Industrial enzymes are often immobilized to improve their stability and allow for continuous reuse. There are two main types of reactor systems used - stirred tank reactors and continuous flow reactors. Stirred tank reactors involve stirring the immobilized enzyme with substrate in a batch process. Continuous flow reactors pass substrate through a column of immobilized enzyme in a continuous process. Immobilization can shift pH and temperature optima and improve stability. Important industrial applications of immobilized enzymes include high fructose corn syrup production using glucose isomerase and hydrolysis of lactose using beta-galactosidase.
10. • The Occlusion Of An Enzyme Within A
Polymeric Network That Allows The Substrate
And Products To Pass Through But Retains The
Enzyme.
• Entrapping Can Be Done Through Gels And
Fibers.
• Organics: Polysaccharides, Proteins, Carbon,
Vinyl And Allyl Polymers, And Polyamides. E.G.
Ca-alginate, Agar, K-carrageenin, Collagen.
• Inorganic: Activated Carbon, Porous Ceramic.
11. CHALLENGES:
• Enzyme Leakage Into Solution
• Diffusional Limitation
• Reduced Enzyme Activity And Stability
• Lack Of Control Micro-environmental Conditions.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. Industrial enzymes are immobilized using the
modified gels to produce low-cost foods and drugs:-
• The use of immobilized glucose isomerase (from Streptomyces or
Bacillus coagulans) for the production of high-fructose corn
syrup. In this process, the enzyme is bound to an insoluble carrier
such as dimethyl amino ethyl cellulose or a slurry of the fixed
enzyme coated onto a pressure-leaf filter. The filter then serves as
the continuous reactor through which the corn syrup flows. The
product obtained by this process is a syrup with 71% solids that
contains about 42% fructose and 50% glucose.
It has high sweetening power.
High fermentability
High humectancy
Reduced tendency to crystallize
Low viscosity
Good flavour.
17. IMMOBILIZED ENZYMES CAN BE YSED
IN TWO BASIC TYPES OF REACTOR
SYSTEM:
• STIRRED TANK REACTOR SYSTEM
• CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTOR SYSTEM
18. STIRRED TANK REACTOR SYSTEM
(BATCH SYSTEM)
• Simplest type of reactor.
• The immobilized enzyme is stirred with the substrate
solution.
• After the completion of reaction, the immobilized
enzyme is separated from the product.
• Composed of a reactor and a mixer such as a stirrer, a
turbine wing or a propeller.
• This reactor is useful for substrate solutions of high
viscosity and for immobilized enzymes with relatively low
activity. A problem that arises is that an immobilized
enzyme tends to decompose upon physical stirring. The
batch system is generally suitable for the production of
rather small amounts of chemicals.
19. • A problem that arises is that an immobilized enzyme tends to
decompose upon physical stirring.
• The batch system is generally suitable for the production of
rather small amounts of chemicals.
20. CONTINUOUS FLOW SYSTEM
• This system includes continuous flow columns
in which the substrate flows through the
immobilized enzyme contained in a column.
• The continuous stirred tank reactor
is more efficient than a batch
stirred tank reactor but the
equipment is slightly more
complicated.
26. FIELD ENZYMES USES
Industrial Penicillinase In production of semi-synthetic antibiotics such as penicillin,
amoxycillin, ampicillin.
Inulinase and
glucose
isomerase
• Production of fructose and high fructose corn syrup
• 4 times sweeter than glucose (used in high fructose syrups)
• Has the advantage of being recommended to people on a
diet and diabetics.
Lipase Hydrolyses lipids in food industries.
β-galactosidase • Hydrolyses lactose to glucose and galactose.
• solve 70% of the worldwide population suffering from lactose
intolerance in milk and dairy products
• protecting the environment by converting wastes, as whey, to
lactose free syrup.
Chymosin In the production of cheese.
27. FIELD ENZYMES USES
INDUSTRIAL Pectinase and cellulase In fruit juice industries (to hydrolyse pectin and
cellulose).
Xylanase / phytase In animal feeds, to improve their nutritional
value.
Detergent enzymes 70 – 80 % of purified enzymes are used in
detergent industries.
Aspartase(from Escherichia
coli )
used for the production of L-aspartic acid.
Fumarase (from
Brevibacterium
ammoniagenes )
Used for the production of L-malic acid.
