Grape is one of the oldest cultivated fruits originating in Asia Minor, the Caspian Sea region, or Armenia. It is a perennial woody vine that produces berries and requires a support structure. There are several grape species but Vitis vinifera is most widely cultivated for wine and table grapes. Grapes grow best in warm temperate regions between 20-40 degrees Celsius and require adequate sunlight, drainage, and a pH between 6.5-7.5. Common cultivars grown in Ethiopia include Tekur, Nech Debulbul, and Kai Debulbul. Grape production involves propagation, trellising, pruning, and managing pests and diseases to optimize yields.
Wine is produced through the alcoholic fermentation of fresh grapes or grape must. It is affected by many factors like climate, soil, grape variety, and winemaking techniques. The production process involves harvesting grapes, crushing them, fermenting the juice into alcohol, aging, and finishing. Fining and filtration are used to clarify the wine before bottling. Wine is classified based on attributes like color, body, sweetness level, and whether it is still or sparkling. Proper wine service involves presenting the wine to customers, describing its attributes, and ensuring an enjoyable drinking experience.
This document provides information about grapes, including:
1. Grapes originated in Armenia near the Caspian Sea. They are one of the most delicious and nourishing fruits, rich in nutrients.
2. In India, grapes are mostly consumed as table fruit, while in Europe they are primarily used for wine production. Grapes are also used to make raisins, juice, and jam.
3. The major grape growing regions in Andhra Pradesh are Mahbubnagar, Rangareddy, Medak, Ananthapur, Chittoor, and Kurnool districts.
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
B.sc. agri i po h unit 4.3 cultivation practices of grapeRai University
This document provides information on cultivation practices of grapes. It discusses the botany of grapes, varieties commonly grown in India such as Thompson Seedless and Anab-e-Shahi, and cultivation methods including propagation, training, pruning, fertilization and pest/disease management. Climate and soil requirements are also outlined. Major grape growing regions in India are described.
This document summarizes information about the Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia), a native grape species in southeastern United States. It discusses the natural range and cultivation of Muscadine grapes. It also provides details on several recommended cultivars for fresh market or processing, describing their characteristics like berry size, color, flavor, yield, and harvest season. Popular recommended fresh market cultivars mentioned include Fry, Supreme, Black Beauty, and Summit.
This document provides an overview of pecan production technology. It begins with an introduction to pecans, describing their importance and nutritional value. It then discusses pecan varieties, production practices such as propagation, spacing, pruning, and fertilization. Health benefits and nutritional content of pecans are highlighted. Details are given on pecan tree description, floral biology, fruit description, and ecological requirements. Major pecan producing countries and varieties are identified. Common pecan diseases and their management are also summarized.
Wine is produced through the alcoholic fermentation of fresh grapes or grape must. It is affected by many factors like climate, soil, grape variety, and winemaking techniques. The production process involves harvesting grapes, crushing them, fermenting the juice into alcohol, aging, and finishing. Fining and filtration are used to clarify the wine before bottling. Wine is classified based on attributes like color, body, sweetness level, and whether it is still or sparkling. Proper wine service involves presenting the wine to customers, describing its attributes, and ensuring an enjoyable drinking experience.
This document provides information about grapes, including:
1. Grapes originated in Armenia near the Caspian Sea. They are one of the most delicious and nourishing fruits, rich in nutrients.
2. In India, grapes are mostly consumed as table fruit, while in Europe they are primarily used for wine production. Grapes are also used to make raisins, juice, and jam.
3. The major grape growing regions in Andhra Pradesh are Mahbubnagar, Rangareddy, Medak, Ananthapur, Chittoor, and Kurnool districts.
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
B.sc. agri i po h unit 4.3 cultivation practices of grapeRai University
This document provides information on cultivation practices of grapes. It discusses the botany of grapes, varieties commonly grown in India such as Thompson Seedless and Anab-e-Shahi, and cultivation methods including propagation, training, pruning, fertilization and pest/disease management. Climate and soil requirements are also outlined. Major grape growing regions in India are described.
This document summarizes information about the Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia), a native grape species in southeastern United States. It discusses the natural range and cultivation of Muscadine grapes. It also provides details on several recommended cultivars for fresh market or processing, describing their characteristics like berry size, color, flavor, yield, and harvest season. Popular recommended fresh market cultivars mentioned include Fry, Supreme, Black Beauty, and Summit.
This document provides an overview of pecan production technology. It begins with an introduction to pecans, describing their importance and nutritional value. It then discusses pecan varieties, production practices such as propagation, spacing, pruning, and fertilization. Health benefits and nutritional content of pecans are highlighted. Details are given on pecan tree description, floral biology, fruit description, and ecological requirements. Major pecan producing countries and varieties are identified. Common pecan diseases and their management are also summarized.
Avocados can be grown successfully between altitudes of 1,200-2,200 meters with annual rainfall of 1,000-1,200mm. Common varieties include Fuerte, Hass, Pinkerton, and Reed. Propagation is typically through grafting seedlings. Trees require pruning, irrigation, and management of pests like false codling moth, thrips, and scales. Diseases like root rot, anthracnose, and scab are controlled through sanitation and fungicides. Ripe fruits are harvested based on color change or floating tests and kept at 5-7°C for up to 4 weeks before local sale or export.
HRIM 418667Spring 2016Monday February 08 2016 Tonig.docxadampcarr67227
HRIM 418/667
Spring 2016
Monday February 08 2016
Tonight’s topic: February 8th 2016
Welcome & Introductions
Photo IDs and proof of age documents
Who am I? Who are you?
Required Texts and Materials- Wine tasting kits
Course Syllabus, assignments, and Materials- (6:00-7:00)
Short History of wine- (7:00-7:45)
Break
Viticulture & Viniculture of wine (8:00-8:30)
Recap & What’s next?
The Short History of Wine:
What Grapes make wine? The Specific Grape vine is called:
Vitis vinifera
Where were the original plantings found?
Fertile crescent of the Mesopotamia- Turkey, Syria and modern day Iran and Iraq
When were the first wines produced?
Between 5,000-7,000 BC
Short history continued…
How was the first wines created? By accident?
Western Civilization hunters gathering grapes for food…
How is wine produced?
Process: Fermentation occurs
Sugar + Yeast= Ethanol & CO2 (by product)
The Uncivilized version of wine
Wine cultivated and civilized….
The ancient Greeks introduced wine making to Europe
Short history continued…
Important advances made by the Greeks-
Trellising of vines- improve quality of grapes
Storage for the wine in clay pots- age and maturity
Wine production flourished and shared with neighbors
French- Marseilles
Iberian Pennisula- Portugal and Spain
Enotria- “land of wine”
Know today as Italy- Rome, the most important ancient civilization in Europe
The influence of the Roman Empire
Religion and mythology- Bacchus “god of wine”
Important in the advancement and influence of wine throughout Europe
Wines role in the daily life!
Presses were developed
Wooden barrels for ageing
Glass bottles
All good things come to an end….Roman Empire crashes AD 476
Modern world influences…
Role of sacramental wine- religious ceremonies
Church maintained vineyards during the Dark ages
Missionaries in the New world
Spanish Monks Planted the first grapes in California 1768
Fast forward….early 1900’s
Wine produced throughout North America
East coast and Midwest
Prohibition
1920- 18th amendment to the US constitution “Volstead Act”, made the manufacture, sale, and transportation of “intoxicating liquids” a federal crime
Legal loop hole= Sacramental wine for the church
Repeal in 1933, Great Depression, World War II
1950’s- California wine making is back!
The Judgement of Paris- the day everything changed
The Judgement of Paris-1976
Known as the Spurrier tasting
Informal tasting on May 24th 1976 coinciding with America’s Bicentennial Celebration
France vs. California
The winner is……
15 minute break
Viticulture: The Art and Science of growing Grapes
Vitis Vinifera-The Wine Grape Vine
Seasonal cycle of the Vine
Harvest of the Grapes
Vintage
Agricultural factors
Grafting, trellising, canopy management, Grape choice
Pest control
Terroir
Viticulture: The Wine Grape Vine
Vitis Vinifera-
Most widely planted agricultural crop on Earth
20 million acres
Planted on every continent-except Antartica
Grows best .
This document provides information about wines, including their definition and production process. It begins by defining wine as an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting freshly gathered grape juice. It then discusses the types of grapes used in winemaking and the plant species they come from. The rest of the document details the three main stages of wine production: viniculture (grape growing), vinification (winemaking), and clarification (fining and aging). It provides details on factors that affect grape growing like climate, soil type, and harvesting methods. It also thoroughly explains the winemaking steps of crushing, fermentation, aging, and clarification.
Kiwi is a native fruit of China that is now commercially grown in many countries. It is a climbing vine that produces green, hairy berries and requires winter chilling to fruit. There are several common varieties used worldwide, with 'Hayward' being the most widely grown. Kiwi thrives in well-drained, acidic soil and a humid climate with winter temperatures below 7°C. Proper training and annual pruning is needed to maintain high yields of the nutritious fruits which are a rich source of vitamin C and potassium.
Kiwi is a native fruit of China that is now commercially grown in many countries. It is a climbing vine that produces green, hairy berries and requires winter chilling to fruit. There are several common varieties used worldwide, with 'Hayward' being the most widely grown. Kiwi thrives in well-drained, acidic soil and a humid climate with temperatures between 10-30°C. It is high in vitamin C and potassium and has various health benefits. Propagation is mainly through grafting of rooted cuttings onto rootstock to control vigor and improve disease resistance. Supporting structures like trellises are needed and regular pruning maintains plant size and productivity.
This document discusses the structure and components of grapes, including the stalks, skins, yeasts, pulp, and pips. It also covers viticulture topics like rootstocks, grafting, and the devastating grape pest phylloxera. Specifically:
1) Grapes are composed of stalks, skins, yeasts, pulp and pips, each containing different compounds that impact wine quality.
2) Phylloxera vastatrix is an aphid pest that destroyed European vineyards in the late 19th century. The solution was grafting European grape varieties onto resistant American rootstock.
3) Rootstocks come from various American grape species and are chosen based on climate, soil type, and
This document provides an overview of wine, including:
- The two main types of grapes used in wine production are white and black/red grapes.
- Major wine producing countries include Italy, France, Spain, US, Argentina, Australia.
- Key factors that influence wine quality are grape variety, climate, weather, soil type, and production methods.
- Popular noble grape varieties used to make outstanding wines include Riesling, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Pinot Noir.
- The winemaking process involves fermenting crushed grapes, with white wine separating skins early and red wine retaining skins for color and tannins.
Blackberry is a berry fruit that grows on canes. It prefers full sun and needs low to moderate fertilizer and water. Common cultivated varieties produce larger berries than wild varieties and some are thornless. Blackberries are harvested from mid-June to mid-July and thrive in plant hardiness zones 3a through 7a. Raspberries and blackberries can be distinguished by whether the fruit separates from the stem when picked.
Grapes are one of the most widely produced fruits worldwide. They originate from Central Asia but are now grown in temperate and subtropical regions, including parts of India. Major grape producing states in India include Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. Grapes are used both as table fruits and for making wines, raisins, juice, and jams. Proper pruning, training, irrigation, and fertilization are required to maximize grape yields. Harvesting occurs when the grapes reach full color, sugar content, and softness.
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
Kiwi is a native fruit of China that is now commercially grown in many countries. It is a climbing vine that bears green, hairy berries. There are several common varieties used for commercial production including Abbott, Allison, and Bruno. Kiwi grows best in well-drained soil and requires winter chilling to produce fruits. It is high in vitamin C and potassium and has various health benefits. Propagation methods include hardwood cuttings, softwood cuttings, grafting, and budding onto rootstocks. Proper training and annual pruning is needed to maintain high yields.
This document provides information on grape cultivars that are suitable for growing in the upper Midwest region. It begins with an overview of the main cultivar types - American varieties, French-American hybrids, and European Vitis vinifera varieties. It then discusses the history and development of French hybrids, US breeding programs, and considerations for cultivar selection such as adaptation, disease resistance, and marketability. The document provides details on over 30 specific cultivars for white and red wine production as well as table grapes, including their characteristics, hardiness, and wine/flavor qualities. It emphasizes matching cultivars to the climate conditions of different planting zones in the upper Midwest.
(Produce Fig Fruits, Varieties And Seasonality)
Origins
How To Produce Fig Fruits, Varieties And Seasonality? The Fertile Crescent, which includes areas of contemporary Turkey, Iran, and Iraq, is thought to have been the birthplace of the fig tree (Ficus carica).
This region is renowned for its long history of agriculture and is regarded as one of the earliest cradles of civilisation.
Evidence of fig consumption dates to about 9,000 and 7,000 BCE, and fig farming may be traced back to antiquity.
It is believed that Ficus carica sylvestris, a species that is still present in some regions of the Mediterranean and Middle East, is the wild progenitor of the cultivated fig tree.
The fig tree has long been prized for its health benefits, adaptability, and cultural importance. It was a major component of the diets of numerous ancient cultures, including the Sumerians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.
Figs were frequently employed as a main source of sustenance and were dried for long-term storage.
The fig tree’s capacity to flourish in various temperatures, such as Mediterranean, subtropical, and tropical regions, contributed to its global spread.
Ancient traders and conquerors brought it to places like North Africa, Greece, Italy, and Spain, and from there it progressively spread to other continents.
Today, figs are grown in a variety of nations, with Turkey, Egypt, Greece, Iran, and the United States being among the biggest producers. There are various cultivated types of figs, each with distinctive flavour, texture, and appearance.
In addition to being loved for their exquisite flavour, figs have cultural and symbolic importance in many different communities. They are frequently used to symbolise fertility, abundance, and knowledge and have been cited in religious literature, folklore, and ancient writings.
The popular fruit with a long history, figs are still consumed fresh, dried, or utilised in a range of culinary dishes.
Nutrition of figs
Figs are not only delicious, but they also have a number of health advantages. Here is a summary of figs’ nutritional profile:
Macronutrients: (Produce Fig Fruits, Varieties And Seasonality)
Figs have a low protein and fat content. Carbohydrates, primarily in the form of natural sugars, make up the majority of their caloric content.
Fibre: (Produce Fig Fruits, Varieties And Seasonality)
Figs are a great source of dietary fibre, which is crucial for digestive health, can help control blood sugar levels, and can increase feelings of fullness. Fresh figs have a little less fibre than dried figs, with a serving of 100 grammes of dried figs containing about 9 grammes of fibre.
Vitamins:
Vitamin K, vitamin B6, and vitamin C are all present in figs in good amounts. Vitamin B6 is involved in a number of metabolic activities, while vitamin K is crucial for blood clotting and bone health. Antioxidant properties of vitamin C help the immune system.
Minerals:
Potassium, calcium, magnesium, and manganese are among the mineral
This document provides an overview of grape cultivation and winemaking. It discusses the types of grapes grown for wine and table use. It also outlines the yearly vineyard maintenance cycle, from pruning in winter to harvesting in fall. The final stages of winemaking are also summarized, from crushing the grapes to fermentation and bottling.
This document provides an overview of grape cultivation and winemaking. It discusses the types of grapes grown for wine and table use. It also outlines the yearly vineyard maintenance cycle, from pruning in winter to harvesting in fall. The final stages of winemaking are also summarized, from crushing the grapes to fermentation and bottling.
FruitBreedomics 1st Stakeholder Day meeting 20120207 RBIPH apple breedingfruitbreedomics
The document summarizes research conducted at the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology in Holovousy, Czech Republic. It provides details on the history and establishment of the institute in 1951. The institute has 75 employees working across 5 departments focused on apple breeding and research. Key objectives of their apple breeding program include developing varieties with resistance to diseases like scab, good fruit quality, and productivity. Several new apple varieties developed at the institute between 1996-2011 are highlighted and described.
This document discusses seed propagation in three parts:
1. Seed production occurs mostly in western states with ideal climates and isolation from major production areas. Hybrid seed production uses male sterility or hand pollination.
2. Optimal seed storage conditions are low temperature and humidity, though practical storage is at 32-50°F and 50-65% RH. Seed longevity varies by species from 1-2 years for annual flowers to over 1000 years for lotus seeds stored in mud.
3. Seed germination tests determine viability while priming enhances uniform germination. Breaking dormancy requires scarification or stratification depending on impermeable seed coats or embryo dormancy respectively.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Avocados can be grown successfully between altitudes of 1,200-2,200 meters with annual rainfall of 1,000-1,200mm. Common varieties include Fuerte, Hass, Pinkerton, and Reed. Propagation is typically through grafting seedlings. Trees require pruning, irrigation, and management of pests like false codling moth, thrips, and scales. Diseases like root rot, anthracnose, and scab are controlled through sanitation and fungicides. Ripe fruits are harvested based on color change or floating tests and kept at 5-7°C for up to 4 weeks before local sale or export.
HRIM 418667Spring 2016Monday February 08 2016 Tonig.docxadampcarr67227
HRIM 418/667
Spring 2016
Monday February 08 2016
Tonight’s topic: February 8th 2016
Welcome & Introductions
Photo IDs and proof of age documents
Who am I? Who are you?
Required Texts and Materials- Wine tasting kits
Course Syllabus, assignments, and Materials- (6:00-7:00)
Short History of wine- (7:00-7:45)
Break
Viticulture & Viniculture of wine (8:00-8:30)
Recap & What’s next?
The Short History of Wine:
What Grapes make wine? The Specific Grape vine is called:
Vitis vinifera
Where were the original plantings found?
Fertile crescent of the Mesopotamia- Turkey, Syria and modern day Iran and Iraq
When were the first wines produced?
Between 5,000-7,000 BC
Short history continued…
How was the first wines created? By accident?
Western Civilization hunters gathering grapes for food…
How is wine produced?
Process: Fermentation occurs
Sugar + Yeast= Ethanol & CO2 (by product)
The Uncivilized version of wine
Wine cultivated and civilized….
The ancient Greeks introduced wine making to Europe
Short history continued…
Important advances made by the Greeks-
Trellising of vines- improve quality of grapes
Storage for the wine in clay pots- age and maturity
Wine production flourished and shared with neighbors
French- Marseilles
Iberian Pennisula- Portugal and Spain
Enotria- “land of wine”
Know today as Italy- Rome, the most important ancient civilization in Europe
The influence of the Roman Empire
Religion and mythology- Bacchus “god of wine”
Important in the advancement and influence of wine throughout Europe
Wines role in the daily life!
Presses were developed
Wooden barrels for ageing
Glass bottles
All good things come to an end….Roman Empire crashes AD 476
Modern world influences…
Role of sacramental wine- religious ceremonies
Church maintained vineyards during the Dark ages
Missionaries in the New world
Spanish Monks Planted the first grapes in California 1768
Fast forward….early 1900’s
Wine produced throughout North America
East coast and Midwest
Prohibition
1920- 18th amendment to the US constitution “Volstead Act”, made the manufacture, sale, and transportation of “intoxicating liquids” a federal crime
Legal loop hole= Sacramental wine for the church
Repeal in 1933, Great Depression, World War II
1950’s- California wine making is back!
The Judgement of Paris- the day everything changed
The Judgement of Paris-1976
Known as the Spurrier tasting
Informal tasting on May 24th 1976 coinciding with America’s Bicentennial Celebration
France vs. California
The winner is……
15 minute break
Viticulture: The Art and Science of growing Grapes
Vitis Vinifera-The Wine Grape Vine
Seasonal cycle of the Vine
Harvest of the Grapes
Vintage
Agricultural factors
Grafting, trellising, canopy management, Grape choice
Pest control
Terroir
Viticulture: The Wine Grape Vine
Vitis Vinifera-
Most widely planted agricultural crop on Earth
20 million acres
Planted on every continent-except Antartica
Grows best .
This document provides information about wines, including their definition and production process. It begins by defining wine as an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting freshly gathered grape juice. It then discusses the types of grapes used in winemaking and the plant species they come from. The rest of the document details the three main stages of wine production: viniculture (grape growing), vinification (winemaking), and clarification (fining and aging). It provides details on factors that affect grape growing like climate, soil type, and harvesting methods. It also thoroughly explains the winemaking steps of crushing, fermentation, aging, and clarification.
Kiwi is a native fruit of China that is now commercially grown in many countries. It is a climbing vine that produces green, hairy berries and requires winter chilling to fruit. There are several common varieties used worldwide, with 'Hayward' being the most widely grown. Kiwi thrives in well-drained, acidic soil and a humid climate with winter temperatures below 7°C. Proper training and annual pruning is needed to maintain high yields of the nutritious fruits which are a rich source of vitamin C and potassium.
Kiwi is a native fruit of China that is now commercially grown in many countries. It is a climbing vine that produces green, hairy berries and requires winter chilling to fruit. There are several common varieties used worldwide, with 'Hayward' being the most widely grown. Kiwi thrives in well-drained, acidic soil and a humid climate with temperatures between 10-30°C. It is high in vitamin C and potassium and has various health benefits. Propagation is mainly through grafting of rooted cuttings onto rootstock to control vigor and improve disease resistance. Supporting structures like trellises are needed and regular pruning maintains plant size and productivity.
This document discusses the structure and components of grapes, including the stalks, skins, yeasts, pulp, and pips. It also covers viticulture topics like rootstocks, grafting, and the devastating grape pest phylloxera. Specifically:
1) Grapes are composed of stalks, skins, yeasts, pulp and pips, each containing different compounds that impact wine quality.
2) Phylloxera vastatrix is an aphid pest that destroyed European vineyards in the late 19th century. The solution was grafting European grape varieties onto resistant American rootstock.
3) Rootstocks come from various American grape species and are chosen based on climate, soil type, and
This document provides an overview of wine, including:
- The two main types of grapes used in wine production are white and black/red grapes.
- Major wine producing countries include Italy, France, Spain, US, Argentina, Australia.
- Key factors that influence wine quality are grape variety, climate, weather, soil type, and production methods.
- Popular noble grape varieties used to make outstanding wines include Riesling, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Pinot Noir.
- The winemaking process involves fermenting crushed grapes, with white wine separating skins early and red wine retaining skins for color and tannins.
Blackberry is a berry fruit that grows on canes. It prefers full sun and needs low to moderate fertilizer and water. Common cultivated varieties produce larger berries than wild varieties and some are thornless. Blackberries are harvested from mid-June to mid-July and thrive in plant hardiness zones 3a through 7a. Raspberries and blackberries can be distinguished by whether the fruit separates from the stem when picked.
Grapes are one of the most widely produced fruits worldwide. They originate from Central Asia but are now grown in temperate and subtropical regions, including parts of India. Major grape producing states in India include Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. Grapes are used both as table fruits and for making wines, raisins, juice, and jams. Proper pruning, training, irrigation, and fertilization are required to maximize grape yields. Harvesting occurs when the grapes reach full color, sugar content, and softness.
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
Kiwi is a native fruit of China that is now commercially grown in many countries. It is a climbing vine that bears green, hairy berries. There are several common varieties used for commercial production including Abbott, Allison, and Bruno. Kiwi grows best in well-drained soil and requires winter chilling to produce fruits. It is high in vitamin C and potassium and has various health benefits. Propagation methods include hardwood cuttings, softwood cuttings, grafting, and budding onto rootstocks. Proper training and annual pruning is needed to maintain high yields.
This document provides information on grape cultivars that are suitable for growing in the upper Midwest region. It begins with an overview of the main cultivar types - American varieties, French-American hybrids, and European Vitis vinifera varieties. It then discusses the history and development of French hybrids, US breeding programs, and considerations for cultivar selection such as adaptation, disease resistance, and marketability. The document provides details on over 30 specific cultivars for white and red wine production as well as table grapes, including their characteristics, hardiness, and wine/flavor qualities. It emphasizes matching cultivars to the climate conditions of different planting zones in the upper Midwest.
(Produce Fig Fruits, Varieties And Seasonality)
Origins
How To Produce Fig Fruits, Varieties And Seasonality? The Fertile Crescent, which includes areas of contemporary Turkey, Iran, and Iraq, is thought to have been the birthplace of the fig tree (Ficus carica).
This region is renowned for its long history of agriculture and is regarded as one of the earliest cradles of civilisation.
Evidence of fig consumption dates to about 9,000 and 7,000 BCE, and fig farming may be traced back to antiquity.
It is believed that Ficus carica sylvestris, a species that is still present in some regions of the Mediterranean and Middle East, is the wild progenitor of the cultivated fig tree.
The fig tree has long been prized for its health benefits, adaptability, and cultural importance. It was a major component of the diets of numerous ancient cultures, including the Sumerians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.
Figs were frequently employed as a main source of sustenance and were dried for long-term storage.
The fig tree’s capacity to flourish in various temperatures, such as Mediterranean, subtropical, and tropical regions, contributed to its global spread.
Ancient traders and conquerors brought it to places like North Africa, Greece, Italy, and Spain, and from there it progressively spread to other continents.
Today, figs are grown in a variety of nations, with Turkey, Egypt, Greece, Iran, and the United States being among the biggest producers. There are various cultivated types of figs, each with distinctive flavour, texture, and appearance.
In addition to being loved for their exquisite flavour, figs have cultural and symbolic importance in many different communities. They are frequently used to symbolise fertility, abundance, and knowledge and have been cited in religious literature, folklore, and ancient writings.
The popular fruit with a long history, figs are still consumed fresh, dried, or utilised in a range of culinary dishes.
Nutrition of figs
Figs are not only delicious, but they also have a number of health advantages. Here is a summary of figs’ nutritional profile:
Macronutrients: (Produce Fig Fruits, Varieties And Seasonality)
Figs have a low protein and fat content. Carbohydrates, primarily in the form of natural sugars, make up the majority of their caloric content.
Fibre: (Produce Fig Fruits, Varieties And Seasonality)
Figs are a great source of dietary fibre, which is crucial for digestive health, can help control blood sugar levels, and can increase feelings of fullness. Fresh figs have a little less fibre than dried figs, with a serving of 100 grammes of dried figs containing about 9 grammes of fibre.
Vitamins:
Vitamin K, vitamin B6, and vitamin C are all present in figs in good amounts. Vitamin B6 is involved in a number of metabolic activities, while vitamin K is crucial for blood clotting and bone health. Antioxidant properties of vitamin C help the immune system.
Minerals:
Potassium, calcium, magnesium, and manganese are among the mineral
This document provides an overview of grape cultivation and winemaking. It discusses the types of grapes grown for wine and table use. It also outlines the yearly vineyard maintenance cycle, from pruning in winter to harvesting in fall. The final stages of winemaking are also summarized, from crushing the grapes to fermentation and bottling.
This document provides an overview of grape cultivation and winemaking. It discusses the types of grapes grown for wine and table use. It also outlines the yearly vineyard maintenance cycle, from pruning in winter to harvesting in fall. The final stages of winemaking are also summarized, from crushing the grapes to fermentation and bottling.
FruitBreedomics 1st Stakeholder Day meeting 20120207 RBIPH apple breedingfruitbreedomics
The document summarizes research conducted at the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology in Holovousy, Czech Republic. It provides details on the history and establishment of the institute in 1951. The institute has 75 employees working across 5 departments focused on apple breeding and research. Key objectives of their apple breeding program include developing varieties with resistance to diseases like scab, good fruit quality, and productivity. Several new apple varieties developed at the institute between 1996-2011 are highlighted and described.
This document discusses seed propagation in three parts:
1. Seed production occurs mostly in western states with ideal climates and isolation from major production areas. Hybrid seed production uses male sterility or hand pollination.
2. Optimal seed storage conditions are low temperature and humidity, though practical storage is at 32-50°F and 50-65% RH. Seed longevity varies by species from 1-2 years for annual flowers to over 1000 years for lotus seeds stored in mud.
3. Seed germination tests determine viability while priming enhances uniform germination. Breaking dormancy requires scarification or stratification depending on impermeable seed coats or embryo dormancy respectively.
Semelhante a Chapter 5 Grape production (1).pptx (20)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
3. Origin and distribution
Viticulture: the art and science of growing grapes
Long-term perennial, support requiring plant (vine) so
grape is the fruit of a woody climbing vine
The exact origin of the grape is not really known,
although many believe it to be Asia Minor, the Caspian
Sea region or Armenia
The grape is one of the oldest cultivated fruits in the
world, dating back to the earliest civilizations.
4. Origin and distribution cont’d…
While some suggest that grapes go back 7000 years to western
Asia
Wine making in Egypt dated back about 5000-6000 yrs
It reached to Ethiopia with Christianity in the 4th A.D. but its
production started lately
Modern wine yards were established by foreigner before 50 years
(Italian and Greeks).
The Portuguese are said to have cultivated grape in Gondar in the
16thC and then after sporadic cultivation has been reported.
5. Origin and distribution cont’d…
It is deciduous crops of warm temperate regions which grows
predominantly from 20-400
Production of grape under tropics is possible under a certain
conditions
Choosing suitable cultivars
Applying suitable management practices
Defoliation
Holding irrigation water continuously
Application of chemicals
6. Origin and distribution cont’d…
• The main problem is its flower production which
needs lower temperature
• The leading producers are Italy, Switzerland, Spain,
France, Turkey etc
• In Ethiopia its production is found in Ziway, Dukam,
Guder, Merti, Abadir, Nura Era etc
7. 30 January 2024 7
Uses & composition
Like most berries, grapes have a lot of nutritive value as
highlighted below:
• Important vitamins such as vitamin A, B1, B2, B6 and C are
found in grapes.
• Grapes also contain acids such as tartaric acids, malic acids,
succinic, fumaric, glyceric, p-coumaric and caffeic acids.
• Grapes have important anti-oxidants such as anthocyanins,
flavones, geraniol, linalol, nerol and tannins.
• Grapes contain all the necessary minerals such as Ca, Cl, Cu,
F, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, K, Si andS.
8. Taxonomy and morphology of Grape
Belongs to the family Vitaceae and genus Vitis
• Classification of grape based on their origin
1. Vitis vinifera (French grape)-European type
90 % world production belong to such group
Grown for wine making
2. Vitis labrusa (America grape)
Grown mainly where there is frost problem
Grown for juice, wine, table grape but wine
made is inferior to the first one
9. Taxonomy and morphology cont’d…
3. Vitis rotundifolia (the muscadines)
French-American hybrids
Tolerant to hot condition
Used for fresh consumption and canning
Native to gulf of Mexico
There are several other American species which
have regional importance or used in breeding
purpose for disease and frost resistance.
10. Taxonomy and morphology cont’d
Commercial class of grape (depending upon their purpose)
1. Table grapes
for fresh consumption
Used for fresh market (food or decoration)
Attractive in appearance (shape, size, color)
Good eating quality
Good shipping quality
tend to have large, seedless fruit with relatively thin skin.
2. Raisin grapes
Produce acceptable dry product
Should be seedless
Have good flavor
Soft texture
11. Taxonomy and morphology cont’
3. Wine grapes
used for wine making
are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a
desirable characteristic in wine making, since much of the
aroma in wine comes from the skin).
by far the most expensive use of grape is in producing wine.
There are two types of wines:
Table wine (dry or dinner wine)
• Contain <14% alcohol
• Produced from grape moderately high sugar content and
relatively high acidity
Dessert wine (Appetizer or sweet)
• Contain > 14 % alcohol (17-20%)
• Produced from grape of high sugar content and low
acidity.
14. Taxonomy and morphology cont’d
4. Juice grapes (Sweet juice grapes)
Those juice grapes produce an acceptable beverage
when it is preserved by pasteurization or other
processes.
For making sweet juice, it necessary to maintain the
natural fresh grape flavor through preservation.
5. Canning grapes
Grape canned in combination with other fruits.
seedless,.
16. Taxonomy and morphology cont’d…
Plant: a liana or woody vine.
Leaves: are often large sometimes deeply lobed as in
many cultivars, or rounded with entire or serrate
margins.
Tendrils occur opposite levels at nodes.
Flower: are small, borne in racemose panicles
Fruit: are berries, with 2 to 4 seeds
17. Taxonomy and morphology cont’d…
Like other higher plants the vine has different
parts
1. The root system.
About 1/3 of the dry weight of a grape tree comprises of
the root system.
The roots spread over a wide area, penetrating the soil
up to a depth of 6 – 12 feet in soils of favorable texture.
The bulk of the root are usually confound to the upper
60 – 150 cm surface soil.
2. The shoot system
Comprises the above ground parts of the vine and
these are: trunk, arms, shoots (cane when mature),
the leaves, tendrils and fruits.
18. Taxonomy and morphology cont’d…
Trunk: the main un-branched body (stem) of the vine.
It grows only in diameter.
Arm: permanent division of the vine arising from or along the
top of the trunk.
The arms bear the spur and canes.
Head: the region of the trunk from which arms or canes arise.
Shoot: succulent growth arising from a bud.
It has the growing tip, nodes, internodes, buds, tendrils and
laterals.
19. Taxonomy and morphology cont’d…
Cane: dormant shoot that has become woody, mature and
dropped its leaves.
Spur: the basal portions of a cane cut back to 1-4 nodes in
length.
The buds: normally developed at each node just above the
leaf (in the leaf axil).
Leaf buds: it is a rudimentary sterile shoots i.e.
it elongates into a shoot that bears only leaves and tendrils.
Fruit bud: contains a shoot having both rudimentary leaves
and flower clusters.
20. a) Trunk (main stem) b) Arm c) Shoots (bearing unit,
canes)
21. Fig. A shoot elongated from fruit bud (fertile bud)
22. Taxonomy and morphology cont’d…
The buds of the vine may be classified
according to
The nature of the structures they contain
i. Leaf bud – elongates into a sterile shoot
ii. Fruit bud- elongates into fruitful shoot
Their position on the shoot or arm
i. Basal buds
ii. Middle buds
iii. Apical buds
24. Taxonomy and morphology cont’d…
Flower
Types of flower
Hermaphrodite –Self-fruitful
Female (Pistillate) – Self unfruitful
Male (Staminate) – Self unfruitful
a b c
Figure . Flower types in grapes:
(a) Hermaphrodite, (b) Female, and (c) Male
25. Grape Cultivars
The four main varieties of local grapes in
Ethiopia are
“Tekur” (black)
“Nech Debulbul” (white round)
“Kai Debulbul” (Red round)
“Nech shul” (White oval)- not much
recommended
26. Cultivars cont’d…
The other commercially known varieties of
grape are
Anab-e-Shahi, (Table grape) –white
Carignane, red (wine grape)
Thomson seedless, white (Raisin grape)
Grenache, red (wine grape)
Rulaender, white (wine grape)
27. Grape Ecological
Requirements
Altitude
The top altitude limit for commercial production is
2000masl, above these there is frost damage
From 1800 to 2000 m only one crop/year can produced
Below about 1,700 m temperature is high enough to
enable two crops/year because the growing period is
shorter but supplementary irrigation is essential
Two crops around Ziway and Merti
28. No. Place Altitude(m) Rain(mm)
1 Abider 900 326
2 Dukem 2000 785
3 Guder 1800-2000 750-800
4 Ziway 1640 680-970
5 Nuraera 950-1000 540
6 Merti 950-1000 540
Table. Vineyard locations in Ethiopia and their altitude
and amount of rainfall per year.
29. Ecological Req’ts
Temperature
The optimum temperature condition for grapes are
where mean temperature fall between 20 – 25 oC
Grapes grown in cooler climates are reported to be
better quality for wine making
because they develop good color and higher
tannin content
At warmer area they produce more TSS
30. Ecological Req’ts
Heat summation (Degree days / Heat index)
the total amount heat received that
determines the ripening time of gape berries
HS = (X - 10 0C)t
Where 10 0C is base temperature
x- mean monthly temperature
t- number of days/months
Maximum total heat summation => High mean
temperature => short crop duration
Minimum total heat summation => low mean
temperature => long crop duration
31. Ecological Req’ts cont’d…
Soil
Can be grown on most soil types provided there
is good drainage
No impermeable layer within a minimum depth
of 1.3m below the surface
Deep loamy with good structure
pH – the ideal pH is between 6.5 & 7.5
33. Crop husbandry cont’d…
Propagation by stem cutting (hardwood)
Common method in Ethiopia
Simple & cheap
Cutting should be of medium diameter and about
30cm long
Cutting should be taken from healthy, vigorous
and high yielding mother plants
Cutting should be prepared on the same day as the
mother plant is pruned and packed in plastic bags
34. Crop husbandry cont’d…
Planting
Spacing (depends mainly on)
Vine vigour
Training system
Pruning method to be followed
Fertility level of the soil & climatic factor
• 2 x 2 m
• 2 x 1.5 m
• 2.5 x 1.5 m
35. Crop husbandry cont’d…
Support and training system
Generally grapes require support throughout their
life and this adds considerable cost of production
A great varieties of support and training is in use in
different grape producing countries
Trellise (support provision)
Temporary or permanent
3 - 4 wire trellise system for supporting bilateral
cordon
36. Crop husbandry cont’d…
Training
aims at giving proper shape
Maximize production, facilitate cultural operations
The growth of grape is influenced by apical
dominance
The training of vine starts from the very day of
planting and needs close follow-up by trained staff.
During this time all laterals have to be removed,
leaving one leading shoot trained straight upward the
stake.
There are different systems.
37. Crop husbandry cont’d…
I. Head system
the vine trained up to a height of 1 – 1.3m where a
head is formed by pinching the shoot,
least expensive and best suited for less vigorous
variety.
Close spacing is common.
II. Trellis system (cordon)
It is only suitable for varieties which require spur or
short cane pruning and which are of moderate vigor.
Unilateral- if development of the arm is in one
direction
Bilateral- if its growth is on both directions.
40. Crop husbandry cont’d…
III. Telephone trellis system
This rather expensive system is recommended for vigorous
varieties which require a long cane pruning.
High yield can be obtained by this method with successful
crop protection.
Shoots should be trained on the middle wire and are cut to
develop arms.
Then the shoots are oriented to develop arms.
IV. Arbor system
Training many or single vines on a continuous bed
42. Crop husbandry cont’d…
Pruning
Procedures:
Thinning out
Heading back
Rejuvenation
Objectives:
To help establish & maintain the vine in a form that
will save labor & facilitate vineyard operations
To distribute the bearing wood over the vine, among
vines, and over the years in accordance with the
capacity of the spurs ( or canes) & vines
To lessen or eliminate thinning in the control of crop
43. Crop husbandry cont’d…
Pruning methods
Depending on position of fertile buds
1. Spur pruning
Recommended for varieties which have their most
fertile buds at the basal part of the canes
Fully mature canes are pruned to two buds spur
which distributed regularly all over the plant
Successful in tropical viticulture since apical
dominance is not very pronounced
45. Crop husbandry cont’d…
2. Short cane pruning
Recommended for varieties which have their most
fertile buds at the middle part of the canes
Fully mature canes are pruned to 4-8 buds
More suitable for varieties of “Shinin blanck” and
Tikur
47. Crop husbandry cont’d…
3. Long cane pruning
Recommended for varieties which have their most
fertile buds at the apical part of the canes
It is very difficult to manage because of apical
dominance
Fully mature canes are pruned to 8-12 buds
It suitable for variety of Thompson seedless
49. Pests of Grape
Major diseases
Downy mildew
Powdery mildew
Cluster botrytis rot
Anthracnose
Insects and other pests
Aphids, termite, mealy bugs, scale insects,
Flea beetle, thrips, mites etc.
Nematode (Root-knot)
Birds
50. Harvest and post-harvest handling
Determination of stage of maturity
Depends (mainly) on their end use
TSS (Degree Brix)
Table grapes -----------16 oBrix
Raisins------------------18-20
Light white wine------ 17-18
Heavy red wine -------22-23