Acoustic and range sensors are devices that convert sound or electromagnetic waves into electrical signals. Acoustic sensors detect sound waves using a diaphragm that vibrates and converts the motion into electrical signals through piezoelectricity, electromagnetism, or capacitance. Range sensors measure distance by emitting a signal and calculating the time or other properties of the reflected signal. Common types include ultrasonic, infrared, laser, and radar sensors. These sensors have applications in robotics, automation, transportation, and more due to their ability to detect objects and environments.