IPM amp; IDM seshu
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This document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated disease management (IDM) strategies for organic farming. It provides details on various cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that can be used as part of IPM to minimize pest populations below economic injury levels. These include practices like sanitation, tillage, adjusting planting times and plant populations, using balanced fertilizers, water management, and habitat diversification. The document also discusses using natural enemies and biocontrol agents as part of biological pest management strategies, and provides examples like using birds, trap cropping, pheromone traps, and yellow sticky boards. For disease management, it outlines principles of exclusion, elimination, avoidance, protection, resistance, and therapy.
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Disease management in organic crops
This document summarizes organic practices for managing plant diseases on farms. It discusses principles of plant disease management including exclusion, elimination, avoidance, protection and resistance. It then outlines organic disease control practices that can be implemented before, during and after planting, including site selection, composting, crop rotation, and use of beneficial organisms. Specific practices for diseases in crops like tomatoes, cardamom and potatoes are provided as examples. The document notes both benefits and limitations to organic disease management approaches.
Integrated disease management of soil borne disease in south gujarat _Thesiya...
Integrated disease management of soil borne disease in south gujarat _Thesiya mayur (2010117116 )
The significant problems caused by soilborne pathogens in crop production worldwide
include reduced crop performance, decreased yield, and higher production costs. In many parts of the
world, methyl bromide was extensively used to control these pathogens before the implementation
of the Montreal Protocol—a global agreement to protect the ozone layer. The threats of soilborne
disease epidemics in crop production, high cost of chemical fungicides and development of fungicide
resistance, climate change, new disease outbreaks and increasing concerns regarding environmental
as well as soil health are becoming increasingly evident. These necessitate the use of integrated
soilborne disease management strategies for crop production. This article summarizes methods for
management of soilborne diseases in crop production which includes the use of sanitation, legal
methods, resistant cultivars/varieties and grafting, cropping system, soil solarization, biofumigants,
soil amendments, anaerobic soil disinfestation, soil steam sterilization, soil fertility and plant nutrients,
soilless culture, chemical control and biological control in a system-based approach. Different methods
with their strengths and weaknesses, mode of action and interactions are discussed, concluding with
a brief outline of future directions which might lead to the integration of described methods in a
system-based approach for more effective management of soilborne diseases.
Organic pest management
This document discusses organic pest management approaches for small farms. It emphasizes using cultural practices like crop rotation, resistant varieties, and soil management to prevent pest problems. If needed, physical and biological controls like beneficial insects, parasitic fungi, and botanical or microbial pesticides can be used as a last resort. The National Organic Program requires using cultural and mechanical methods first before allowing synthetic or botanical pesticide use, with documentation in the organic system plan. Overall, the organic approach aims to balance the whole farm system rather than just treat pest symptoms.
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Forecasting Model for Wilt of Banana By Md. Kamaruzzaman Shakil
This document proposes a forecasting model for banana wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. The model takes into account several factors that influence disease development, including host variety, amount of primary inoculum, environmental conditions like temperature and humidity, and growth stage of the banana plant. Critical conditions for disease are temperatures between 24-32°C, relative humidity above 95%, and moist soil conditions during root emergence of the banana plant. The forecasting model aims to predict disease outbreaks to help inform management practices that can restrict the spread of the pathogenic fungus.
Cultural practices
Manipulation of cultural practices at an appropriate time for reducing or avoiding disease damage to crops
The cultural practices make the environment less favorable for the plant pathogen and or more favorable for its bio control agents.
According to Stevens(1960) , the cultural methods of disease control involve agricultural cropping, harvesting and storage, tillage, crop rotation, soil management, growing of resistant varieties, planning of land use, and other related practices.
list of cultural practices
1.Soil solarization
2.Deep summer ploughing
3.Organic and inorganic amendments
4.Fallowing
5. Crop rotation
6. Green manure crops
7.Irrigation practices
and others Roughing
Strip farming
Trap and decay crops
Burning crop residue
Fertilizers usage
Time of sowing
Sanitation
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This document provides an overview of plant disease management. It defines plant disease and discusses the disease triangle of a pathogen, susceptible host, and favorable environment. It describes different types of diseases including biotic caused by pathogens and abiotic from environmental issues. Common pathogens that cause biotic diseases are fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses. The document outlines methods for managing diseases including cultural practices like sanitation, resistant varieties, and manipulating the environment. It also discusses symptom identification, epidemiology, and integrated pest management approaches like biological, physical and chemical controls.
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Disease management in organic crops
This document summarizes organic practices for managing plant diseases on farms. It discusses principles of plant disease management including exclusion, elimination, avoidance, protection and resistance. It then outlines organic disease control practices that can be implemented before, during and after planting, including site selection, composting, crop rotation, and use of beneficial organisms. Specific practices for diseases in crops like tomatoes, cardamom and potatoes are provided as examples. The document notes both benefits and limitations to organic disease management approaches.
Integrated disease management of soil borne disease in south gujarat _Thesiya...
Integrated disease management of soil borne disease in south gujarat _Thesiya mayur (2010117116 )
The significant problems caused by soilborne pathogens in crop production worldwide
include reduced crop performance, decreased yield, and higher production costs. In many parts of the
world, methyl bromide was extensively used to control these pathogens before the implementation
of the Montreal Protocol—a global agreement to protect the ozone layer. The threats of soilborne
disease epidemics in crop production, high cost of chemical fungicides and development of fungicide
resistance, climate change, new disease outbreaks and increasing concerns regarding environmental
as well as soil health are becoming increasingly evident. These necessitate the use of integrated
soilborne disease management strategies for crop production. This article summarizes methods for
management of soilborne diseases in crop production which includes the use of sanitation, legal
methods, resistant cultivars/varieties and grafting, cropping system, soil solarization, biofumigants,
soil amendments, anaerobic soil disinfestation, soil steam sterilization, soil fertility and plant nutrients,
soilless culture, chemical control and biological control in a system-based approach. Different methods
with their strengths and weaknesses, mode of action and interactions are discussed, concluding with
a brief outline of future directions which might lead to the integration of described methods in a
system-based approach for more effective management of soilborne diseases.
Organic pest management
This document discusses organic pest management approaches for small farms. It emphasizes using cultural practices like crop rotation, resistant varieties, and soil management to prevent pest problems. If needed, physical and biological controls like beneficial insects, parasitic fungi, and botanical or microbial pesticides can be used as a last resort. The National Organic Program requires using cultural and mechanical methods first before allowing synthetic or botanical pesticide use, with documentation in the organic system plan. Overall, the organic approach aims to balance the whole farm system rather than just treat pest symptoms.
Cultural practices for FHB
This document discusses cultural control methods for Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease in wheat crops. FHB is caused by several Fusarium species and reduces wheat yields and quality worldwide. Key cultural control practices discussed are crop rotation, soil tillage, and sowing date management. Crop rotation with non-host crops like maize or soybean for 2-3 years can help reduce FHB severity. Limited soil tillage practices like deep plowing can bury crop residues to decrease the primary inoculum. Timely sowing to avoid flowering during warm, humid conditions can also limit disease development. Together, these cultural methods can help lower the incidence of FHB in wheat crops.
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This document provides information on weed management and classification. It discusses that weeds are pests that decrease crop yields. Weeds are classified based on their life cycle as annuals, biennials, or perennials. They can also be classified based on their physiology as broadleaf or monocot, and based on their growth period as winter or summer weeds. The primary methods for managing weeds include preventive, mechanical, biological, cultural, and chemical controls. Preventive methods aim to stop the introduction and spread of weeds, while the other methods integrate various control techniques.
Forecasting Model for Wilt of Banana By Md. Kamaruzzaman Shakil
This document proposes a forecasting model for banana wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. The model takes into account several factors that influence disease development, including host variety, amount of primary inoculum, environmental conditions like temperature and humidity, and growth stage of the banana plant. Critical conditions for disease are temperatures between 24-32°C, relative humidity above 95%, and moist soil conditions during root emergence of the banana plant. The forecasting model aims to predict disease outbreaks to help inform management practices that can restrict the spread of the pathogenic fungus.
Cultural practices
Manipulation of cultural practices at an appropriate time for reducing or avoiding disease damage to crops
The cultural practices make the environment less favorable for the plant pathogen and or more favorable for its bio control agents.
According to Stevens(1960) , the cultural methods of disease control involve agricultural cropping, harvesting and storage, tillage, crop rotation, soil management, growing of resistant varieties, planning of land use, and other related practices.
list of cultural practices
1.Soil solarization
2.Deep summer ploughing
3.Organic and inorganic amendments
4.Fallowing
5. Crop rotation
6. Green manure crops
7.Irrigation practices
and others Roughing
Strip farming
Trap and decay crops
Burning crop residue
Fertilizers usage
Time of sowing
Sanitation
Organic disease management
This document provides an overview of plant disease management. It defines plant disease and discusses the disease triangle of a pathogen, susceptible host, and favorable environment. It describes different types of diseases including biotic caused by pathogens and abiotic from environmental issues. Common pathogens that cause biotic diseases are fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses. The document outlines methods for managing diseases including cultural practices like sanitation, resistant varieties, and manipulating the environment. It also discusses symptom identification, epidemiology, and integrated pest management approaches like biological, physical and chemical controls.
Trichoderma march 14th
This document discusses the use of biocontrol agents, specifically Trichoderma species, for managing plant pathogens and diseases. Some key points:
- Pathogens threaten global crop production and excessive fungicide use pollutes the environment and leads to resistance, so alternative biological control methods are needed.
- Trichoderma is an effective biocontrol agent that controls pathogens through mycoparasitism, antibiosis, competition, and other mechanisms without environmental pollution.
- Mass production of Trichoderma uses liquid fermentation or solid substrates like wheat bran to grow the fungus, which is then mixed with carriers like talc or vermiculite before application to seeds, soil, or plants.
Biological control
This document discusses biological control of plant diseases. It describes biological control as using natural enemies like beneficial microorganisms to control pathogen populations. Mechanisms of biological control include competition, parasitism, predation, induced resistance, and antimicrobial production. While biological control shows promise, its use can be limited by environmental conditions. Integrated disease management is presented as a better approach, combining biological, cultural, and chemical controls tailored to each crop system. The disease triangle concept illustrates how a pathogen, susceptible host, and favorable environment must intersect for disease to occur.
Weed manegment method
This document summarizes a study on the effect of various weed control methods on wheat yield under different cropping patterns. It begins with an introduction to weeds, their characteristics, and principles of weed management. It then describes various weed control methods including physical/mechanical (tillage, hoeing, hand weeding), cultural (crop rotation, mulching), chemical (herbicides), and biological (insects, diseases). The study tested different weed control treatments (weedy check, hand weeding, mechanical weeding, chemical weeding, integrated methods) under various cropping patterns. It found the integrated method of mechanical weeding followed by hand weeding produced the highest net benefits across all cropping patterns.
AVOIDANCE - A PRINCIPLE OF IDM
This document discusses the avoidance principle of plant disease management. It defines avoidance as planting at times or locations where pathogens are ineffective or absent due to environmental conditions. Avoidance involves modifying cultural practices like selecting disease-free areas and fields, adjusting sowing times, using resistant varieties, and proper seed selection. Specific examples are provided to illustrate how these avoidance techniques can reduce diseases like smuts, rusts, wilts, and molds in various crops like bajra, wheat, red gram, potato, and banana. Tillage, mixed cropping, flooding, and other modified cultural practices can also help avoid contact between pathogens and susceptible plant stages.
Management of Soilborne Diseases for Sustainable Pulse Crop Production
Oral Presentation 37 by Weidong Chen at the International Conference on Pulses in Marrakesh, Morocco, 18-20 April 2016
A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS
The document summarizes sustainable approaches for managing soil-borne plant pathogens. It discusses various methods including cultural, physical, biological and chemical controls. Cultural controls involve practices like crop rotation, mixed cropping, nutrient management, and cover crops which help reduce pathogen populations in the soil over time. Physical controls use factors like solarization and flooding to raise soil temperatures and kill pathogens. Biological controls utilize beneficial organisms like Trichoderma that compete with or inhibit pathogens through various mechanisms. An integrated approach applying several control methods together can provide effective sustainable management of soil-borne diseases.
Cultural and Mechanical Control of Weeds
This document discusses cultural and mechanical methods for controlling weeds. Cultural control methods include using weed-free crop seeds, planting smother crops, and crop rotation. Mechanical control methods involve manual and machine-based approaches like hand-pulling, hoeing, mowing, flooding, mulching, burning, machine tillage, and soil solarization. Both cultural and mechanical controls aim to prevent weed growth and spread, eradicate existing weeds, or keep weed populations below an economic threshold.
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVA...
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Soilborne pathogens and nematodes are very destructive in vegetables crops and one of the most limiting factors to farmers income. Soil fumigation has been an essential component of greenhouses crops since the 1960s. Growing vegetables without soil fumigants has remained a challenge, in part because commercially acceptable eggplant cultivars produced through conventional breeding lack resistance to many soil borne plant pathogens. Grafting cultivars with high quality and productivity on rootstocks that are resistant to soil pests and diseases is a method known for years ago, but which was improved and quickly spread in the last years. The objective of the researches was to evaluate the performance of the eggplant grafting on the some rootstocks in greenhouse conditions, alone and in combination with soil fumigation using metham sodium. Data obtained in the combinations scion/rootstock and not grafted eggplants were compared with data recorded where the metham sodium fumigant was used and as well as with the combinations grafted eggplants planted in soil disinfested with metham sodium. The marketable yield, fruits quality, frequency and root galling index of soilborne disease and nematodes, in the experimental variants were determined and calculated. Grafting process combined with the metham sodium soil disinfestation led to significant reduction in the incidence of attack produced by soilborne disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, Verticillium dahlia) and nematodes (Meloidogine incognita).
Avs sustainable management of soil borne plant diseases
This document discusses sustainable management of soil-borne plant diseases. It defines sustainable management and introduces some of the predominant soil-borne pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. It then discusses various principles and methods for managing plant diseases sustainably, including cultural methods like crop rotation, date of sowing, nutrient management, organic amendments, cover crops, and depth of sowing. It also discusses physical methods like soil solarization and using barriers to control pathogens. The overall document provides an overview of sustainable approaches for minimizing soil-borne plant diseases.
Chemical weed control
Chemical weed control uses herbicides to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants. Herbicides are part of an integrated weed management approach that combines multiple control methods. The selectivity, dose, timing and application method of herbicides are important considerations to avoid harming crops. Nearly 400 herbicides have been developed with different chemical properties and classifications based on application timing, selectivity, spectrum of weed control, and whether they are soil-applied or foliar-acting.
PLANT DISEASE CONTROL
This document discusses various methods for controlling plant diseases. The major methods discussed are cultural control methods, biological control methods, and chemical control methods. Cultural control methods include avoiding contact between the pathogen and host plant through proper field selection, resistant varieties, and modifying cultural practices. Biological control uses other organisms like fungi, bacteria, and mycorrhizal fungi to control pathogens. Chemical control involves the use of fungicides, bactericides, and other chemical treatments to directly kill or inhibit pathogens.
B.sc agriculture i principles of plant pathology u 5.3 principles of management
The document discusses principles of plant disease management, including avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protection, and disease resistance. Avoidance methods aim to avoid contact between pathogens and susceptible crops through proper selection of areas, fields, sowing times, varieties, and planting materials. Exclusion prevents inoculum from entering uninfected areas using seed inspection, certification, and plant quarantine regulations. Eradication reduces and destroys inoculum sources through rouging of infected plants, removal of alternate hosts, crop rotation, sanitation, and amendments to soil and fertilizers.
Integrated Pest Management- floriculture
IPM is a pest management system that in the context of associated environment and population dynamics, utilizes all the appropriate techniques to minimize the pest population levels below those causing economic injury.
Pest management in organic farming
This document discusses insect pest management techniques for organic farming. It describes integrating cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and behavioral control methods. Cultural controls include using resistant varieties, crop rotation, companion planting and sanitation. Physical controls use temperature, moisture and light. Mechanical controls manually destroy or exclude pests. Biological controls utilize predators, parasitoids, pathogens and botanical pesticides. The document provides examples of specific control methods and their application in organic farming.
Organic agriculture scope and problems for conservation
Organic agriculture aims to optimize quality in all aspects of agriculture and the environment while respecting plants, animals, and landscapes. However, organic farming faces several problems including insufficient organic inputs, lower initial yields, lack of expertise and infrastructure. Transitioning to organic also requires adopting practices like crop rotation and biological pest control that are less common in conventional farming.
Integrated Pest Management
This document outlines the development of an integrated pest management (IPM) program for greenhouse tomatoes in Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe. It discusses the major insect and disease pests that affect greenhouse tomatoes and presents cultural, biological, and chemical approaches to control pests. The cultural methods include exclusion of pests, sanitation, and scouting. Biological controls involve the use of beneficial organisms. Chemical controls are a last resort and include selective insecticides and miticides. The document concludes that a successful IPM program combines these approaches and involves identifying pests, monitoring populations, setting action thresholds, preventing problems, and using integrated tools.
Ipm vegetables v.sridhar-2018
This document provides information on integrated pest management for vegetable crops. It describes the major types of insect pests that damage vegetables, including borers that damage fruits, leaves, flowers, shoots, and roots. It also discusses sucking pests like aphids and whiteflies. The document then focuses on management strategies for key pests in important vegetable crops like tomato, brinjal, cucurbits and beans. It emphasizes the use of cultural, biological and mechanical controls, along with selective use of pesticides. For key pests like tomato fruit borer and brinjal shoot borer, it provides specific IPM packages involving cultural practices, pheromone trap use, biopesticide sprays and other
Sustainable Management of Soil-borne Plant Diseases
1) Soil-borne plant diseases result from a reduction in soil biodiversity that allows pathogens to thrive. Restoring beneficial soil organisms through practices like adding compost can suppress diseases by competing with and antagonizing pathogens.
2) Creating a diverse soil environment with high levels of biological activity makes it difficult for pathogens to survive due to competition for nutrients and direct inhibition from antibiotics. Beneficial fungi and bacteria protect plants and help them acquire nutrients to resist diseases.
3) Strategies like crop rotation and adding organic matter can support disease-suppressive soil conditions by favoring beneficial organisms over pathogens. Maintaining soil health through practices that promote diversity is key to sustainable disease management.
Biological weed control
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
Methods of weed control
This document discusses various methods of weed control, including cultural, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Cultural methods involve practices like tillage, fertilizer application, irrigation, crop rotation, and mulching. Physical/mechanical methods include hand weeding, hoeing, digging, sickling, and mowing. The document describes various mechanical weed control tools. Herbicides are also discussed, outlining their benefits and limitations. Biological control uses living organisms like insects and pathogens to control specific weed species. No single method is effective for all situations, so often an integrated approach using multiple methods provides the best weed control.
IPM.pptx
Integrated pest management (IPM) uses cultural, biological, and chemical methods to control pests in a way that minimizes environmental and health risks. This presentation discusses various cultural methods like sanitation, tillage, and cultivar selection. It also covers biological control using parasitoids, predators, pathogens, viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa, and biopesticides. Methods like pheromones, fairomones, hand picking, and use of botanicals are also summarized.
Organic pest management
The document discusses the negative environmental impacts of commercial agriculture, including chemical buildup from pesticides and fertilizers, loss of biodiversity, and unsustainable practices that have led to problems like farmer suicides. It then introduces organic farming as an alternative that can address these issues by reducing chemical inputs, increasing self-sufficiency, and protecting the environment, food quality, and farmer livelihoods. The document also discusses types of pest management techniques used in organic farming, including cultural, physical, biological and use of pest-resistant plant varieties.
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This document discusses the use of biocontrol agents, specifically Trichoderma species, for managing plant pathogens and diseases. Some key points:
- Pathogens threaten global crop production and excessive fungicide use pollutes the environment and leads to resistance, so alternative biological control methods are needed.
- Trichoderma is an effective biocontrol agent that controls pathogens through mycoparasitism, antibiosis, competition, and other mechanisms without environmental pollution.
- Mass production of Trichoderma uses liquid fermentation or solid substrates like wheat bran to grow the fungus, which is then mixed with carriers like talc or vermiculite before application to seeds, soil, or plants.
Biological control
This document discusses biological control of plant diseases. It describes biological control as using natural enemies like beneficial microorganisms to control pathogen populations. Mechanisms of biological control include competition, parasitism, predation, induced resistance, and antimicrobial production. While biological control shows promise, its use can be limited by environmental conditions. Integrated disease management is presented as a better approach, combining biological, cultural, and chemical controls tailored to each crop system. The disease triangle concept illustrates how a pathogen, susceptible host, and favorable environment must intersect for disease to occur.
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This document summarizes a study on the effect of various weed control methods on wheat yield under different cropping patterns. It begins with an introduction to weeds, their characteristics, and principles of weed management. It then describes various weed control methods including physical/mechanical (tillage, hoeing, hand weeding), cultural (crop rotation, mulching), chemical (herbicides), and biological (insects, diseases). The study tested different weed control treatments (weedy check, hand weeding, mechanical weeding, chemical weeding, integrated methods) under various cropping patterns. It found the integrated method of mechanical weeding followed by hand weeding produced the highest net benefits across all cropping patterns.
AVOIDANCE - A PRINCIPLE OF IDM
This document discusses the avoidance principle of plant disease management. It defines avoidance as planting at times or locations where pathogens are ineffective or absent due to environmental conditions. Avoidance involves modifying cultural practices like selecting disease-free areas and fields, adjusting sowing times, using resistant varieties, and proper seed selection. Specific examples are provided to illustrate how these avoidance techniques can reduce diseases like smuts, rusts, wilts, and molds in various crops like bajra, wheat, red gram, potato, and banana. Tillage, mixed cropping, flooding, and other modified cultural practices can also help avoid contact between pathogens and susceptible plant stages.
Management of Soilborne Diseases for Sustainable Pulse Crop Production
Oral Presentation 37 by Weidong Chen at the International Conference on Pulses in Marrakesh, Morocco, 18-20 April 2016
A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS
The document summarizes sustainable approaches for managing soil-borne plant pathogens. It discusses various methods including cultural, physical, biological and chemical controls. Cultural controls involve practices like crop rotation, mixed cropping, nutrient management, and cover crops which help reduce pathogen populations in the soil over time. Physical controls use factors like solarization and flooding to raise soil temperatures and kill pathogens. Biological controls utilize beneficial organisms like Trichoderma that compete with or inhibit pathogens through various mechanisms. An integrated approach applying several control methods together can provide effective sustainable management of soil-borne diseases.
Cultural and Mechanical Control of Weeds
This document discusses cultural and mechanical methods for controlling weeds. Cultural control methods include using weed-free crop seeds, planting smother crops, and crop rotation. Mechanical control methods involve manual and machine-based approaches like hand-pulling, hoeing, mowing, flooding, mulching, burning, machine tillage, and soil solarization. Both cultural and mechanical controls aim to prevent weed growth and spread, eradicate existing weeds, or keep weed populations below an economic threshold.
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVA...
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Soilborne pathogens and nematodes are very destructive in vegetables crops and one of the most limiting factors to farmers income. Soil fumigation has been an essential component of greenhouses crops since the 1960s. Growing vegetables without soil fumigants has remained a challenge, in part because commercially acceptable eggplant cultivars produced through conventional breeding lack resistance to many soil borne plant pathogens. Grafting cultivars with high quality and productivity on rootstocks that are resistant to soil pests and diseases is a method known for years ago, but which was improved and quickly spread in the last years. The objective of the researches was to evaluate the performance of the eggplant grafting on the some rootstocks in greenhouse conditions, alone and in combination with soil fumigation using metham sodium. Data obtained in the combinations scion/rootstock and not grafted eggplants were compared with data recorded where the metham sodium fumigant was used and as well as with the combinations grafted eggplants planted in soil disinfested with metham sodium. The marketable yield, fruits quality, frequency and root galling index of soilborne disease and nematodes, in the experimental variants were determined and calculated. Grafting process combined with the metham sodium soil disinfestation led to significant reduction in the incidence of attack produced by soilborne disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, Verticillium dahlia) and nematodes (Meloidogine incognita).
Avs sustainable management of soil borne plant diseases
This document discusses sustainable management of soil-borne plant diseases. It defines sustainable management and introduces some of the predominant soil-borne pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. It then discusses various principles and methods for managing plant diseases sustainably, including cultural methods like crop rotation, date of sowing, nutrient management, organic amendments, cover crops, and depth of sowing. It also discusses physical methods like soil solarization and using barriers to control pathogens. The overall document provides an overview of sustainable approaches for minimizing soil-borne plant diseases.
Chemical weed control
Chemical weed control uses herbicides to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants. Herbicides are part of an integrated weed management approach that combines multiple control methods. The selectivity, dose, timing and application method of herbicides are important considerations to avoid harming crops. Nearly 400 herbicides have been developed with different chemical properties and classifications based on application timing, selectivity, spectrum of weed control, and whether they are soil-applied or foliar-acting.
PLANT DISEASE CONTROL
This document discusses various methods for controlling plant diseases. The major methods discussed are cultural control methods, biological control methods, and chemical control methods. Cultural control methods include avoiding contact between the pathogen and host plant through proper field selection, resistant varieties, and modifying cultural practices. Biological control uses other organisms like fungi, bacteria, and mycorrhizal fungi to control pathogens. Chemical control involves the use of fungicides, bactericides, and other chemical treatments to directly kill or inhibit pathogens.
B.sc agriculture i principles of plant pathology u 5.3 principles of management
The document discusses principles of plant disease management, including avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protection, and disease resistance. Avoidance methods aim to avoid contact between pathogens and susceptible crops through proper selection of areas, fields, sowing times, varieties, and planting materials. Exclusion prevents inoculum from entering uninfected areas using seed inspection, certification, and plant quarantine regulations. Eradication reduces and destroys inoculum sources through rouging of infected plants, removal of alternate hosts, crop rotation, sanitation, and amendments to soil and fertilizers.
Integrated Pest Management- floriculture
IPM is a pest management system that in the context of associated environment and population dynamics, utilizes all the appropriate techniques to minimize the pest population levels below those causing economic injury.
Pest management in organic farming
This document discusses insect pest management techniques for organic farming. It describes integrating cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and behavioral control methods. Cultural controls include using resistant varieties, crop rotation, companion planting and sanitation. Physical controls use temperature, moisture and light. Mechanical controls manually destroy or exclude pests. Biological controls utilize predators, parasitoids, pathogens and botanical pesticides. The document provides examples of specific control methods and their application in organic farming.
Organic agriculture scope and problems for conservation
Organic agriculture aims to optimize quality in all aspects of agriculture and the environment while respecting plants, animals, and landscapes. However, organic farming faces several problems including insufficient organic inputs, lower initial yields, lack of expertise and infrastructure. Transitioning to organic also requires adopting practices like crop rotation and biological pest control that are less common in conventional farming.
Integrated Pest Management
This document outlines the development of an integrated pest management (IPM) program for greenhouse tomatoes in Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe. It discusses the major insect and disease pests that affect greenhouse tomatoes and presents cultural, biological, and chemical approaches to control pests. The cultural methods include exclusion of pests, sanitation, and scouting. Biological controls involve the use of beneficial organisms. Chemical controls are a last resort and include selective insecticides and miticides. The document concludes that a successful IPM program combines these approaches and involves identifying pests, monitoring populations, setting action thresholds, preventing problems, and using integrated tools.
Ipm vegetables v.sridhar-2018
This document provides information on integrated pest management for vegetable crops. It describes the major types of insect pests that damage vegetables, including borers that damage fruits, leaves, flowers, shoots, and roots. It also discusses sucking pests like aphids and whiteflies. The document then focuses on management strategies for key pests in important vegetable crops like tomato, brinjal, cucurbits and beans. It emphasizes the use of cultural, biological and mechanical controls, along with selective use of pesticides. For key pests like tomato fruit borer and brinjal shoot borer, it provides specific IPM packages involving cultural practices, pheromone trap use, biopesticide sprays and other
Sustainable Management of Soil-borne Plant Diseases
1) Soil-borne plant diseases result from a reduction in soil biodiversity that allows pathogens to thrive. Restoring beneficial soil organisms through practices like adding compost can suppress diseases by competing with and antagonizing pathogens.
2) Creating a diverse soil environment with high levels of biological activity makes it difficult for pathogens to survive due to competition for nutrients and direct inhibition from antibiotics. Beneficial fungi and bacteria protect plants and help them acquire nutrients to resist diseases.
3) Strategies like crop rotation and adding organic matter can support disease-suppressive soil conditions by favoring beneficial organisms over pathogens. Maintaining soil health through practices that promote diversity is key to sustainable disease management.
Biological weed control
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
Methods of weed control
This document discusses various methods of weed control, including cultural, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Cultural methods involve practices like tillage, fertilizer application, irrigation, crop rotation, and mulching. Physical/mechanical methods include hand weeding, hoeing, digging, sickling, and mowing. The document describes various mechanical weed control tools. Herbicides are also discussed, outlining their benefits and limitations. Biological control uses living organisms like insects and pathogens to control specific weed species. No single method is effective for all situations, so often an integrated approach using multiple methods provides the best weed control.
Mais procurados (20)
Management of Soilborne Diseases for Sustainable Pulse Crop Production
Management of Soilborne Diseases for Sustainable Pulse Crop Production
A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS
A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVA...
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVA...
Avs sustainable management of soil borne plant diseases
Avs sustainable management of soil borne plant diseases
B.sc agriculture i principles of plant pathology u 5.3 principles of management
B.sc agriculture i principles of plant pathology u 5.3 principles of management
Organic agriculture scope and problems for conservation
Organic agriculture scope and problems for conservation
Sustainable Management of Soil-borne Plant Diseases
Sustainable Management of Soil-borne Plant Diseases
Semelhante a IPM amp; IDM seshu
IPM.pptx
Integrated pest management (IPM) uses cultural, biological, and chemical methods to control pests in a way that minimizes environmental and health risks. This presentation discusses various cultural methods like sanitation, tillage, and cultivar selection. It also covers biological control using parasitoids, predators, pathogens, viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa, and biopesticides. Methods like pheromones, fairomones, hand picking, and use of botanicals are also summarized.
Organic pest management
The document discusses the negative environmental impacts of commercial agriculture, including chemical buildup from pesticides and fertilizers, loss of biodiversity, and unsustainable practices that have led to problems like farmer suicides. It then introduces organic farming as an alternative that can address these issues by reducing chemical inputs, increasing self-sufficiency, and protecting the environment, food quality, and farmer livelihoods. The document also discusses types of pest management techniques used in organic farming, including cultural, physical, biological and use of pest-resistant plant varieties.
IDM on Rust Fungi
Disease management system that in the context of associated environment and population dynamics of microorganisms, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in a manner as compatible as possible and maintains the disease below economic level”.
Title
Introduction
Objectives
Justification
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Integrated weed management
Integrated weed management involves using a combination of mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological weed control methods together in a planned way. The goal is to minimize weed competition with crops and reduce weed populations below an economic threshold level while avoiding environmental and health impacts. It has been shown to be an effective concept for weed control, though more work is still needed to apply it at the small farmer level.
Lecture-9.pdf
This document provides information on biological control, which involves using natural enemies like predators, parasites, and pathogens to reduce pest populations. It describes the goals of biological control as establishing a self-sustaining system, suppressing pests, and keeping pest densities below economic thresholds. Classical biological control involves introducing natural enemies from a pest's original location, while augmentation releases additional natural enemies temporarily. Conservation identifies factors limiting natural enemies and modifies them. The document also discusses enhancing biological control through practices like avoiding broad-spectrum pesticides, providing refuge habitats, intercropping, and mass rearing and release of beneficial insects.
Integrated pest management
The document discusses the history and importance of integrated pest management (IPM), which involves using multiple pest control methods such as cultural practices, biological controls, and selective use of pesticides to improve crop yields while reducing environmental impacts. IPM strategies include prevention, monitoring, and intervention techniques to manage pests and keep populations below economic threshold levels. The benefits of IPM include improved crop protection, stable crop yields, reduced pest resistance, and increased food safety.
Weed management.pptx
1. The document discusses integrated weed management practices in major field crops. It defines integrated weed management as using a combination of control methods at low levels to reduce weed competition below an economic threshold.
2. Key methods of integrated weed management discussed include preventive cultural/ecological methods like crop rotation and mulching, direct manual and mechanical control methods, and biological and chemical control using herbicides in a planned sequence.
3. The advantages of integrated weed management are preventing weed resistance, no environmental pollution, and higher net returns through shifting crop-weed competition in favor of crops.
Ecological manipulation in pest management
Ecological manipulation and integrated pest management are important approaches. Cultural control methods manipulate the environment to make it less suitable for pests through practices like proper cultivation, crop rotation, trap cropping and resistant varieties. Ecological engineering enhances natural pest control by providing food and shelter for natural enemies. Biological control uses natural enemies like parasitoids and predators that are encouraged and disseminated. The AESA method involves observing crop fields and analyzing the interactions between pests, natural enemies and the environment to inform sustainable management practices.
conservation training course.ppt
Crop disease management aims to improve plant health at the population level through sustainable practices. Traditional methods focused on pathogens, but now focus on host plant health and interactions between plants, pathogens, and the environment. Key principles include manipulating the environment to favor hosts over pathogens through resistance, avoidance, elimination, and remedies. Cultural practices like crop rotation, selection of planting times and locations, and sanitation are widely used to control diseases.
ELEC 230_Lecture 3_SSNAIK 14.10.2020.ppt
This document provides an overview and classification of biopesticides. It discusses how globalization and sustainable agriculture have increased the importance of using biological pest control methods. It then classifies biopesticides into four categories: (1) microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes used for insect control, (2) botanical pesticides derived from plants, (3) biorational pesticides that regulate insect growth, and (4) genetically modified crops containing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that code for insecticidal proteins. Specific examples are given for commonly used biopesticides in each category.
NEMA- 603 (Advances in Nematode Management) Topic: Nematode management optio...
This presentation is about Nematode management options for organic and precision farming. In this presentation care and management practices used for nematode control are explained, some of them are 1) Resistant crop variety 2) Crop rotation 3) Soil solarization 4) Biological control etc.
Tiger pest control
Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, a member of the animal kingdom that impacts adversely on human activities. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done, and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to completely eradicate the pest. Pest control measures may be performed as part of an integrated pest management strategy.
Gardening Project
This gardening project deals with plant diseases and control measures. It discusses 4 main topics: 1) control of plant diseases through quarantine, cultural, plant resistance, chemical, biological and integrated methods, 2) biological control through importation, augmentation and conservation, 3) common pesticides and insecticides like organochlorides and organophosphates, and 4) common agricultural equipment. The document provides details on types of control measures for plant diseases and explains biological control methods in more depth.
SEED BORNE DISEASES
1. Management of seed borne diseases can be done through crop production practices, seed treatment, seed certification, and plant quarantine. Crop production practices include using disease-resistant varieties, crop rotation, and following good sanitation practices.
2. Seed treatment involves physical, biological and chemical methods to eliminate pathogens. Hot water treatment, hot air treatment and solar heat treatment are common physical seed treatments. Biological control uses antagonistic microorganisms. Chemical seed treatments with fungicides and insecticides form protective coatings on seeds.
3. Seed certification and quality control ensure high quality seeds through procedures for labeling, inspection and generation limits. Plant quarantine aims to prevent the spread of diseases and p
Unit-2-crop-protection.pptx
Pests are organisms that compete with or damage crops, reducing yields. The main categories of pests are vertebrates, invertebrates, weeds, and diseases. Pests globally reduce crop yields by 42% and cause major economic losses for farmers. Crop protection manages these threats through disciplines like entomology, plant pathology, weed science, and integrated pest management, which uses natural controls and minimizes pesticide use for sustainable agriculture.
[Challenge:Future] pest problem in china
The document discusses the evolution of integrated pest management (IPM) principles in China from the 1970s to present and outlines new challenges and strategies for plant protection in the 21st century. Key points include:
1) IPM principles have evolved from "prevention first and integrated control" to "integrated pest management" to "sustainable management of pests".
2) New challenges include decreasing farmland, increasing population demands, natural disasters, more frequent pest variations, and foreign pest invasions.
3) Strategies proposed are developing early warning systems, using natural crop resistance and natural enemies, ecological regulation, and creating environmentally friendly pesticides.
Apm 02 final
The document discusses alternative pest management (APM) strategies that are ecologically sound and economically viable. It outlines APM principles and defines pests. It then discusses factors that affect pest populations and different pest management approaches like integrated pest management, ecological pest management, and alternative pest management which uses cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and botanical controls and avoids synthetic pesticides.
ENTO 231_L.No.5_Integrated Pest Management.ppt
1) The document discusses the concepts, principles, evolution and components of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). It describes how IPM aims to control pests in a way that minimizes environmental and health risks through the integration of multiple control tactics.
2) Key concepts of IPM include understanding the agricultural ecosystem, planning crop systems to reduce pest problems, considering cost-benefit ratios of control methods, and tolerating a certain level of pest damage. Common IPM components are monitoring, cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical control methods.
3) The evolution of IPM involved a shift away from reliance on pesticides alone after issues like pest resistance emerged, towards a more integrated approach balancing multiple control tactics
bioherbicides.pptx
This document discusses different types of weed control methods including mechanical, chemical, and biological control. It focuses on biological control, specifically mycoherbicides which use fungi as bioherbicides. Several commercially registered mycoherbicides are described, including the pathogens, weed hosts, trade names, and countries where registered. Mass production, formulation, and application techniques for mycoherbicides are also outlined. The development process including discovery, development, and deployment phases is explained.
Integrated weed management (iwm)
An integrated weed management approach to land management combines the use of complementary weed control methods such as grazing, herbicide application, land fallowing, and biological control.
Semelhante a IPM amp; IDM seshu (20)
NEMA- 603 (Advances in Nematode Management) Topic: Nematode management optio...
NEMA- 603 (Advances in Nematode Management) Topic: Nematode management optio...
Último
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
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Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
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Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
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Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
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IPM amp; IDM seshu
- 1. IPM & IDM ORGANIC FARMING Submitted to ;- Submitted by ;- Manju Sharma MUTYALU SHESHU G SECTION Roll no 50
- 2. Integrated pest management IPM is a pest management system that in the context of associated environment and population dynamics, utilizes all the appropriate techniques to minimize the pest population at levels below those causing economic injury. Cultural and biological methods are the two major components in integrated plant protection.
- 3. Cultural Practices ■ Sanitation ■ Tillage ■ Time of sowing ■ Plant population ■ Manures fertilisers ■ Water management ■ Habitat deification
- 4. Sanitation It includes removal or destruction of breeding refuges and over wintering of pests. Seed material, farm yard manure etc carrying insect eggs or its stages of development should be carefully screened before their use. Destruction of alternate hosts minimizes pest population build up.
- 5. Tillage Ploughing and inter-cultivation brings about unfavourable conditions for multiplication of pests as well as diseases and weeds. Quiescent stages (pupae) of harmful organisms will be exposed to dehydration or to predation by birds and other stages may be mechanically damaged or buried deep in the soil.
- 6. Time of sowing As weather influences developmental rhythm of plants as well as growth and survival of pests and diseases, serious setback occurs when the weather conditions are such as to bring about coincidence of susceptible growth stages with highest incidence of pests and diseases.Therefore, adjustment in sowing dates is often resorted to as an agronomic strategy to minimize the crop losses. Maize sown late suffers little borer damage, as by then the egg parasiteTrichogramma is able to keep down the population of the pest. Rice may suffer less from borer attack if planted early (early June). Early maturing cotton cultivars have become popular in Punjab and Haryana as they escape pink bollworm.
- 7. Plant population Plant population per unit area influence crop microclimate. Dense plant canopy leads to high humidity build up congenial for pest and disease multiplication. Keeping the total plant population constant, inter and intra row plant population can be adjusted to minimize the humidity build up within the plant canopy
- 8. Manures & fertilizers Excessive nitrogen increases susceptibility of crop to sucking and leaf eating pests. Higher rates of nitrogen application than the recommended rate to hybrids without corresponding increase in phosphorus and potassium is the main factor for heavy pest and disease incidence. Balanced application of NPK helps the crop to tolerate pests and diseases considerably.
- 9. Water management Irrigation can reduce the soil inhabiting pests by suffocation or exposing them to soil surface to be preyed upon by birds. Irrigating potato crop at tuber formation can minimize potato scab. Anthracnose of beans, early blight and charcoal rot of potato can be checked by furrow irrigation than sprinkler irrigation.
- 10. Habitat diversification Many pests prefer feeding on a particular plant or others.This preference may be exploited to reduce the pest load on crop. Crop rotation, intercropping, traps cropping and strip cropping can bring down the pest load considerably.
- 11. Biological Biological control basically means, “The utilization of any living organism for the control of insect-pest, diseases and weeds”.This means use of any biotic agents for minimizing the pest population either directly or indirectly. Biological control of insect-pests is gaining recognition as an essential component of successful IPM.Classical biological control involves deliberate and natural establishment of natural enemies in areas where they did not previously occur. In addition to deliberate introduction of bio- control agents, proper attention needs to be given for conservation and augmentation of natural enemies that already exist in an area.This should be treated as important as many insect predators are much more susceptible to insecticides than the pests they attack. Biological control agents for insect pests are available in nature abundantly and work against crop pests naturally called as Naturae Control.
- 12. The pest management programmed where natural enemies of the crop pests form the core component is designated as (BIPM). The most commonly used bio-agents in BIPM are broadly classified into 3 categories i) Parasitoid ii) Predators iii) Microbes causes diseases in insects.
- 13. ■ BIRDTRENCH ■ TRAP CROPPING ■ PHEROMENTRAPS ■ LIGHTTRAP ■ SOILTRAP ■ YELLOW STICKY BOARDS
- 14. Integrated Disease Management ■ Disease controls are important because of the loss they cause on crops ■ The loss can be occur at any time ■ It can cause at the time of sowing to harvest
- 15. Principles ■ Exclusion prevent entry and establishment ■ Elimination removal or reduction of pathogen ■ Avoidance alter time and place cultivation ■ Protection treat plant to prevent infection ■ Resistance infection and disease resistance ■ Therapy curative measures to limit pathogen