2. curvatures:
two primary (concave anteriorly) &
two secondary (concave posteriorly)
-primary (fetal) curvatures persist as thoracic &
sacral
-secondary curvatures develop as individual
learns to hold head erect (cervical curvature) and
assumes erect posture (lumbar curvature)
18. Joints of Vertebral Column:
• a. Intervertebral Joints: symphysis type between vertebral
bodies
- fibrocartilaginous disk - outer anulus fibrosus and
central gelatinous nucleus pulposus (for shock absorber);
subject to herniation
20. • - intervertebral joints, collectively, are
stabilized by:
- anterior longitudinal ligament (only ligament that
prevents hyperextension) connects anterior side of bodies from the pelvic
surface of the sacrum to the occipital bone
21. - posterior longitudinal ligament (on floor of
vertebral canal), narrow band attached
primarily to the IV discs
- becomes the tectorial membrane
attaching to occipital bone)
22. Joints of Vertebral Column (Cont’):
• b. Zygapophysial Joints: synovial, plane gliding joints between
superior & inferior articular processes of neighboring
vertebrae
- enclosed in capsular ligaments
23. • Ligaments that stabilize vertebral arches:
i. supraspinous ligaments (posterior to spinous processes)
ii. interspinous ligaments (between spinous processes)
- These are thickened to form ligamentum nuchae of neck
iii. ligamenta flava
-yellow elastic fibers between laminae of neighboring
vertebrae
24. Joints of Vertebral Column (Cont’):
• c. Atlanto-occipital and Atlantoaxial Joints:
i. atlanto-occipital joint : synovial hinge joint between
occipital condyles and superior articular processes of atlas,
stabilized by three ligaments:
1. anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
-continuation of anterior longitudinal ligament
2. posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
-from arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen
magnum
3. tectorial membrane or membrana tectoria - continuation
of posterior longitudinal ligament into internal periosteum
of occipital bone
29. Joints of Vertebral Column (Cont’):
• ii. atlantoaxial joint : synovial pivoting joint
between dens of axis and interior anterior
surface of atlas, stabilized by:
1. cruciform ligament
- consisting of transverse, superior and inferior
fibrous bands
- attaches atlas to foramen magnum, provides
"socket" for dens
2. apical and alar ligaments provide attachment
from dens to foramen magnum and secure dens
within its "socket"
30.
31. Regional Anatomy of the Back
1. Bony Landmarks:
a. Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, thoracic
cage made of the ribs & sternum
32. b. Appendicular skeleton: limbs and attachment girdles
Pectoral girdle includes scapulas and clavicles:
Pectoral girdle
36. How do we differentiate left from
right clavicle?
• the acromial must always be pointed superior
and posterior (up and back) and that
determines right or left
37. • Pelvic girdle includes 2 pelvic bones (os
coxae):
• e. Os coxa: crest of ilium - attachment for
latissimus dorsi m. and some deep back
muscles (mm.)