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approachtopancytopenia-170402170500 (2).pdf
1. Approach to
Pancytopenia
Dr. Murtaza Kamal
MBBS, MD, DNB
Clinical Fellow (Pediatric Hemato-Oncology)
Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Center,Rohini, New Delhi
Dt: Feb 16,2017
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2. The terms…
• Cytopenia: Reduction in either of the cellular component
of blood
• Bicytopenia: Reduction in any of the 2 two cell lines of
blood
• Anemia + Thrombocytopenia- 77.5%
• Anemia + Leukopenia-17.3%
• Thrombocytopenia + Leukopenia-5.5%*
• *Neelam Verma et.al. Pediatric patients with bicytopenia/pancytopenia: Review of etiologies and clinicao-
hematological profile at a tertiary center. Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology;54(1), Jan-Mar 2011.
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3. The terms…(cont.)
• Pancytopenia: Reduction in all 3 cell lines of blood
The values of the 3 components being:
• Hb <13.5(M)/ 11.5(F) g/dl
• TLC< 4000/cu mm
• Platelets <1,50,000/ cu mm*
• *De Gruchy GC. Pancytopenia, aplastic anemia. De Gruchey’s clinical hematology in medical practice. 5th edition
• *Frank F. De Gruchey’s clinical hematology in medical practice. 5th edition. Blackwell:Berlin;2004:1199.
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4. It can occur due to:
• Bone marrow failure
• Marrow space occupying lesions
• Ineffective marrow production
• Peripheral destruction of hematopoietic cells
• Elizabeth P. et al. The differential diagnosis and bone marrow evaluation of new onset Pancytopenia. AM J Clin Pathol
2013;139:9-29. 4
6. Inherited Causes…
Elizabeth P. et al. The differential diagnosis and bone marrow evaluation of new onset Pancytopenia. AM J Clin Pathol
2013;139:9-29.
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9. Causes of childhood
pancytopenia (Cont.)
Category Condition B M Appearance
Non-malignant infiltration Storage disorders Infiltrated
Osteopetrosis Increased bony
trabeculae
Infection CMV, EBV, Parvovirus,
HHV-6, Hepatitis, HIV
Hypocellular(Pro-
erythroblasts in parvo-
virus)
Immune disorders SLE Hypercellular
Evan’s syndrome Hypercellular
Thymoma Hypocellular 9
10. Causes of childhood
pancytopenia (Cont.)
Category Condition B M Appearance
Acquired clonal bone
marrow failure disorder
PNH Variable
Metabolic Hypothermia Variable
Anorexia nervosa Hypocellular with fat
necrosis
Others Hypersplenism Hypercellular
*Bharat R Agarwal et al. Aplastic Anemia: Current Issues in Diagnosis and Management. Practical Pediatric Hematology.
2nd edition. Jaypee pg 58
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11. Common causes in Indian
Children*
Neelam Verma et al. Pediatric patients with bicytopenia/pancytopenia; Review of etiologies and clinico-hematological profile at a tertiary cente
Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology. 54(1), Jan-March 2011. PGI-Chandigarh
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12. Common causes in our
country(Cont…)*
Jain A et al. An etiological reappraisal of pancytopenia- Largest series reported to date from a single tertiary care teaching hospital
. BMC Hematology,13,10. 2013. Maharastra
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14. Points to consider in history
• Age
• Sex
• Duration of symptoms
• Bone pains, fever, night sweats, malaise, weight loss
• Bleeding from any site
• Jaundice
• Joint pain, rash, photosensitivity
• Any radiation exposure
• Exposure to potentially toxic chemicals
• Treatment history including herbals and drug intake, blood
transfusions
• Dietary history
• Occupational exposure history
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16. Signs & Symptoms
Neelam Verma et al. Pediatric patients with bicytopenia/pancytopenia; Review of etiologies and clinico-hematological profile at a tertiary
center. Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology. 54(1), Jan-March 2011. PGI-Chandigarh
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17. Lab Evaluation:
1. CBC WITH
PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR
2. BONE MARROW ASPIRATION
AND BIOPSY
3. SPECIFIC INVESTIGATIONS 17
18. PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR
Anisocytosis and poikilocytosis
WBC and RBC precursors
Platelets
Granulation in neutrophils (Abnormally
increased/decreased)
Neutrophils(Hypo/Hypersegmentation)
ESR
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19. 1. Anisocytosis & Poikilocytosis
MODERATE DEGREE IS COMMON
Very marked Poikilocytosis: MYELOFIBROSIS
Less degree: APLASTIC ANEMIA,
MARROW INFILTRATION BY
LYMPHOMA/MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Invariably absent: ACUTE LEUKEMIA 19
21. RBC INDICES
• RDW: Usually increased
• MCV: Can be increased or normal
• RETICULOCYTE COUNT- Define severity and
differentiate production vs. destruction
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31. Bone Marrow Examination
Almost always indicated in cases of pancytopenia unless
cause is apparent
Both aspiration and biopsy are indicated
Specifically, bone marrow aspirate permits examination of:
• Cytology (megaloblastic change, dysplastic changes,
abnormal cell infiltrates)
• Immunophenotyping : antigen or marker on cells
surfaces e.g ( leukemias, lymphoproliferative disorders)
• Cytogenetics : structure of chromosome
(myelodysplasia, leukemias, lymphoproliferative
disorders)
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32. Cellularity of Bone Marrow
The differential diagnosis of pancytopenia are based on
cellularity of bone marrow :
Hypocellular: excessive amount of fat cells
Normocellular: 50-70% hematopoietic cells & 30-50% fat
Hypercellular: 80-100% cells with little fat
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