This document discusses organic farming and its impact on soil health and food security. It begins with definitions of organic farming as a system that creates a sustainable ecosystem without chemical fertilizers or pesticides. The concepts, scope, importance, characteristics, principles, and advantages of organic farming are described. Government schemes to support organic farming in India are mentioned. Tables provide data on the effects of organic farming practices and organic amendments on various soil physical properties like bulk density, moisture content, and porosity. The document concludes with discussions of pH and electrical conductivity changes in soils under different organic and inorganic treatments over time.

2. ORGANIC FARMING: IT’S IMPACT ON SOIL HEALTH
AND FOOD GRAIN SECURITY
Presented by
Mr.Akash krishnaji ovhal
Reg. No. : 2018A/110M
Seminar In charge
Dr. Syed Ismail
Head
Department of Soil Science & Agril.
Chemistry
Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth,
College of Agriculture Parbhani.
Research Guide
Dr. A. L. Dhamak
Associate professor
Department of Soil Science & Agril.
Chemistry

3.  CONTENTS
Introduction
Concept of organic farming
Scope & Importance of organic farming
Characteristics & Aims of organic farming
Principles & Advantages of organic farming
Government schemes of organic farming
Conclusions
Future line of work

4.  Introduction
Definitions
ORGANIC FARMING is a system of farm design and management to create an eco
system, which can achieve sustainable productivity without the use of artificial external
inputs such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
Organic farming is agriculture that makes healthy soils, healthy plants, healthy
food and healthy environment along with crop productivity.
Cont..

5.  Many people think that traditional agriculture, sustainable
agriculture etc. are synonyms to organic farming.
 Some people are of the view that the use of organic manures
and natural methods of plant protection instead of using
synthetic fertilizers or pesticides is organic farming.
 The organic farming in the real sense is a comprehensive
management approach to improve the health of underlying
productivity of soil.
(Neerja Kapoor and Prahland kumar, 2018,)

6. What is organic farming
“Organic agriculture, a holistic system that focuses on improvement of
soil health, use of local inputs and relatively high intensity use of local
labor, is a admirable fit for dry lands in many ways and the dry land
offer many benefits that would make it relatively easy to implement.”
-Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

7.  Components of Organic Farming (Source: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org farm/orgfarm introduction.html)

8.  CONCEPT
 The concept of organic agriculture has been received differently by different people. to
most of them, it implies the use of organic manures and natural methods of plant
protection instead of using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.
 The term organic farming describes system that works to mimic and optimize the
natural process for the production of agricultural crops (kepper, 1998).
 Organic growers utilize a wide range of cultural practices and natural inputs to
manage crops in a manner, they consider safe for environment and consumer. the use
of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers is minimized or where necessary avoided.
Cont…

9.  Organic farming encompasses adoption of some common practices and
agronomic aspect like crop rotation, composting, use of livestock
manure, organic farming can improve the soil by lowering bulk density,
and they can reduce soil erosion and improve soil fertility.
 organic matter encourages the formation of crumb soil structure, thus
improving soil drainage, infiltration, and aeration.

10.  Scope of organic farming
 Only 35 percent of India's total cultivable area is covered with fertilizers
where irrigation facilities are available and in the remaining 65 percent of
arable land, which is mainly the rainfed negligible amount of fertilizers
are being used.
 Farmers in these areas often use organic manure as a source of
nutrients that are readily available either on their own farm or in their
locality.
Cont…

11.  The north eastern region of india provides considerable opportunities for
organic farming due to least utilization of chemical inputs.
 It is estimated that a million hectares of such lands available in which can
be exploited for organic production.

12.  Importance of organic farming
 Organic agriculture can become low cost, sustainable option of
farming in the country, particularly by the small farmers in rain fed
areas and helps to improve their food and income security.
 It helps to produce and supply adequate safe and nutritious food to
the producers and consumers of the nation.
Cont…

13.  Environmental benefits, health aspects and farmers empowerment are
other important factors influencing farmers to shift to organic agriculture.
some of the important benefits of organic farming are organic fertilizers
are completely safe and does not produces harmful chemical
compound.

14.  Characteristics of organic farming
 Maximal but sustainable use of local resources.
 Minimal use of purchased input, only as complementary to local resources.
 Ensuring the basic biological functions of soil water nutrients humus
continuum.
 Maintain a diversity of plant and animal species as a basis for ecological
balance and economic stability.
 Creating an attractive overall landscape which gives satisfaction to the local
people.
 Increasing crop and animal diversity in the form of polyculture, agroforestry
systems, integrated crop/livestock systems, etc. to minimize risk.

15.  Aims of organic farming
 Sustainability of natural resources
 Minimizing the cost of cultivation
 Healthy food
 Augmentation of policy

16.  Principles of organic farming
 Cyclical principle
 Cyclical principle number one discuss is a close recycling or the
crop cycle. so, we have to grow the one crop after another from
the different groups the same crops should not be repeated
season after season.
Cont…

17.  Precautionary principle
 The second principle is precautionary principles; that means the better
safe than sorry; that means, prevention is better than cure. so, we
should not use anything any materials that is not allowed in organic
farming.
 So, it precaution better to have a very safe better to avoid the use of
any chemical insecticides and pesticides that is the precautionary
principles Cont…

18.  Nearness principle
 Third one if the nearness principles; that means, is a
transparency trust building. so, that is also very important in
organic farming.

19.  Advantages of the organic farming
 Prevent residues in the food material and also toxic material present in the food
material.
 And also prevent different types of the pollutions
 The foods become healthier natural and tasty
 This type of farming should be eco-friendly should not affect the environment
 We should decrease the soil degradation
 No effect to the biological diversity in the system
Cont…

20.  Instead of using the artificial fertilizers , weedicides and
insecticides in the organic farming natural fertilizers like bio compost and
other are been used.
 Due to usuage of the natural fertilizers no pollution will occur and no residues
 Organic matter supplies all the essential macro and micro plant nutrients.
 Organic matter improves physico-chemical and biological properties of soil.
 Organic farming improves agro eco-system and helps stopping environmentally
degradation.

21.  The following products are permitted for use in
manuring/soil conditioning in organic fields
 Farm yard manure, slurry, green manures, crop residues, straw and other mulches
from own farm
 Saw dust, wood shaving from untreated wood
 Plant preparation and extracts, eg. neem cake
 Vermicompost

22.  Organic agriculture helps
 Improve soil fertility by maintaining and building a fertile living soil through frequent
organic matter inputs in the form of green manures, compost and farmyard manure,
sustained soil cover, crop rotations and intercropping.
 Prevent wind and water erosion of soils through a better, more stable soil structure
and texture, through persistent and diversified soil cover and agro-forestry.
 Improve water infiltration and retention capacity through high levels of organic matter
and permanent soil cover, such as cover crops or mulch, which substantially reduce
the amount of water needed for irrigation.

23.  Government schemes for the organic farming
 National project on organic farming (NPOF)
 National horticultural mission (NHM)
 National project on management of soil health and fertility (NPMSH and F)

25. Table 1. Effect of organic farming practices on soil physical properties
Treatments Bulk density
(Mg m-3)
WHC
(%)
Temp.
(0C)
Porosity
(%)
T1 - Full recommended dose as per package of practices
recommendation (20 kg N ha-1, 30 kg P2O5ha-1 and
10 kg K2O ha-1 with 20 t fym ha-1)
1.41 35.84 31.26 44.00
T2 – Full recommended dose as farm yard manure 1.35 36.54 30.13 44.70
T3 – Full recommended dose as FYM + P solubilizing
microorganisms
1.34 35.83 30.33 44.87
T4 – Full recommended dose as vermi compost 1.32 41.70 29.40 48.00
T5 – Full recommended dose as poultry manure 1.34 37.30 30.53 45.30
T6 – Full recommended dose as poultry manure + PSM 1.33 37.43 30.43 44.97
T7 - Inorganic alone (20 kg N ha-1, 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 and
10 kg K2O ha-1)
1.48 30.13 32.73 41.13
SE 0.01 0.59 0.15 0.32
CD (0.05) 0.03 1.79 0.47 0.98
Source-Bhaskaran et ai.,(2009). The Proceedings of the International Plant Nutrition Colloquium
XVI https://scholarship.org/uc/item/7k.

26. Table 2. Influence of different types of organic manures amendments on soil
physical properties at first week after treatment application.
Treatments
Organic
Matter
Porosity
(%)
Bulk
Density
(g/cm3)
Moisture
content
(%)
Microporosity
(%)
Macro
porosity
(%)
Poultry manure 3.12ab 57.67b 1.07a 59.00b 5.00a 61.33a
Cow dung
manure
4.23bc 62.00b 1.07a 36.67a 18.67b 40.67a
Pig manure 5.83c 62.00b 1.30a 45.00a 30.33c 56.33a
Control 1.00a 42.00a 1.40b 36.67a 4.00a 50.33a
Source -_Adebola et al.,(2017). Applied Tropical Agriculture Volume 22, No. 1, 128-133.

27. Table 3. Influence of different types of organic manures amendments on soil
physical properties at third week after treatment application.
Treatments
Organic
Matter
Porosity
(%)
Bulk
Density
(g/cm3)
Moisture
content
(%)
Microporosity
(%)
Macro
porosity
(%)
Poultry manure 6.40b 61.00a 1.13a 50.33b 2.33a 56.00a
Cow dung manure 6.65b 59.33a 1.00a 61.33bc 10.00a 52.00a
Pig manure 7.14b 52.00a 1.00a 72.33c 8.00a 54.00a
Control 1.83a 47.00a 1.53b 35.33a 14.67a 52.00a
Source -Adebola et al.,(2017). Applied Tropical Agriculture Volume 22, No. 1, 128-133.

28. Table 4. Effect of organic sources on BD and HC in Vertisols under cotton
Treatment
Physical properties
BD
(Mg m-3)
HC
(cm hr-1)
T1- FYM @ 5 t ha-1 1.25 1.07
T2- Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 1.27 1.02
T3- FYM @10 t ha-1 1.24 1.24
T4- Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 1.25 1.09
T5- Insitu green manuring with sunhemp 1.26 1.11
T6- Castor cake @ 500 kg ha-1 1.26 1.01
T7- FYM (source of 15 kg P2O5) + green manuring with sunhemp 1.25 1.17
T8-Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1 1.28 1.01
T9- FYM(5t ha-1)+Neem cake@500 kg ha1 1.26 1.03
T10-Absolute Control 1.34 0.75
SE (m) ± 0.014 0.070
CD at 5% 0.044 0.209
Source - Kumar et al., (2017). International Journal of Chemical Studies 5(5): 832-835.

29. Table 5: PH of soil at different period of incubation.
Treatments
Periods of Incubation
15 days 30 days 45 days 60 days
Control 5.43a ± 0.06 5.57a ± 0.04 4.98b ± 0.17 4.50c ±0.08
CD (10 t∙ha−1) 5.57a ± 0.16 5.66a ± 0.04 5.07b ± 0.06 4.67c ±0.06
CM (10 t∙ha−1) 5.76a ± 0.11 5.77a ± 0.08 5.28b ± 0.07 4.73c ±0.02
CD + CM (1:1) 5.75a ± 0.14 5.74a ± 0.11 5.36b ± 0.02 4.74c ±0.10
CD-Cow dung,CM-Chiken manure
Source -Sajal Roy and Md. Abul Kashem (2014) Open Journal of Soil Science, 4, 81-86

30. Table 6: Electrical conductivity of soil at different period of incubation.
Treatments
Periods of Incubation
15 days 30 days 45 days 60 days
Control 32.7c ± 2.75 32.8c ± 1.46 38.4b ± 0.95 44.7a ±2.56
CD (10 t∙ha−1) 35.4b ± 0.76 38.7b ± 2.60 44.9a ± 2.73 47.5a ±2.84
CM (10 t∙ha−1) 35.6d ± 2.57 40.7c ± 0.87 48.2b ± 2.54 56.6a ±2.08
CD + CM (1:1) 32.7d ± 2.58 37.4c ± 2.23 45.3b ± 2.43 59.5a ±0.50
CD-Cow dung,CM-Chiken manure.
Source -Sajal Roy and Md. Abul Kashem (2014) Open Journal of Soil Science, 4, 81-86.

31. Table 7. Influence of organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers and organic
fertilizer supplemented with NPK on pH of soil under rice cultivation.
Treatments
pH values after crop harvesting
2008
Percent I/D
over initial
values
2009
Percent I/D
over initial
values
Control 7.67 0.13 7.68 0.26
RDF (NPK) 100:50:50 kg/h 7.64 -0.26 7.62 -0.52
CM 4t/h 7.60 -1.04 7.52 -1.44
CMR 4t/h 7.58 -1.57 7.48 -2.35
PM 4t/h 7.56 -1.31 7.38 -3.66
PMR 4t/h 7.54 -1.57 7.36 -3.92
CPMR 4t/h 7.53 -1.70 7.32 -4.44
CPMR 2t/h +½ RDF 7.54 -1.57 7.34 -4.18
CD (0.05) 0.05 0.02
CM-Cow manure,CMR-Cow manure rice straw,PM-Poultry manure,PMR-Poultry manure
rice staw,CPMR-Cow poultry manure rice staw.
(Source: Watson et al., Archived at http://orgprints.org/8060

32. Treatments
(Per hectare)
Electrical Conductivity (dS m-1) after crop harvesting
2008
Percent
I/D over
initial values
2009
Percent I/D
over initial
values
Control 1.03 -13.93 1.05 -15.57
RDF (NPK) 100:50:50 kg/h 1.52 24.59 1.66 36.07
CM 4t/h 1.38 13.11 1.46 19.67
CMR 4t/h 1.36 11.48 1.44 18.03
PM 4t/h 1.48 21.31 1.52 24.59
PMR 4t/h 1.44 18.03 1.49 22.13
CPMR 4t/h 1.50 22.95 1.58 29.51
CPMR 2t/h +½ RDF 1.54 26.23 1.68 37.70
CD (0.05) 0.22 - 0.19 -
Table-8: Influence of organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizer supplemented with NPK on
electrical conductivity (EC) of soil under rice cultivation.
CM-Cow manure,CMR-Cow manure rice straw,PM-Poultry manure,PMR-Poultry manure rice staw,CPMR-
Cow poultry manure rice staw.
(Source: Watson et al., Archived at http://orgprints.org/8060

33. Treatments Organic Matter (%) after crop harvesting
2008 Percent I/D over
initial values
2009 Percent I/D over
initial values
Control 2.06 -2.83 2.07 -2.36
RDF (NPK)100:50:50 kg/h 2.08 -1.89 2.08 -1.89
CM 4t/h 2.23 5.19 2.24 5.66
CMR 4t/h 2.32 9.43 2.34 10.38
PM 4t/h 2.34 10.38 2.38 12.26
PMR 4t/h 2.42 14.15 2.44 15.09
CPMR 4t/h 2.44 15.09 2.46 16.04
CPMR 2t/h +½ RDF 2.38 12.26 2.42 14.15
CD (0.05) 0.04 0.02
Table-9 Influence of organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizer supplemented with NPK on
organic matter (OM) content in the soil under rice cultivation.
CM-Cow manure,CMR-Cow manure rice straw,PM-Poultry manure,PMR-Poultry manure rice
staw,CPMR-Cow poultry manure rice staw.
(Source: Watson et al., Archived at http://orgprints.org/8060

34. Table-10 Influence of organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizer supplemented
with NPK on organic carbon (OC) in the soil under rice cultivation
Treatments
Organic Carbon (%) after crop harvesting
2008 Percent I/D over
initial values
2009 Percent I/D over
initial values
Control 1.22 -1.61 1.12 -9.68
RDF (NPK) 100:50:50
kg/h
1.20 -3.23 1.08 -12.90
CM 4t/h 1.32 6.45 1.40 12.90
CMR 4t/h 1.34 8.06 1.42 14.52
PM 4t/h 1.36 9.68 1.44 16.13
PMR 4t/h 1.38 11.29 1.46 17.74
CPMR 4t/h 1.42 14.52 1.54 24.19
CPMR 2t/h +½ RDF 1.40 12.90 1.52 22.58
CD (0.05) 0.02 0.03
CM-Cow manure,CMR-Cow manure rice straw,PM-Poultry manure,PMR-Poultry
manure rice staw,CPMR-Cow poultry manure rice staw.
(Source: Watson et al., Archived at http://orgprints.org/8060

35. Manure t/ha Plant height (cm) No of branches Tap root length (cm)
FECA FUTA FECA FUTA FECA FUTA
0 61.2a 56.2a 10.5 a 6.2 a 22.9 a 21.9 a
10 73.9b 55.4a 14.0 b 8.3 b 25.7 b 28.9 b
25 78.1 b 60.9 ab 13.9b 9.1 c 30.9 c 30.7b
40 85.6 c 59.3ab 16.2 c 9.4c 34.9 d 33.2 c
50 88.6 c 62.7 b 17.2c 12.4 d 35.8 d 34.9c
Table 11. Effect of poultry manure on growth of tomato at FECA and FUTA sites Akure.
FECA-Federal College of Agriculture,FUTA-Federal University of Technology Akure.
(Source: Ewulo et al.,(2008). African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 3 (9), pp. 612-616)

36. Treatment Yield (q ha-1) Net returns (Rs.ha-1) B:C
Cropping system(CS)
CS1 = T-Co-P 21.7 178821 1.98
CS2 = C - C-P 17.8 95371 1.16
CD (P = 0.05) 1.1 4844 0.16
Nutrient Source (NS) - - -
NS1 = RP enriched
FYM+VC(1:1)
26.3 174614 2.01
NS2 = FYM fb BD 26.6 176050 2.10
NS3 = NS1 fb Panchagavya 26.7 165374 1.67
NS4 = NS2 fb Panchagavya 28.4 188886 2.35
NS5 = Control 8.5 32879 0.50
CD (P = 0.05) 1.5 7584 0.14
Table.12. Effect of treatments on yield and profit in different cropping sequences
T=tomato; C=cauliflower; Co=coriander; P=pea; fb=followed by
(Source: Parmar et al.,(2018) ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 10)

37. Table.13. Effect of treatments on soil pH, OC (%), major nutrients (kg ha-1) and micronutrients (mg-1 kg)
Treatment pH
(1:2.5)
OC N P2O5 K2O Fe Mn Zn Cu
Cropping system(CS)
CS1 = T-Co-P 5.7 0.79 191.6 58.9 187.2 52.0 30.8 2.4 2.0
CS2 = C - C-P 5.7 0.84 177.0 56.3 172.2 51.1 31.5 2.4 2.0
CD (P = 0.05) NS 0.01 0.34 0.48 0.46 NS NS NS NS
Nutrient Sources (NS) - - - - - - - - -
NS1 = RP enriched
FYM+VC(1:1)
5.7 0.95 199.7 70.1 202.8 62.4 34.5 2.9 2.5
NS2 = FYM fb BD 5.8 0.91 191.8 65.4 193.2 56.7 35.0 2.7 2.4
NS3 = NS1 fb Panchagavya 5.7 0.92 208.8 63.4 191.1 55.4 34.7 2.5 2.4
NS4 = NS2 fb Panchagavya 5.7 0.97 219.9 69.9 200.8 60.3 38.1 2.9 2.6
NS5 = Control 5.6 0.56 133.8 32.5 135.4 33.9 19.7 1.0 0.9
CD (P = 0.05) NS 0.04 8.95 3.49 5.95 1.35 2.00 0.12 0.09
T=tomato; C=cauliflower; Co=coriander; P=pea; fb=followed by
(Source: Parmar et al.,(2018) ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 10 )

38. Year of
organic
Yield (%) Value of reduction/increase in
yield (in Rs.)
Gain (in Rs.)
1 - 40 -38400.00 5400.00
2 -30 -28800.00 15000.00
3 -20 -19200.00 24600.00
4 -10 -9600.00 34200.00
5 Nil - 43800.00
6 +5 +4800.00 49600.00
7 +10 +9600.00 53400.00
8 +15 +14400.00 58200.00
9 +25 +24000.00 67800.00
10 +25 +24000.00 67800.00
Table-14. Yield reduction and return in organic farming over 10 years period
(Source: Yadav et al.,-Organic farming and food security (book(2009))

39. Table 15. Effect of organic farming on soil properties
Treatment pH
(1:2.5)
Moisture
(%)
Organic
carbon
(%)
Total N
(%)
Available P
(mg/Kg)
Exchangeable
K (me/100g
soil)
T0- No fertilizer 6.37a 24.44c 1.08d 0.088e 12.49c 0.135b
T1-Cowdung 6.17a 26.76a 1.61ab 1.174bc 15.74a 0.183a
T2-Poultry manure, 6.09a 26.56a 1.75a 1.135c 15.80a 0.182a
T3- Inorganic fertilizer 6.50a 24.60c 1.06d 0.985d 12.57c 0.147b
T4- Cowdung + Inorganic
fertilizer
6.26a 25.69b 1.27c 1.228ab 14.31b 0.150b
T5- Poultry manure +
Inorganic fertilizer
6.16a 25.57b 1.52b 1.281a 14.39b 0.151b
CV (%) 4.27 2.35 7.40 2.33 3.66 5.11
(Source: Adhikary et al.,(2013) Soil Science discipline, Khulna University Khulna 9208, Bangladesh KUS:12/21-
100612

40. Year Organic Area
(A)
Annual
growth rate
Wild
collection (B)
Annual
growth rate
Total Organic
Area (A+B)
Annual
growth rate
2005 185937 --- 2385963 --- 2571900 ---
2006 432259 132.48 2385963 0.00 2818222 9.58
2007 1030311 138.36 1769689 -25.83 2800000 -0.65
2008 1018000 -1.19 2781530 57.18 3799530 35.70
2009 1180000 15.91 3360000 20.80 4540000 19.49
2010 780000 -33.90 3650000 8.63 4430000 -2.42
2011 1084266 39.01 4477526 22.67 5561892 25.55
2012 500000 -53.89 4700000 4.97 5200000 -6.50
2013 510000 2.00 5180000 10.21 5690000 9.42
CGR 0.59 --- 12.87 --- 11.52 ---
CV --- 0.55 --- 0.53
Table 16. Growth of Organic Area in India
Source -Deshmukh M. S and Nitin Babar (2015). Euopean Academic Research Vol. III.

41. Sr. no Crops Organic Products
(price Rskg)
Non Organic Products
(price Rs/kg)
Difference (price
Rs/kg)
1 Wheat 80-120 25-80 55-40
2 Rice 75-100 30-80 45-20
3 Grapes 80-130 30-70 50-60
4 Pomegranate 90-180 50-110 40-70
5 Banana 50-80 20-40 30-40
Table 17. Prices of Selected Commodities in Western Maharashtra
Source -Deshmukh M. S and Nitin Babar (2015). Euopean Academic Research Vol. III.

42. Sr. No Country Retail sales in million
Euros
% of share
1 United states of America 24347 36.95
2 Germany 7750 11.76
3 France 4380 6.65
4 China 2430 3.69
5 Canada 2375 3.60
6 United kingdom 2065 3.13
7 Italy 2020 3.07
8 Switzerland 1668 2.53
9 Austria (2011) 1065 1.62
10 Sweden 1018 1.54
11 India 130 0.20
12 Total 65897.84 100.00
Table: 18. Leading Countries Share of Organic Food Market in 2013
Source -Deshmukh M. S and Nitin Babar (2015). Euopean Academic Research Vol. III.

43. Crop Nitrogen fixed (Kg/ha)
Greengram 50-56
Pigeon pea 4-200
Cowpea 9-125
Soybean 49-450
Chickpea 23-97
Lentil 35-147
Field pea 46-99
Table 19. Nitrogen fixation capability of different legumes
Source -Aulakh C .S and Ravisankar N. (2017) a perspective Agric Res J 54 (2)

44. Arunachal Pradesh Maize/sorghum, Pulses, oilseeds, tea/coffee, herbal/medicinal
plants
Andhra Pradesh Cotton, maize, pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables
Assam Tea/coffee, fruits and vegetables
Chhattisgarh Rice, wheat, vegetables
Delhi Wheat, vegetables
Goa Fruits, vegetables
Gujarat Cotton, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables
Haryana Basmati rice, wheat, maize, vegetables
Himachal Pradesh Wheat, fruits, vegetables
Jammu and Kashmir Spices, fruits and vegetables
Karnataka Cotton, rainfed wheat, maize, sorghum, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables
Kerala Spices, vegetables, herbals
Manipur Spices, vegetables, herbals
Maharashtra Cotton, rice, wheat, pulses, oilseeds, spices, vegetables
Table 20.State-wise major crops grown under organic farming in India (both
certified & Inconversion)
Cont…

45. Madhya Pradesh Soybean, wheat, vegetables
Meghalaya Spices, vegetables
Punjab Basmati rice, wheat, vegetables
Sikkim Maize, sorghum, vegetables, spices, herbs
Rajasthan Cotton, wheat, seed spices, vegetables
Tamil Nadu Tea, herbs, spices
Uttar Pradesh Rice, wheat, maize, vegetables
Uttarakhand Basmati rice, vegetables, maize, sorghum, herbs, spices
West Bengal Tea and vegetables
Cont…
Source:Agricultural and Processed Export Development Authority (APEDA)(2013-14)

46. Crops Time schedule
Rice 10, 15, 30 and 50th DAT
Sunflower 30, 45 and 60 DAS
Black gram Rainfed: 1st flowering and 15 DAF Irrigated: 15, 25 and 40 DAS
Green gram 15, 25, 30, 40 and 50 DDAS
Castor 30 and 45 DAS
Groundnut 25 and 30th DAS
Bhendi 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS
Moringa Before flowering and during pod formation
Tomato Nursery and 40 DAT: seed treatment with 1 % for 12 hrs
Onion 0, 45 and 60 DAT
Rose At the time of pruning and budding
Jasmine Bud initiation and setting
Table 21. Time of application of Panchagavya for different crops is given as follows
Note: DAT- Days after transplanting, DAS- days after sowing, DAF- days after flowering.
Source : Agricultural and Processed Export Development Authority (APEDA)(2013-14)

47. Conclusion
 Organic farming is agriculture that makes healty soils,healty plant,healty
food and healty environment along with crop productivity
 Application of vermicompost as per the recommended dose of fertilizer
decreased bulk density, soil temperature and increased water holding
capacity and porosity of crop
 Application of FYM @10 t/ha to cotton in vertisol recorded lowest bulk
density and highest hydraulic conductivity
 Organic farming achieved stable yield after six year of conversion from
inorganic to organic
 Effect of different organic treatments on yield and economics of various
cropping.
 Use of organic manure has beneficial effet on different growth parameters
Viz; plant hight,no.of branches, and top root length in tomato.
 Organic produce Viz; wheat, rice, grapes,pomegranate,banana fetched good
price in market as compared with non organic produce. Cont…

48. Use of poultry manure,cow dung decreased PH of soil, increased
moisture percentage,organic carbon, available P and
exchangeable K where as total N was increased with the
combined use of poultry manure and inorganic fertilizers.
Area under organic farming showed increasing trend.
Application of panchagavya as per recommended time of
application is beneficial of various crop.