعلومات، ﯾرﺟﯽ زﯾﺎرة ﻣوﻗﻌﻧﺎ اﻹﻟﮐﺗروﻧﻲ : WWW.AJLS.IR
ترحب المجلة بجميع الباحثين في مجال اهتمامها العلمي والبحثي بإحدی اللغات التالیة: العربیة، الإنجلیزیة و الفارسیة فی احد المحاور المذکورة ادناه:
أ) اللغات و اللهجات (القضايا الراهنة بلسانیات اللغة)
ب) علم اللغة (القضايا الراهنة بعلم اللغة)
ج) الأدب (القضاية الراهنة بالأدب العربي، الإنجليزي، و سائر اللغات)
د) الترجمة (القضاية الراهنة بترجمة اللغات)
ه) القضايا الراهنة بلسانیات القرآن الکریم
و) القضايا الراهنة لتعلیم اللغات لغير الناطقين بها
ز) تعليم، برمجة و تقييم برامج تعليم و تعلم اللغات
ح) الاستراتيجيات، إمكانیات و تحديات التسويق وريادة الأعمال فی اللغات المتنوعة
ط) القضايا الراهنة بلسانیات النصوص و الخطاب الديني، الاقتصادی، الاجتماعي، القانوني، و ...
الأهواز / الصندوق البريدی 61335-4619:
الهاتف :32931199-61 (98+)
الفاکس:32931198-61(98+)
النقال و رقم للتواصل علی الواتس اب : 9165088772(98+)
البريد اﻹﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﻲ: info@pahi.ir
Computer conferencing—does it motivate EFL students? by Barbara Skinner and ...yoanamendez92
The document discusses a study that explored the effects of computer conferencing (CC) on the motivation of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. The study found that CC had noticeable positive effects on student motivation. Students reported that CC provided opportunities for real communication and a sense of community. It also improved their personal confidence and encouraged them to overcome writing apprehension. The study suggests these motivations contribute to supporting newer classifications of motivation in second language learning beyond traditional intrinsic/extrinsic and instrumental/integrative distinctions.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE APPROPRIATENESS OF ADVICE-GIVING AMONG IRANIAN EFL ...Yasser Al-Shboul
This study investigates the differences in the perceptions of the appropriateness in advice giving
in English between Iranian Persian English as a foreign language (EFL) male and female
learners. Data were collected through an adopted version of a Multiple Choice Questionnaire
(MCQ) by Hinkel (1997). The questionnaire involves a series of questions with regard to advice
giving or opting out to a peer acquaintance (equal status) and an instructor (higher status). The
result of the study illustrated that both groups perceived the social distance in the situations with
peer acquaintance (equal status) and instructor (higher status) differently. The learners also
differed in the types of advice they used as the appropriate choice. For Iranian Persian EFL male
learners, in both situations (peer acquaintance and instructor) they preferred indirect advice rather
than the other three options which are hedge advice, direct advice and opting out. On the other
hand, for Iranian Persian EFL female learners, they selected hedge advice in both peer
acquaintance and instructor situations as compared to the other three options (direct advice,
indirect advice and opting out). The study concluded that Iranian Persian EFL learners should be
provided with programs that improve the awareness on different appropriate conversational
strategies in English language. The findings of this study are expected to be beneficial in crosscultural
and cross-gender comparison studies.
A Radical Shift to a Profound and Rigorous Investigation in Political Discour...Bahram Kazemian
Drawing on overarching methodological frameworks of Hallidayan grammatical metaphor, Fairclough’s
perspective on critical discourse analysis and rhetoric, this study attempts to posit a novel, integrated and
practical approach to political, the media, advertisement and other discourses. To this end and based on the
proposed approach, it aims to critically and eclectically exemplify and dissect three speeches delivered by Mr.
Barack Obama, former president of the US, to first manifest the integrated approach practicality and adeptness
through analysis; then by virtue of analysis to unveil how language is manipulated and distorted by orators in
order to convey seamlessly intended messages and political creeds to the audience. Surveying recent annals of
literature, to date no one has conducted an integrated study applying these disciplines in an individual paper and
this study as a trial one can be useful for upcoming research. The analysis depicts practicality and efficiency of
the integrated approach and displays that the speeches abound with nominalizations, modal verbs, parallelisms
and antitheses. Furthermore, there are some three-part listing, the use of passivization, quotations and modality
metaphors. Therefore, a tendency to utilize more nominalizations, parallelism and other devices by the speaker
can be a fundamental reason for making his political language more powerful, impressive, persuasive and
ambiguous as well.
The use of personal pronouns: A comparison between Iranian and Malaysian dyadsJames Cook University
Yazdi-Amirkhiz, S. Y., Abu Bakar, K., & Hajhashemi, K. (2014). The use of personal pronouns: A comparison between Iranian and Malaysian dyads. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 3(1), 245-248. doi: 10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.3n.1p.245
Abstract: The present paper is part of a larger study which comparatively examined the collaborative discourse of two Iranian and two Malaysian dyads. The members of the dyads were all female and of the same English language proficiency. Core findings of the study on the typology and the frequency of the pronouns used by the participants in the course of eleven sessions of collaborative writing are reported. The content analysis of their pair talk for pronouns indicated that Iranian participants tended to use “I” and “you” considerably more than their Malaysian counterparts, whereas Malaysian participants were found to have a stronger tendency to use “we” more often. The findings are discussed with regard to the macro-cultural dichotomy of world cultures (collectivist/ individualist).
This study aimed at appraising the observance of Gricean maxims by Tanzanian politicians in T.V. hosted interviews. The study adopted Grice (1975) cooperative principle in finding out politicians’ observance of the Gricean quality and quantity maxims.The interviews are from EATV ‘Mkasi’ session and involved Honorable Mwigulu Nchemba from CCM and Hon. Zitto Kabwe from CHADEMA and only their verbal responses were subjected to analysis. Content analysis for data collection was used and the study involved a case study design. The study findings show that politicians did not adhere to these conversational maxims as they responded to questions employing different forms of non-observances include flouting and opting out of maxims as well as maxim clash. These non-observances were meant to persuade the viewers and gain social and political credibility, achieving politeness, imposing and suppressing/avoid any face-threatening, and building the speakers’ positive images and that of their parties. However, the inferences drawn from the findings were the two politicians like other members of public service did not often observe the maxims, meaning that they intentionally chose to be non-literal and opted for indirect communication, even in their non-observances of the maxims they remained communicative in a richer and profound way than if they were literal and direct.
The document discusses teaching methods used by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that could be implemented in modern learning technologies. It analyzes Prophet Muhammad's methods under categories such as directing, mind management, stimulating, gradual approaches, and considering individual differences. Some examples given include using practical application and role models to teach, praise and competition to motivate students, and progressive simplification and individualization to ensure concepts are understood by all. The document argues Prophet Muhammad's learner-centered approach can inform the development of adaptive and blended learning models.
The document discusses teaching methods used by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that could be implemented in modern learning technologies. It analyzes Prophet Muhammad's methods under categories such as directing, mind management, stimulating, gradual approaches, and considering individual differences. Some examples given include using practical application and role models to teach, praise and competition to motivate students, and progressive simplification and individualization to ensure concepts are understood by all. The document argues Prophet Muhammad's learner-centered approach can inform the development of adaptive and blended learning models.
Discourse Analysis article shared by Azhar Khan ..1Abdullah Saleem
This document discusses a study that analyzed six advertisements using methods of critical discourse analysis. The study aimed to investigate the intentions and techniques used by companies to influence consumers. Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model and Kress and van Leeuwen's grammar of visual design were used to analyze how power and ideology are expressed in advertisements. The results showed that private producers try to give power to viewers to persuade them to buy products, while government producers try to show their own power. Overall, advertisements generally use power and ideology to change behaviors and thoughts.
Effective communication is vital for business success as it allows managers to delegate work, provide feedback, and control operations, while good communication can reduce conflict and prevent misunderstandings among employees. Formal communication refers to official channels within a business, while informal communication occurs through unofficial exchanges between employees. Barriers to communication like physical or language barriers can interfere with the transmission of messages if not properly addressed.
1. The document discusses the language used in research, advocacy, and campaigns. Research uses literal language to precisely describe ideas and present findings, while advocacy and campaigns can use either literal or figurative language.
2. Advocacy aims to actively promote a cause, while campaigns involve organized activities to influence policies and engage the public to create change.
3. Examples show that research presents findings directly, while advocacy and campaign messages can directly state an issue or use indirect, figurative language to raise awareness.
This document discusses analyzing a conversation between two characters from an Egyptian play called "There is No Problem at All" using the approaches of pragmatics and discourse analysis. Pragmatics studies how language is used in different situations, while discourse analysis examines how language reflects and shapes identity. The conversation uses puns and hidden meanings. For example, one character mispronounces words in a way that changes their meaning. Analyzing this conversation provides examples of how language and meaning can vary based on context.
The document discusses the language used in research, campaigns, and advocacy. It defines research as a systematic investigation to establish facts and reach conclusions. Literal language is direct and precise, using the exact meaning of words, and is appropriate for research. Advocacy involves promoting a cause through actions. Language for advocacy can be literal or figurative. Campaigns are organized activities to influence policies and engage the public in creating change. Literal language directly states the message while figurative language uses comparisons. The document provides examples of language used appropriately in research reports, advocacy statements, and campaigns.
The document discusses developing an effective message strategy. It covers selecting the appropriate communication model, using rhetorical devices to craft persuasive messages, and elements of verbal and non-verbal communication. Key aspects of developing messages include using ethical and legal language, crafting clear and salient content, employing symbols and branding to create a consistent organizational message.
The passage discusses models of metadiscourse. It defines metadiscourse traditionally as "text about text" but notes this definition is too broad. It explains metadiscourse borrows reflexivity from language's ability to comment on itself through metalanguage. The passage indicates metadiscourse focuses on the metalinguistic function of language within texts.
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF NANDO S RADIO ADVERTISEMENTHeather Strinden
The document analyzes a Nando's radio advertisement using Critical Discourse Analysis.
[1] It finds that the advertisement utilizes various linguistic features like direct address, imperatives, adjectives and parallelism to engage listeners.
[2] Discourse strategies identified include promoting the product through implication, invoking inadequacies in listeners, use of puffery and emotive words.
[3] A sociolinguistic analysis finds the ad leverages intertextuality through phrases that have cultural significance in Malaysian society to establish Nando's as a local brand.
This document discusses communication skills in nursing. It defines communication and describes it as a process of exchanging information between individuals through symbols, signs or data. Good communication is important in nursing as it allows nurses to get their point across, inform patients, build rapport, educate, and promote understanding which helps in treatment. Communication can be verbal through speaking and listening, or non-verbal through body language, facial expressions, and other means. The document outlines various theories of communication and discusses interpersonal, intrapersonal, and group communication. It also describes the essential components of communication including the sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback. Barriers to effective communication and best practices for communication in nursing are also covered.
Listening comprehension in efl teachingmora-deyanira
This document summarizes research on listening comprehension in EFL teaching. It discusses the nature of listening comprehension as an active process involving both bottom-up and top-down processing. It also examines the listening process, including perception, parsing, and utilization of information. Finally, it outlines key listening skills such as processing sounds and meanings, as well as top-down and bottom-up processing skills.
Listening Comprehension in EFL Teachingmora-deyanira
This document summarizes research on listening comprehension in EFL teaching. It discusses the nature of listening comprehension as an active process where learners use linguistic and non-linguistic cues to understand meaning. The listening process involves both bottom-up decoding of sounds and words, and top-down use of schemata and expectations to comprehend texts. Effective teaching of listening involves addressing relationships between listening and speaking, using varied materials at appropriate levels, helping students understand speakers and accents, and providing background knowledge and feedback.
This document outlines the essential planning steps for delivering effective oral and written messages in a formal context. It discusses 7 key steps: 1) Identifying the purpose of the message, 2) Analyzing the audience, 3) Developing a conceptual framework, 4) Collecting data to substantiate the message, 5) Organizing the message, 6) Identifying communication resources or tools, and 7) Creating an action plan to deliver the message effectively. Examples and further explanation are provided for some of the steps. The document concludes with a bibliography of reference materials on communication skills.
Conversation analysis is a method used to analyze spoken interactions to understand how language develops in social contexts. It examines specific aspects of oral interactions like openings and closings, turn-taking, and feedback. Conversation analysis seeks to establish opportunities for all participants to contribute and provides insight into dominant speakers. It analyzes feedback mechanisms and whether conversations allow responses from all participants.
Critical Discourse Analysis Of President Bush SpeechCandice Him
This document discusses critical discourse analysis (CDA) and its aims and potential social contributions. CDA analyzes language as social and cultural practice and engages in normative critique and judgment of discourse and society. CDA aims to educate people about power relations and achieve greater social equality. It also seeks to understand how discourse reproduces social domination and power imbalances between groups. CDA takes a structural approach to indirectly analyze the deeper causes and consequences of social issues.
This document discusses different types of communication and speech context. It begins by distinguishing between verbal communication, which uses words, and non-verbal communication, which uses behaviors. It then lists five principles of effective communication: appropriateness, brevity, clarity, ethics, and vividness.
The document goes on to define speech context as the communication situation. It says the context affects how people communicate and results in different speech styles. It identifies four types of speech context: intrapersonal (within oneself), interpersonal (between two or more people), public (to a large audience), and mass communication (using media like TV and social media).
Finally, it provides examples of each type of speech context and gives
This document discusses different types of communication and speech context. It begins by distinguishing between verbal communication, which uses words, and non-verbal communication, which uses behaviors. It then lists five principles of effective communication: appropriateness, brevity, clarity, ethics, and vividness.
The document goes on to define speech context as the communication situation. It says the context affects how people communicate and results in different speech styles. It identifies four types of speech context: intrapersonal, interpersonal, public, and mass communication. Intrapersonal involves self-reflection. Interpersonal involves conversations between two people or small groups. Public involves delivering messages to large audiences. Mass communication uses channels like television and social media
This document discusses different types of communication and speech context. It begins by distinguishing between verbal communication, which uses words, and non-verbal communication, which uses behaviors. It then lists five principles of effective communication: appropriateness, brevity, clarity, ethics, and vividness.
The document goes on to define speech context as the communication situation. It says the context affects how people communicate and results in different speech styles. It identifies four types of speech context: intrapersonal, interpersonal, public, and mass communication. Intrapersonal involves self-reflection. Interpersonal involves conversations between two people or small groups. Public involves delivering messages to large audiences. Mass communication uses channels like television and social media
In Silent Spring, Rachel Carson discusses the dangers of pesticide use and its impact on the environment. She argues that pesticides like DDT are poisoning wildlife and may have long-term negative health impacts on humans. Carson aims to raise awareness of how pesticide pollution is affecting the natural balance of ecosystems. The book sparked a significant increase in public environmentalism and was influential in the establishment of the modern environmental movement.
Semelhante a Persuasive Techniques in Imam Al-Baqir's (a.s.) Speeches (20)
All are cordially invited to present their research in English, Arabic or Persian:
The 10th International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
1-2 February 2025 , Ahwaz
(You may select either In-Person Presentation or Virtual Presentation.)
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Conference Themes
A) Linguistics (Any issue related to either theoretical or applied linguistics)
B) Literature (Any literary issue related to English, Arabic, and others)
C) Translation (Any translation and interpreting issue related to English, Arabic, and other languages and dialects)
D) Religious linguistics (Any linguistic study related to religious texts and speeches)
E) Languages and dialects - Any linguistic issue related to English, Arabic, and other languages and dialects such as:
Morphology and syntax / Phonetics and phonology / Corpus linguistics / Historical linguistics / Sociolinguistics / Contact linguistics / Psycholinguistics / Contrastive linguistics / Comparative linguistics / Neurolinguistics / Interlinguistics / Computational linguistics / Linguistic statistics / Orthography / Pragmatics / Rhetoric / Stylistics / Semantics / Linguistic typology / Bilingualism / Social Networks / Education (Issues such as teaching, program evaluation, Curriculum Development) / …
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Full Articles (Volume One) - The Ninth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
Ahwaz, Iran
1-2 February 2024
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--- International Standard Book Number (ISBN): 978-622-90390-9-0
--- According to the governmental approval (The Ministry): 2466912
--- Iranian National Standard Number of Book (Number of National Library of Islamic Republic of Iran): 8679332
--- The Dewey Decimal Classification: 410
--- The Library of Congress Classification: P23
--- Publisher: Ahwaz Publication of Research and Sciences (The Ministry Approval Number: 16171)
Note: It is possible to receive the printed book of full article-volume one (It is available in our office).
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مجموعة بحوث (المجلد الثاني) - المؤتمر الدولي التاسع حول القضايا الراهنة للغات، علم اللغة، الترجمة و الأدب
2-1 فبرایر 2024 ، الأهواز
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--- رقم دولي معياري للكتاب ISBN : 978-622-91150-0-8
--- بموافقة الوزارة رقم 2467405
--- رقم للكتاب - المكتبة الوطنية الإيرانية: 8678580
--- تصنيف ديوي العشري: ۴۱۰
--- تصنيف مكتبة الكونغرس: P23
--- دار النشر: دار الأهواز للطباعة و نشر البحوث و العلوم (بموافقة الوزارة رقم 16171)
ملاحظة: ﯾﻣﮐن اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻟﯽ ﻧﺳﺧﺔ ﻣطﺑوﻋﺔ من المجلد.
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An Investigation of Learning-Oriented Assessment (LOA) in Higher Education: A Case Study of GFP Instructors at the University of Buraimi
Asma Hamyar Al Azzani,
General Foundation Centre, University of Buraimi (UoB), Al Buraimi Governorate, Sultanate of Oman
The Ninth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
1-2 February 2024 , Ahwaz
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The Global Talent Landscape and Role of English Language in Japan
Satomi Ura,
Department of International Studies, School of Humanity, Meisei University, Tokyo, Japan
The Ninth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
1-2 February 2024 , Ahwaz
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Needs Analysis for Medical English Education: Doctors’ Literacy Related with Cognition and Identity
Emiko Matsumoto,
Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
The Ninth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
1-2 February 2024 , Ahwaz
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Expression of Several Grammatical Meanings in Oral vs. Graphical Constructed Languages
Roman Viktorovich Tarasov,
Department of Applied and Experimental Linguistics, Leo Tolstoy Higher School of Russian and Foreign Philology, Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
The Ninth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
1-2 February 2024 , Ahwaz
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Body language in Al-Naml Surah: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Marwa Obied Ali Al-Ammeri,
Department of English, College of Human Sciences, Kerbala University, Kerbala, Iraq
The Ninth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
1-2 February 2024 , Ahwaz
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باولو كويلو و البعد الجمالي العربي في إبداعه الأدبي
منال برفاس و د. أحمد رنيمة ،
قسم اللغة الروسية، كلية اللغات الأجنبية، جامعة محمد بن أحمد – وهران 2، الجزائر و قسم التاريخ وعلم الأثار، كلية العلوم الانسانية والعلوم الاسلامية، جامعة وهران 1 أحمد بن بلة، الجزائر
المؤتمر الدولي التاسع حول القضايا الراهنة للغات، علم اللغة، الترجمة و الأدب
1-2 فبرایر 2024 ، الأهواز
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السخرية في كتاب البخلاء للجاحظ - دراسة تداوليّة معرفيّة -
د. زاهر بن مرهون بن خصيف الداودي ،
قسم اللغة العربية وآدابها، كلية الآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية، جامعة السلطان قابوس، سلطنة عمان
المؤتمر الدولي التاسع حول القضايا الراهنة للغات، علم اللغة، الترجمة و الأدب
1-2 فبرایر 2024 ، الأهواز
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الخطاب البرلماني بين الإقناع والإمتاع
د. رقية بنت سيف بن حمود البريدية ،
قسم اللغة العربية وآدابها، كلية الآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية، جامعة السلطان قابوس، سلطنة عمان
المؤتمر الدولي التاسع حول القضايا الراهنة للغات، علم اللغة، الترجمة و الأدب
1-2 فبرایر 2024 ، الأهواز
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اللغة العربية في الهند - كيرلا أنموذجاً-
د. أحمد بن عبدالرحمن سالم بالخير ،
قسم الدراسات التربوية، كلية التربية بالرستاق، جامعة التقنية والعلوم التطبيقية، سلطنة عمان
المؤتمر الدولي التاسع حول القضايا الراهنة للغات، علم اللغة، الترجمة و الأدب
1-2 فبرایر 2024 ، الأهواز
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جماليات بناء الزمان والمكان في القصة العمانية القصيرة: نماذج مختارة
د. سلطان بن سعيد بن محمد الفزاري ،
قسم الدراسات التربوية، كلية التربية بالرستاق، جامعة التقنية والعلوم التطبيقية، سلطنة عمان
المؤتمر الدولي التاسع حول القضايا الراهنة للغات، علم اللغة، الترجمة و الأدب
1-2 فبرایر 2024 ، الأهواز
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Book of Abstracts of the Ninth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
1-2 February 2024 , Ahwaz
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كتيب الملخصات
المؤتمر الدولي التاسع حول القضايا الراهنة للغات، علم اللغة، الترجمة و الأدب
2-1 فبرایر 2024 ، الأهواز
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Full Articles (Volume Two) - The Seventh International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
Ahwaz, Iran
11-12 June 2022
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--- International Standard Book Number (ISBN): 978-622-94212-2-2
--- According to the governmental approval (The Ministry): 2310655
--- Iranian National Standard Number of Book (Number of National Library of Islamic Republic of Iran): 8896224
--- The Dewey Decimal Classification: 210
--- The Library of Congress Classification: P23
--- Publisher: Ahwaz Publication of Research and Sciences (The Ministry Approval Number: 16171)
Please feel free to write if there is any query.
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مجموعة مقالات (المجلد الأول) - المؤتمر الدولي السابع حول القضايا الراهنة للغات، علم اللغة، الترجمة و الأدب
12-11 يونيو 2022 ، الأهواز
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--- رقم دولي معياري للكتاب ISBN : 978-622-94212-3-9
--- بموافقة الوزارة رقم 2310680
--- رقم للكتاب - المكتبة الوطنية الإيرانية: 8897770
--- تصنيف ديوي العشري: ۴۱۰
--- تصنيف مكتبة الكونغرس: P23
--- دار النشر: دار الأهواز للطباعة و نشر البحوث و العلوم (بموافقة الوزارة رقم 16171)
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Do not ask how? - A Critical Stylistic Approach to Sherko Bekas’ Poem 'The Martyrs’ Wedding'
Dr. Mahmood K. Ibrahim & Dr. Ulrike Tabbert,
English Department, College of Arts, Imam Ja‘afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq & Department of Humanities, University of Huddersfield, The United Kingdom
During the time of Ba’athist Iraq (1968-2003), an incident occurred in Kurdish poet Sherko Bekas’ hometown Sulaimaniyah. Three students were shot dead on December 17, 1985. Their deaths prompted Bekas to write his poem “The Martyrs' Wedding”. This paper approaches the linguistic construction of the three martyred students by using the framework of Critical Stylistics (Jeffries 2010). This approach is a further development of a stylistic analysis of poetry and especially suits to detect ideological meaning in the text as Bekas used the art of poetic writing to express his political stance on the murders. This analysis focuses on the repeated use of “three” in pre-modifying positions when naming the students and on negation foregrounded most prominently in eleven repetitions of the phrase “Do not ask (how)”. The present paper shows a way to decipher Bekas political statement by means of a detailed stylistic analysis and another critical view is added because this text is one of those that has the 'power to influence us' (Jeffries, 2010 p. 1).
Keywords: Poetry, Critical Stylistics, Sherko Bekas, Iraq
The Seventh International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
11-12 June 2022 , Ahwaz
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An Investigation of Autonomous Learning Self-efficacy: A Case Study of GFP Learners at the University of Buraimi
Asma Hamyar Al Azzani,
Centre of Foundation Studies, University of Buraimi (UoB), Sultanate of Oman
The 21st-century education has been shifted from teacher-centered to different types of learning such as autonomous learning. The current quantitative research aims to investigate Omani GFP (General Foundation Program) learners' self-efficacy based on the autonomous learning aspects and their sub-aspects. It aims to answer two questions: what is the University of Buraimi GFP learners' self-efficacy in the autonomous learning aspects? And what is the University of Buraimi GFP learners' self-efficacy in the autonomous learning sub-aspects? This research is significant as there is not a research study in literature, to the best of the researcher's knowledge, which investigates learners' self-efficacy in autonomous learning. 110 students participated in the current study for the academic year 2021/2022. They were selected using a convenience sampling procedure. One electronic questionnaire was employed to collect data. SPSS software (version 23) was used to analyze data. The results show that Omani GFP learners' self-efficacy in delivering is higher than their self-efficacy in identifying learning goals, monitoring, evaluating, and developing or designing materials and resources respectively. The results further show that GFP learners' self-efficacy is high in some sub-aspects of the autonomous learning aspects rather than the others. The results' implications and future research avenues are discussed.
Keywords: autonomous learning, autonomous learning aspects, GFP (General Foundation Program), self-efficacy
The Seventh International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
11-12 June 2022 , Ahwaz
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The Theme of Social Injustice in the Polish Translation of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens
Dr. Agnieszka Kałużna,
The Institute of Modern Languages (Instytut Neofilologii), Faculty of Humanities (Wydział Humanistyczny), The University of Zielona Góra (Uniwersytet Zielonogórski), Poland
The aim of the present study is to analyze the theme of social injustice in the nineteenth century translation of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. It is to be seen what changes occurred in the theme of social injustice between the target and the source languages as a result of the translator’s initiative. The examined rendition comprises the Polish version of Oliwer Twist which was translated anonymously in 1845. The analysis is carried out with regard to a number of the translational parameters. These parameters include translation shifts (Catford, 1965), disambiguation and semantic or stylistic incongruities (Munday, 2004), direct and oblique techniques (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995). The theoretical part of the paper presents such concepts as the issue of social injustice in Victorian England and Dickens’s personal attitude in this regard. The description of the theoretical notion of translation shifts is also included. Additionally, the model of analyzing meaning known as disambiguation is introduced. Concurrently, direct and oblique translation techniques in reference to semantic and stylistic incongruities are mentioned. The practical part consists in analyzing the selected fragments of the source text juxtaposed with their target equivalents. The scrutiny aims at identifying how phrases dealing with social injustice were translated in line with the translational parameters in question. Finally, conclusions are drawn.
Keywords: Dickens, social injustice, translation analysis, translation shifts, direct and oblique translation techniques
The Seventh International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
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Persuasive Techniques in Imam Al-Baqir's (a.s.) Speeches
1. The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
(WWW.LLLD.IR), 9-10 October 2021, Ahwaz, Book of Articles, Volume Two
137
Persuasive Techniques in Imam Al-Baqir's (a.s.) Speeches
Dr. Manar Kareem Mehdi,
Department of English, College of Education, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Iraq
Abstract
Persuasion is an interactive communicative process in which the persuader aims at
influencing the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of his audience (Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012:
32). As such, there are certain persuasive techniques and strategies employed by the
persuader in order to achieve his ultimate goal of gaining his audience's agreement and
support. Accordingly, this paper sets itself the task of detecting the persuasive strategies and
techniques utilized in Imam Al-Baqir’s (a.s.) speeches. More precisely, it aims at elucidating
the persuasion configuration of the above mentioned speeches. Consequently, it is
hypothesized that (1) the most prevalent persuasive strategy adopted by the Imam is response
changing, (2) persuasive techniques such as: alliteration, rhetorical questions, repetition,
exaggeration, emotive language, and metaphor are frequently utilized by the Imam. To
achieve the aim of this study and test its hypotheses, three speeches of Imam Al- Baqir have
been chosen for analysis by utilizing the persuasion model developed by the study.
Moreover, a statistical method represented by percentage equation has been implemented to
demonstrate the findings of the analysis of the data. Results of the analysis verify the above
mentioned hypotheses.
Keywords: Persuasion, Alliteration, Rhetorical Questions, Repetition, Emotive Language,
Metaphor
1. Introduction
Persuasion is an interactive communicative process in which the persuader aims at
influencing the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of his audience (Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012:
32). In accordance with its appellative intention persuasive speaking is carefully planned and
characterized by the most effective employment of linguistic means possible (Bussmann,
2006: 884).
As such there are certain persuasive techniques and strategies employed by the persuader in
order to achieve his ultimate goal of gaining his audience's agreement and support. The aim
of this paper is to find out the persuasive strategies and techniques utilized in three speeches
of Imam Al-Baqir. To achieve this aim, it is hypothesized that (1) the most prevalent
persuasive strategy adopted by the Imam is response changing, (2) persuasive techniques
such as: alliteration, rhetorical questions, repetition, exaggeration, emotive language, and
metaphor are frequently utilized by the Imam.
Thus, the current paper opens with a general theoretical background about persuasion
shedding some light on the strategies and techniques that a persuader may use to achieve his
aim of gaining his audience’s agreement and support. Then we move to the practical side of
the paper represented by data analysis. More precisely, two types of analyses have been
implemented, namely qualitative and quantitative. Finally, the paper ends with some
concluding remarks.
2. Theoretical Underpinnings
2.1 Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir
He is Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Hussein ibn Ali. His title is Al- Baqir which means “the splitter
of knowledge”. He was born at the 1st of Rajab 57 AH in the Holy city of Madinah and died
in the 7th of Dhul-Hijjah, 114 AH, after being poisoned by the Ommyad caliph Hisham bin
Abd al malik. He was the fifth immaculate Imam after his father Imam Zayn al Abidin. Imam
2. The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
(WWW.LLLD.IR), 9-10 October 2021, Ahwaz, Book of Articles, Volume Two
138
Al-Baqir was known by friend and foe alike for his knowledge, piety, and virtue. His
grandfather the seal of all Prophets had prophesized that this young boy would unlock the
chests of knowledge. He would extract priceless treasures for the generations and further the
spiritual advancement of humanity. “O Jabir, you will live to see my descendant
Muhammad, son of ‘Ali, son of Husayn, son of ‘Ali… The one who is known in the (original)
Torah as ‘al-Baqir’ (the Splitter of Knowledge). When you see him, deliver to him my
greetings of Peace…”. These were the words of Prophet Muhammad to the righteous
companion Jabir al-Ansari (Web Resource 5).
2.2 Persuasion: Strategies and Techniques
Basically, there are three strategies utilized by persuaders in an attempt to influence their
audience (Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012: 3-4):
(1) Response shaping: It is somehow akin to the process of teaching and learning wherein
the persuader is a teacher and the presudee is a student. A persuader attempts to shape the
response of an audience by teaching him how to behave and offer positive reinforcement for
learning.
(2) Response reinforcing: In this strategy, if any member in the audience has positive
attitudes toward a subject, the persuader will remind him of those attitudes and stimulate him
to feel more strongly by demonstrating his attitudes through specified forms of behavior.
(3) Response changing: This strategy represents the most difficult way of persuasion as it
involves asking people to change their attitudes, for example to go from a negative position
to a positive position or neutral position.
Within these strategies, there are certain techniques often employed by the persuader in an
attempt to achieve his ultimate goal, i.e. influencing his audience:
(1) Rhetorical questions: They are questions that do not require an answer and are asked
for effect only. They engage the audience and encourage them to see things from the
persuader's perspective, for instance (Web Resource 1):
- Do we want our children growing up in a world where they are threatened with violence
on every street corner?
(2) Repetition: By repeating letters, words, phrases, and sentence patterns, the persuader
can reinforce an argument and ensure that the point of view being made stays in the
audience's mind (Ibid.). For example:
- Now is the time to make real promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from
the dark and desolate valley of segregation.
(3) Simile: It means one thing is likened to another using (like) or (as). This persuasive
technique serves to clarify and enhance an idea or a particular point of view (Web Resource
2). For example:
- As slow as a tortoise.
- He ran like a rocket.
(4) Metaphor: It refers to an implied comparison in which one thing is described in terms
of another without the use of 'as' and 'like' (Ibid.).
- "Time is the subtle thief of youth".
(5) Emotive Language: It refers to the deliberate use of words that have strong
emotional impact on the audience's feelings. It involves the use of words that make people
feel sad, angry, upset, sympathetic, or guilty. It is a powerful persuasive technique used by
3. The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
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the persuader to stimulate strong emotional reactions and to manipulate the audience's
responses (Ibid.). For example:
- "Helpless animals are suffering needlessly cruel and painful deaths" (Web
Resource 3).
(6) Exaggeration (also Hyperbole): This technique involves overstatement, stating the
case too strongly, magnifying importance, danger, or effect of some action, event, etc.
Exaggeration is used to reinforce a point and to gain attention to it. It attracts the audience's
attention through a surprising or extreme claim (Web Resource 2). For example:
- I will die if he finds out.
- This weights ten tones.
(7) Evidence: It refers to the use of statistics, facts, quotes, or statements employed to
support a belief, opinion, point of view, or preposition. This technique adds weight to and
backs up the persuader's point of view as far as it is objective and irrefutable (Ibid.).
- Over 61% of Americans are overweight.
- Unemployment in Illinois is at 5%.
(8) Alliteration: This technique refers to the use of words that have the same initial
consonant sounds, for instance: Sydney's slippery slid. It is often used for emphasis to make
certain phrases memorable and to attract the attention of the audience (Web Resource 1).
3. Data Analysis
3.1 Data Collection and Description
The data of this work is represented by three speeches delivered by Imam Al-Baqir. In the
first speech, He is addressing Hisham bin Abd al-Malik. In the second speech, the Imam is
talking to a group of people whose hearts were full of hatred towards Imam Ali. Finally, the
third speech is addressed to a gathering of people whom the Imam noticed to in a complete
state of negligence of their duties towards Allah Almighty.
3.2 Method of Analysis
This paper implements two types of analyses: qualitative and quantitative. The three
speeches are qualitatively analyzed by utilizing the persuasion model developed by the study
in section (2) above. This model is summarized in Figure (1) below. Moreover, a
quantitative method represented by percentage equation has been executed to support and
demonstrate the findings of the qualitative analysis of the data.
4. The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
(WWW.LLLD.IR), 9-10 October 2021, Ahwaz, Book of Articles, Volume Two
140
Figure (1) Persuasion model developed by the study
3.3 Qualitative Analysis
Text (1)
In this text (see appendix 1), Imam Al-Baqir is addressing Hisham bin Abd al-Malik and
his followers. Hisham bin Abd al-Malik is the tenth Umayyad caliph who reigned during the
time of Imam al-Baqir. Hisham was always fearful of the Imam’s extraordinary rank and the
people’s love towards him. He was continually working to prevent the spread of the spiritual
influence of the Imam and his followers (Web Resource 4). Accordingly, Hisham tried his
best to underestimate the status of Imam Al-Baqir in specific and the Progeny of Prophet
Muhammad in general.
The Imam is following the persuasive strategy of response changing because he attempts to
change the negative attitude of the people he is addressing. There are many persuasive
techniques utilized by the Imam in this text:
1. Rhetorical questions:
تذهبون؟ اين Where do you go?
بكم؟ يراد اين Where do they want to (lead) you?
Imam Al-Baqir is using these rhetorical question to engage the audience and to make his
addressee (Hisham bin Abd al-Malik) consider the issue he is taking about which is the great
status of the progeny of the Prophet and that they will gain at the end because they are patient
and pious.
2. Alliteration:
م
عجلم لك early reign
ملكا
ؤجلم later reign
ملك ملكنا our reign reign
The Imam employs this persuasive technique in order to gain the attention of his addressees
and to make his speech memorable.
Persuasion
Strategies
Response
Shaping
Response
Reinforcing
Response
Changing
Techniques
Rhetorical
questions
Alliteration
Repetition
Exaggeratio
n
Evidence
Emotive
language
Simile
Metaphor
5. The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
(WWW.LLLD.IR), 9-10 October 2021, Ahwaz, Book of Articles, Volume Two
141
3. Repetition:
ملك
مؤجل
- early reign
ملك
معجل later reign
بعد وليس
ملك ملكنا
There is no reign after our reign
اهل ألنا
العاقبة
و
العاقبة
للمتقين
-
For we are the people of the final result and the final result will be for the pious
The Imam repeats certain words in his speech with the aim of emphasizing his main idea
that only those who follow the progeny of Prophet Muhammad are going to have a good
end.
4. Exaggeration:
ملك ملكنا بعد ليس There will be no reign after our reign.
Imam Al-Baqir implements exaggeration in this text in order to reinforce his argument and
to emphasize what is being said.
5. Evidence:
The Imam recites a verse from the Holy Quran as an evidence for his point of view:
( :(القصص
3
8 "للمتقين "العاقبة
“The good end is for those who guard [against evil]” (Shakir, 1999: 189)
It is generally accepted that the use of evidence in an argument makes it more accurate,
credible, and easily understandable. The Imam seems to observe this truism and resorts to
verses of the Glorious Quran to convince his audience.
6. Emotive language:
The Imam uses some words that aim to make his audience feel guilty " وبنا اولكم هللا هدى بنا
أخركم "يختم (With us Allah guided the first of you. With us He will terminate the last of you).
He implements these words to stimulate some emotional reaction from his audience.
Text (2)
In this text (see appendix 2), the Imam makes a speech in Damascus addressing people whose
hearts were full of hatred towards Imam Ali. So the Imam delivers a speech about Imam Ali.
He is following the strategy of response changing as he is attempting to change their negative
views about Imam Ali. To achieve his aim, the Imam uses certain persuasive techniques:
1. Rhetorical Question:
أبصنو
رسول
هللا
تستهزؤون؟
Do you mock the brother of Allah's Apostle?
أم
بيعسوب
الدين
تلمزون؟
Do you slander the Commander of religion?
وأي
سبيل
بعده
تسلكون؟
Which of the ways do you follow after him?
وأي
حزن
بعده
تدفعون؟
Which sadness do you pay after him?
The Imam utilizes the persuasive technique of rhetorical questions in an attempt to admonish
and reproach some Syrian people who were mocking Imam Ali. He is reminding them of the
fact that Imam Ali is the brother of Prophet Muhammad and the true commander of religion.
Moreover, without following Imam Ali’s teachings and instructions, Muslims will surely
lose the right path to Almighty Allah.
6. The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
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2. Alliteration:
حشو
النار
وحصب
جهنم
Filling of fire and fuel for Hell
البدر
الزاهر
والبحر
الزاخر
Luminous Moon and the abounding Sea
Imam Al-Baqir here exploits the technique of alliteration in which he uses words that open
with the same consonant letters in order to gain the attention of his addressees.
3. Repetition:
جهن حصب و النار حشو
م
-
Filling of fire and fuel of Hell
المؤمنين شهاب و الثاقب الشهاب
-
Piercing meteor and meteor of believers
تستهزئون هللا رسول ابصنو
-
Do you mock the brother of Alla’s Apostle?
نسبو اذ شقيقه و هللا رسول اخي
The brother of Allah’s Apostle and his brother when they attribute
بالسبق وهللا برز هيهات هيهات
-
No way! No way! By Allah he became prominent with priority
سدوا الذي مكان سدوا
-
Block the place of the one who blocked those people
The Imam, in this text, employs repetition with the purpose of emphasizing his main idea
which is that Imam Ali has a great status in Islam and Almighty Allah is the One Who has
granted him with this status. In fact, no one could ever fill the gap caused after the martyrdom
of Imam Ali.
4. Exaggeration:
برز
وهللا
بالسبق
وفاز
بالخصل
By Allah, he (Imam Ali) became prominent with priority (in Islam). He won with the
outstanding qualities.
واستوى
على
الغاية
وأحرز
الخطار
He dominated the purpose. He overcame the perfidy.
فانحسرت
عنه
االبصار
وخضعت
دونه
الرقاب
the eyes faded away from him. The necks yielded to him.
وقرع
الذروة
العليا
He was the branch of the high progeny.”
The Imam utilizes exaggeration in this text in order to emphasize the outstanding attributes
and the unique qualities of Imam Ali.
5. Evidence:
The Imam uses a verse from the Glorious Quran to back up his point of view and to
reinforce his argument:
"
مفعوال هللا امر وكان
:(النساء "
47
)
“The command of Allah shall be executed” (Shakir, 1999: 37)
6. Emotive Language:
The Imam uses some words that are charged with emotions to make the audience feel guilty
and ashamed of themselves because they are belittling and making fun of the Prophet's soul
mate who is Imam Ali.
7. The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
(WWW.LLLD.IR), 9-10 October 2021, Ahwaz, Book of Articles, Volume Two
143
أبصنو
رسول
هللا
تستهزئون؟
Do you mock the brother of Allah's Apostle?
فأنى
يسد
ثلمه
اخي
رسول
هللا؟
How will the gap of my brother the Apostle of Allah be filled?
7. Metaphor:
البدر
الزاهر Luminous Moon
البحر
الزاخر The Abounding Sea
الشهاب
الثاقب The Piercing Meteor
شهاب
المؤمنين The Meteor Of The Believers
الصراط
المستقيم The Right Path.
Imam Al-Baqir implements these metaphors to describe Imam Ali who is just like a
luminous moon in his thinking and knowledge. He is like a sea in his generosity and like a
shining meteor who guides the believers to the right path.
Text (3)
Imam Al-Baqir delivered this speech (see appendix 3) while he was sitting among a
gathering of people and he noticed that they were in a complete state of negligence of their
duties towards Allah the Almighty. Consequently, he addressed them to advise them to
restore their relation with their Creator and worship Him in an appropriate way that fits His
Omnipotence and Almightiness. As such, the Imam is adopting the persuasive strategy of
response shaping because he is, in one way or another, teaching his followers and guiding
them to the right path to walk in. To achieve this end, the Imam exploits certain persuasive
techniques:
1. Rhetorical questions:
االتأخذون
الذهب
من
الحجر؟
Do you not take gold from stone?
اال
تقتبسون
الضياء
من
النور
االزهر؟
Do you not take illumination from the shining light?
اال
تأخذون
اللؤلؤ
من
البحر؟
Do you not take pearls from the sea?
اال
تحمد
من
تعطيه
فانيا
ويعطيك
باقيا؟
Do you not praise the one whom you give to the mortal? And He will give you the immortal?
The Imam in this text exploits the persuasive technique of rhetorical questions in an attempt
to remind his audience of the countless bounties and graces that Allah has granted them.
These graces and bounties should always trigger humans to praise and thank their Sustainer
Allah Almighty.
2. Alliteration:
الهيئه
المعجية
-
الهيم
المعطنة Admirable appearance - ruined heart
The Imam also employs the technique of alliteration in his speech in order to gain the
attention of his addressees and to enrich his argument with eloquence.
3. Repetition:
انت انما
لص
من
لصوص
الذنوب
-
You are indeed a thief from the thieves of sins.
عمروا
فخربوا they built and ruined
عامر
مخرب و ruinous constructing
اجسامكم
عامر
ة Your bodies are sobber
ان
هللا
يقول تعالى
-
Allah Almighty says
8. The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
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144
آتاك
هللا
مكافأة عند
Allah has given you a reward
بعين لست كأنك
هللا
As if you are not in the eyes of Allah
كأن
هللا
بالمرصاد لك ليس
As if Allah is not looking for you
هللف
مطلوب و طالب من انت
By Allah you are demander and required
وهللا
ل
ملقوه انتم ما عاينتم و
By Allah if you had seen what you will meet.
ابن يا
األيام
الثلثة
- son of the three days
يومك
فيه ولدت الذي The day you were born
و
يومك
قبرك فيه تنزل الذي
the day you go down to your grave
و
يومك
ّكبر إلى فيه تخرج الذي
and the day you go out to your Lord.
من له فيا
يوم
عظيم
And what a great day it is!
Imam Al-Baqir here resorts to the technique of repetition to emphasize the idea that this
earthly life is short and we should not spend it by running after our desires rather we should
work hard to succeed in gaining Allah’s content and satisfaction.
4. Exaggeration:
ان
كلمي
لو
وقع
طرف
منه
في
قلب
احدكم
لصار
ميتا
.
If my words fell in the heart of any one of you, he would be dead.
The technique of exaggeration is utilized by the Imam in this text to admonish those people
who have lost the right path to Almighty Allah because they are totally busy with their
earthly lives and desires.
5. Evidence:
The Imam uses quotations from the Glorious Quran to support his point of view and to make
his speech more credible and accurate:
"
ال
ل
احسنه فيتبعون القول يستمعون ذين
:(الزمر "
18
)
“Those who listen to the word, then follow the best of it”
(Shakir, 1999: 223)
"
المؤمنين من ونكون ربنا بأيات والنكذب نرد ياليتنا
:(االنعام "
27
)
“Would that we were sent back, and we would not reject the communications of our Lord
and we would be of the believers”
(Shakir, 1999: 57)
6. Emotive Language:
The Imam uses words and phrases that have an emotional effect to make his audience feel
guilty and to raise the feelings of fear inside them. By doing this, the Imam intends to gain
an emotional reaction from his audience that could take them back to the right path to
worship and thank their Creator, Allah Almighty.
كأنك
قد
نسيت
ليالي
اوجاعك
وخوفك
As if you forgot the nights of your aches and fears.
انظروا
الى
هذه
القبور
,
سطور
بافناء
الدور
,
تدانو
في
خططهم
,
وقربوا
في
فرارهم
وبعدوا
في
لقائهم
.
9. The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
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145
Look at these graves, in lines in the courtyards of the houses, close in their plans,
they drew near in their escape, and were far away in their meeting.
7. Simile:
Imam Al-Baqir, here, uses simile by describing those people who have been away from their
Creator as being just like “supported wood” they need to be backed up and they cannot stand
alone. He also describes them as being “flaccid idols” in that they have empty minds and
ruined hearts because they have forgotten their duties towards Allah Almighty.
كأنكم
خشب
مسندة
واصنام
مريده .
You are like supported wood and flaccid idols.
8. Metaphor:
يا
اشباحا
بل
ارواح Ghosts without souls
وذبابا
بل
مصباح Flies without a lamp
Moreover, the Imam employs these metaphors to describe the awful state of those people
around him who do not know their way to the extent that they are just like ‘ghosts without
souls’. They were in a complete loss because they cut the bonds between them and their
Almighty Creator being like lost and puzzled flies without the light of a lamp.
3.3 Quantitative Analysis
This type of analysis is meant to support and demonstrate the above qualitative analysis. I
have presented statistics about the recurrent use of each item in the model utilized in the
three texts. In addition, the percentage of each item has been also offered to give a clear
configuration of the analysis (see table 1 and figure 2 below).
3.4 Results of Analysis
Findings of the two types of analyses has shown that the persuasive techniques of repetition
(22.64%) and rhetorical questions (18.86%) score the highest percentages among other
techniques in Imam Al-Baqir speeches. The technique of simile scores the least percentage
(1.88%) being implemented only one in the texts whereas metaphor is employed more
frequently with the percentage (13.20%). This in fact proofs the high and rich linguistic and
persuasive abilities of the Imam in that he implements implicit smile which requires a richer
stock of eloquence and rhetoric unlike the explicit one.
Table (1) Quantitative Analysis of Persuasive Techniques utilized in Imam Al-Baqir’s Speeches
No.
Of
Text
Rhetorical
Question
Alliter-
ation
Repeti-
tion
Exagg-
eration
Evid-
ence
Emotive
Language
Simile Metaphor
1 2 3 2 1 1 1 0 0
2 4 3 6 4 1 2 0 5
3 4 2 4 1 2 2 1 2
Total 10 8 12 6 4 5 1 7
Perce-
ntage
18.86% 15.09% 22.64% 11.32% 7.54% 9.43% 1.88% 13.20%
10. The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
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146
Figure (2) Configuration of Quantitative Analysis
4. Concluding Remarks
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data has led to the following conclusions:
1. The first hypothesis set at the beginning of the work which reads “the most prevalent
persuasive strategy adopted by the Imam is response changing” has been verified. This is
due to the fact that the Imam knows that his audience have some negative attitudes towards
the progeny of Prophet Muhammad and he truly wants to change these attitudes.
2. The second hypothesis which states: “persuasive techniques such as: alliteration,
rhetorical questions, repetition, exaggeration, emotive language, and metaphor are
frequently utilized by the Imam” has ben also validated. Imam Al-Baqir employed the above
mentioned persuasive techniques in order to achieve his ultimate goal of convincing his
audience who are characterized by petrified minds and ruined hearts.
3. Persuasive techniques of repetition and rhetorical question are the most frequently
employed techniques exploited by the Imam in his attempt to change the attitudes and
behaviors of his audience.
4. The least implemented technique is that of simile in that the Imam resorts to the implicit
simile which is metaphor. This actually shows the high eloquence and supreme rhetorical
abilities of Imam Al-Baqir.
Bibliography
A. English References
Al-Qarashi, B. S. 1992. The Life of Imam Muhammad ibin Ali Al-Baqir (as) [an
electronic version]. IslamicMobility. com
Bussmann, H. 2006. Routledge Dictionary of Languge and Linguistics. London:
Routledge.
Jowett, G. and O'Donnell, V. 2012. Propaganda and Persuasion. London: Sage
Publications, Inc.
Shakir, M. H. 1999. The Quran. New York: Tahrik Tarsile Quran.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Imam Al-Baqir Speeches
Rhetorical questions
Alliteration
Repetition
Exaggeration
Evidence
Emotive language
Simile
Metaphor
11. The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
(WWW.LLLD.IR), 9-10 October 2021, Ahwaz, Book of Articles, Volume Two
147
B. Arabic References
الكرمي القرآن
.يفرش ابقر ,القرشي
.1992
.البالغة دار :بريوت .)الثاين (اجلزء حتليل و اسةرد :)السالم ِ
(عليه الباقر االمام حياة
.احلسن حممد ابو ,اينراحل
2002
.
الرسول آل عن العقول حتف
.للمطبوعات االعلمي مؤسسة :بريوت .
C. Web Resources
Web Resource (1)
http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/K12ELA7-7.2.2-
PersuasiveTechniquesHandout-BY-SA1.pdf
Web Resource (2)
http://www.vcestudyguides.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2010/09/Persuasive-
Techniques-Insight-Outcomes1.pdf
Web Resource (3)
https://lazygp.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/persuasive-techniques.pdf
(Web Resource 4)
https://makarem.ir/main.aspx?typeinfo=23&lid=1&catid=30063&mid=323749
(Web Resource 5)
https://imam-us.org/islamic-awareness/islam-101/beliefs/ahl-al-bayt/imambaqir
Appendix (1)
االوىل ايةوالر
إىل عز أو بقدومه هشام وعلم ، دمشق إىل انتهى ملا )(ع االمام إن
التوبيخو التوهني من يدزمب قابلوه االمام عليه دخل ان إنه حاشيته
)(ع االمام على أقبلو ، غضبا فاستشاط ، ابخلالفة عليه يسلم ملو القوم على فسلم هشام على )(ع االمام ودخل ، معه حديثه ينتهي ما عند
فقال
: له
«
، املسلمني عصا شق قد منكم الرجل الزي ال علي بن حممد اي
.. علم وقلة سفها االمام أنه وزعم ، نفسه إىل ودعا
.»
: فقال )(ع ووثب منه ويسخرون االمام من ينالون اوفجعل عمالؤه فانربى هشام وسكت
«
مؤجال ملكا لنا فان ، معجل ملك لكم يكن فان ، كم
آخر خيتم وبنا أولكم هللا هدى بنا بكم؟ ادري وأين تذهبون؟ أين : الناس أيها
وليس ،
.. للمتقني والعاقبة ، العاقبة أهل ألان ، ملك ملكنا بعد
.»
.الفياض منطقه على الرد اويستطيع ملو ، أسىو انزح نفوسهم مأل وقد )(ع ج
وخر
, 1992: 58)
)القرشي
The first narration: Imam al-Baqir, peace be on him, arrived in Damascus. Hisham knew of his
arrival. Thus, he ordered his retinues to scold the Imam. Then, the Imam, peace be on him, came to
Hisham. He greeted the people, but did not greet Hisham as caliph. So, Hisham was enraged. He
walked towards the Imam, peace be on him, and said to him: “O Mohammed b. ‘Ali, you have divided
the Moslems. You have summoned (the people) for yourself. You have claimed that you are the
Imam out of foolishness and the paucity of knowledge.” Hisham kept silent. However, his hirelings
began defaming the Imam and mocking him. So, Imam al-Baqir, peace be on him, said: “O People,
where do you go? Where they want to (lead) you? With us Allah guided the first of you. With
us He will terminate the last of you. You have early reign. But we have later reign. There will
be no reign after our reign. For we are the people of the final result. The final result will be for
the pious.”
(Al-Qarashi, 1992: 283-4)
12. The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
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148
Appendix (2)
ا اءوس اىل يهديهم أن )(ع أىرف ، وعداء حقد نظرة إليه ينظرون اوكان
و !ابرت أيب ابن هذا : لونويق وهم .االمام على الشام أهل ازدحمو
، لسبيل
هللا فحمد ، خطيبا فيهم فقام ، البيت أهل حبقيقة ويعرفهم
:قال مث وآله عليه هللا صلى النيب على وصلى عليه أثىنو
يةروذ ،الشقاق أهل اجتنبوا
أن قبل من ،املستقيم اطروالص ،املؤمنني وشهاب الثاقب والشهاب ،اخرزال والبحر ،اهرزال البدر عن ،جهنم وحصب ،النار وحشو النفاق
السب أصحاب لعن كما يلعنوا أو أدابرها على فرتد وجوه تطمس
مفعوال هللا أمر كان
و ت
.
تلمزون؟ الدين بيعسوب أم تستهزؤون؟ هللا رسول أبصنو :كالم بعد قال مث
،اخلطار وأحرز ،الغاية على واستوى ،ابخلصل وفاز ابلسبق وهللا برز هيهات هيهات تدفعون؟ بعده حزن وأي تسلكون؟ بعده سبيل وأي
ا وفرع ،الرقاب دونه خضعت و ،االبصار عنه فاحنسرت
من التناوش هلم فأىن ،الطلب وأعياه السعي نفسه من امر من فكذب ،العليا لذروة
وقال ،بعيد مكان
:
فأىن شدوا عقدوا وإن أوفوا عاهدوا وإن البنا أحسنوا بنوا إن قوم أولئك سدوا الذي مكان سدوا أو اللوم من ألبيكم أاب ال عليهم أقلوا
يسد
وشقيقه ،شفعوا إذ هللا رسول أخي ثلمة
له واملشهود ،حترفوا إذ القبلتني ومصلي ،فتحوا إذ كنزهاقرين وذي ،فشلوا إذ ونديده ،نسبوا إذ
الوداع ساعة اررألس واملستودع ،جزعوا إذ احلصار ليلة املهاد على واخلليفة ،نكلوا إذ كني
املشر عهد لنبذ واملدعى ،كفرواإذ ابالميان
آخر إىل ،
.كالمه
(
, 1992: 58-60
)القرشي
The Syrians crowded around Imam al-Baqir, (peace be on him). They said: “That is the son of
Abu Turab (i. e., Imam ‘Ali).” They showed malice and enmity towards him. However, the Imam,
peace be on him, decided to guide them to the right path. He wanted them to know the members of
the House (ahl al-Bayt), peace be on them. He rose among them to make a speech. He praised Allah
and lauded Him. He blessed Allah's Apostle, may Allah bless him and his family, and then he said:
“The people of discord, the progeny of hypocrisy, and the food of the fire kept away from the
luminous Moon, the abounding Sea, the piercing Meteor, the Meteor of the believers, and the right
Path. Before We alter faces then turn them on their backs, or curse them as We cursed the violators
of the Sabbath, and command of Allah shall be executed.” Then, after a speech of his, he said: “Do
you mock the brother of Allah's Apostle, may Allah bless him and his family? (He meant Imam ‘Ali,
the Commander of the Faithful, peace be on him.) Do you slander the Commander of religion? Which
of the ways do you follow after him? Which sadness do you pay after him? How far! By Allah, he
(Imam ‘Ali) became prominent with priority (in Islam). He won with the outstanding qualities. He
dominated the purpose. He overcame the perfidy. So, the eyes faded away from him. The necks
yielded to him. He was the branch of the high progeny.” So he lied from the one who wanted to strive
and was tired of the request, so he quarreled with them from a far place, and said:
Speak to them, "No father for your father" of blame or block the place of the one who blocked those
people. If they build, they will build well, and if they make a covenant, they will fulfill it, and if they
make a contract, they will be tightened. Then how will the gap of my brother, the Apostle of Allah,
be filled? when they intercede, and his brother when they attribute, and condemn him when they fail,
and Dhi Qarni treasured them when they opened, and the one who prayed on the two Qiblahs when
opened? They perverted, the one whose faith is attested when they disbelieved, the one who is called
to renounce the era of the polytheists when they abused, the Caliph on the cradle on the night of the
siege when they were frightened, the repository of the secrets of the hour of farewell.
(Al-Qarashi, 1992: 284-5)
Appendix (3)
عند حضر
السالم (عليه الباقر اإلمام
)
االقائ فخطبهم ، الغفلة أهل من مه
أّن الحظ وقد ، الشيعة من مجع
: (
قلب يف منه طرف وقع لو كالميه
نإ
بال ااأشباح اي َالأ ، ااتهمي لصار أحدكم
َالأ ، احلجر من الذهب أتخذون َالأ ، يدةرم أصنامو ، مسندة خشب كمهنكأ، مصباح بال اابوذاب ، احوأر
تع هللا ه
نفإ ، هبا يعمل مل وإن ، قاهلا نهمم بةهالطي الكلمة اوخذ ؟ البحر من لؤؤالل أتخذون أال ، األزهر النور من الضياء تقتبسون
يقول اىل
:
َ
ينِ
ذَّلا
َ
نوُ
عِ
مَتْ
سَي
ُهَنَ
سْ
َحأ َ
نوُ
عِبَّتَيَف َ
لْ
وَ
قْلا
.
13. The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
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149
هللا آاتك . كرميادوج من مضاعفة ضعف سبعمائة إىل تبقى بعشرة يفىن درهم ، ااابقي ويعطيك ؟ اافاني تعطيه من حتمد َالأ :مغرور اي وحيك
عند
يف حفظك من ، اعيكري نهمم وساترك ، كافيك
و ، ومعافيك ، كاسيك
و ، وساقيك مطعمك هو مكافأة
، اركراضط عند أجابكو ، وّنارك ليلك
فنسيته ، الشكر صنيعه جبميل فاستوجب ، لك فاستجاب دعوته ، وخوفك أوجاعك ليايل نسيت قد كهنكأ، اختبارك يف الرشد على لك وعزم
أمر فيما وخالفته ، ذكر فيمن
.
سار بْنَذ تكابرا أو شهوة عرضت ماهلك، الذنوب لصوص من لص أنت اه
إّن ويلك
بعني لست كهنكأتكبتهرفا ، عليه جبهلك أقدمتو ، إليه عت
و ، ومطلوب طالب من أنت فلله ، تكهمه أوهىو ، تكهمطي ه
أكلو ، نومك أطول ما : اجلنة طالب اي . ابملرصاد لك ليس هللا ه
نكأأو ، هللا
اابرها اي
فيها يوقعك ملا أكسبك وما ، إليها تكهمطي ه
أحث ما ، النار من
!
اوانظر
فأوح اوأنسو ، اوبه
فخر اورَّ
عم ، لقائهم يف اوعدُوب ، ارهمرف يف اوبروق ، خططهم يف اوتدان ، الدور أبفناء اارسطو ، القبور هذه إىل
اووسكن ، اوش
، به
خمر وعامر ، يبرق وشاحط ، بعيد ٍ
بدان مسع فمن ، اوفرحل اووقنط ، اوفأزعج
أه غري مرحل وقاطن ، مزعج وساكن ، موحش وآنس
.القبور ل
الثالثة األايم ابن (اي
: (
ذي اي . عظيم يوم من له فيا ، كهبر إىل فيه خترج الذي ويومك ، قربك فيه تنزل الذي ويومك ، فيه ولدت الذي يومك
أنتم ما عاينتم لو وهللا اه
أم ، دامرة وقلوبكم ، عامرة أجسامكم اكمرأ يل ما : املعطنة اهليمو ، املعجبة اهليئة
لقلتم ، صائرون إليه أنتمو ، مالقوه
) :
َ
اي
)َ
نيِنِ
مْ
ؤُ
مْلا َ
نِ
م َ
نوُ
كَنَ
و اَنهِبَ
ر ِ
تَ
ايِ
ِب َ
به
ِ
ذَ
كُن َالَ
و ُّ
دَ
رُن اَنَتْيَل
.
, 2002: 208-9)
)اينراحل
A group of Shiites attended before Imam al-Baqir (peace be upon him), and he noticed that they were
among the people of heedlessness, so he addressed them, saying: “If my words fell in the heart of
any one of you, he would be dead, except for you, ghosts without souls, and flies without a lamp,
you are like supported wood and flaccid idols, do you not take gold from stone, do you not take
illumination from the shining light, do you not take pearls from the sea? Take the good word from
those who said it, even if they do not act upon it, for Allah Almighty says: Those who listen to the
word, then follow the best of it. (1)
And it is you who is conceited: Do you not praise the one whom you give to the mortal? And he will
give you the immortal, a dirham that perishes with ten that remains to seven hundred times more than
a generous munificent. Allah has given you a reward that is your food, your drink, your clothes, your
health, and your sufficiency, and veiled you from those who take care of you, who protect you in
your night and day, and answer you when you are in need, and resolve you to be rational in your test,
as if you forgot the nights of your aches and fears. You asked and He answered so He deserved thanks
for His beautiful deed. You forgot Him when others are mentioned, and disobeyed what he
commanded.
(1) The English translation of this speech is mine.
Woe to you, you are indeed a thief from the thieves of sins. Whenever you exhibit lust or commit a
sin, you rush to it, and proceed with your ignorance of it, and commit it as if you are not in the eyes
of Allah, or as if Allah is not looking for you. O seeker of Paradise: how long your sleep is, how
long your ride is, and how feeble your desire is, for by Allah you are demander and required, and O
fleeing from the Fire, you are truly urging your ride to it, and your earning what causes you to fall
into it!
Look at these graves, in lines in the courtyards of the houses, close in their plans, they drew near in
their escape, and were far away in their meeting, they were built and ruined, and they were forgotten
and bereft, and they dwelt and they were disturbed, and they despaired and they left. So, who had
ever heared of a distant close, near far, ruinous constructing, gloomy sociable, disturbing dweller,
and homeless inhabitant other than the people of the graves.
O son of the three days: (The day you were born, the day you go down to your grave, and the day
you go out to your Lord and what a great Day it is! O one who had admirable appearance, and ruined
heart Why do I see your bodies are sober while your hearts are shriveled. By Allah if you had seen
what you will meet, and what you will be towards, you would have said: (Would that we were sent
back, and we would not reject the communications of our Lord and we would be of the believers.).