1. L E A R N I N G S O M E B A S I C S O V E R T H E S U M M E R W I L L
G I V E Y O U A H E A D S T A R T I N T H E F A L L
INTRODUCTION TO
ANESTHESIA PHARMACOLOGY

2. GENERIC NAME: PROPOFOL
TRADE NAME: DIPRIVAN
• Classification:
Sedative, hypnotic
• Pharmacologic category:
• 2,6 di-isopropylphenol
• Uses:
• Induction of general anesthesia
• Sedation
• Mechanism of Action
• Probably potentiation of GABAA
receptors
• Onset IV: Within 40 seconds
• Peak: 1 minute
• Duration: 5-10 minutes
• Metabolized by:
• Liver
• Lungs
• Eliminated by:
• Kidneys
• Dosage:
• Induction of General Anesthesia 1-
2.5 mg/kg
• Continuous infusion for sedation 25-
100 mcg/kg/min
• Contraindicated in:
• Egg allergy
• Soybean oil allergy
• Side effects:
• Respiratory depression & Apnea
• Hypotension
• Pain on injection
• Precautions:
• Do not use after 6 hours of opening

3. GENERIC NAME: MIDAZOLAM
TRADE NAME: VERSED
• Classification:
Sedative, hypnotic
• Pharmacologic category:
• Benzodiazepine
• Uses:
• Sedation
• Anterograde amnesia
• Mechanism of Action
• Probably potentiation of GABAA
receptors
• Onset IV: 1-5 minutes
• Peak: 0.5 – 1 hour
• Duration: Mean 2 hours
• Metabolized by:
• Liver
• Eliminated by:
• Kidneys
• Contraindicated in:
• Hypersensitivity to Midazolam or
benzyl alcohol
• Side effects:
• Respiratory depression & apnea
• Hypotension
• Precautions:
• ? teratogenic

4. GENERIC NAME: FENTANYL
TRADE NAME: SUBLIMAZE
• Classification:
• Narcotic analgesic
• Pharmacologic category:
• Opioid
• Uses:
• Analgesia
• Mechanism of Action:
• Binds with opioid receptors in the
CNS. Increases pain threshold.
• Onset IV:
• Almost immediate
• Duration:
• 0.5-1 hour
• Metabolized by:
• Hepatic
• Eliminated by:
• Primarily renal, small amount
fecal
• Contraindicated in:
• Hypersensitivity to fentanyl
• Side effects:
• Respiratory
depression, Bradycardia, Sedati
on,Nausea & Vomiting, Chest
wall rigidity with high
doses, Miosis, Euphoria, Constip
ation, Tolerance

5. GENERIC NAME: SUCCINYLCHOLINE
TRADE NAME: ANECTINE
• Classification:
• Muscle relaxant
• Pharmacologic category:
• Neuromuscular blocker
• Uses:
• Relax skeletal muscles for
endotracheal intubation and surgery
• Mechanism of Action:
• Binds to nicotinic acetylcholine
receptors at the neuromuscular
junction an produces depolarization of
skeletal muscle followed by a period
of flaccid paralysis
• Onset IV:
• 30-60 seconds
• Duration:
• 4-6 minutes
• Metabolized by:
• Hydrolyzed by plasma
cholinesterase
• Eliminated by:
• Renal
• Contraindicated in:
• Hypersensitivity to
succinylcholine, malignant
hyperthermia, myopathies, acute
burns up to 12 months, upper &
lower motor neuron injury
• Side effects:
• Hyperkalemia, arrhythmias, cardia
c arrest, masseter
spasm, fasciculations, myalgia, inc
reased intraocular
pressure, increased intracranial
pressure, increased intragastric
pressure, apnea, malignant
hyperthermia

6. GENERIC NAME: LIDOCAINE
TRADE NAME: XYLOCAINE
• Classification:
• Local
• Pharmacologic category:
• Local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic
• Uses:
• Subcutaneous infiltration, peripheral
nerve blocks, epidural and spinal
anesthesia, treatment of ventricular
arrhythmias
• Mechanism of Action:
• Decreases neuronal membrane
permeability to sodium ions
preventing depolarization.
• Onset IV:
• 45-90 seconds
• Duration:
• 10-20 minutes
• Metabolized by:
• Primarily hepatic
• Eliminated by:
• Renal
• Contraindicated in:
• Hypersensitivity to lidocaine or
other amide local
anesthetics, severe heart block
• Side effects:
• Metallic taste, local
irritation, thrombophlebitis, brad
ycardia, agitation
confusion, lightheadedness, som
nolence, tingling, tinnitis, tremors
, seizures, unconsciousness,

7. GENERIC NAME: EPHEDRINE
• Pharmacologic category:
• Alpha & beta adrenergic agonist
• Uses:
• Treatment of anesthesia induced
hypotension
• Mechanism of Action:
• Releases tissue stores of
norepinephrine producing
vasoconstriction, increased heart
rate, myocardial contractility and
bronchoconstriction
• Onset IV:
• Almost immediate
• Duration:
• 5 minutes
• Metabolized by:
• Minimal hepatic metabolism
• Eliminated by:
• Primarily excreted unchanged
in the urine
• Contraindicated in:
• Hypersensitivity to
Ephedrine, cardiac
arrhythmias, concurrent use of
MAO inhibitors
• Side effects:
• Chest
pain, arrhythmias, hypertension,
tachycardia, tremors, agitation
• Note:
• Dilute to 5 mg/ml or 10 mg/ml