Exhibition of the essays from OC-OC Spanish group. Belfast, May 2011

1. Our Continent – Our Culture2009-2010 Universidade Sénior Universidade da CoruñaSpain International Meeting “OC – OC”Belfast, May 12-16th 2010

2. Carlos Piñeiro Luz Mary Calderón Mª Luisa Morado Mª Carmen Varela Changes in Women’s role since 1945 Universidad Senior Ferrol (A Coruña)

3. Introduction A long proccess of change First stage of franco 1945-1960 Second stage of franco 1960-1975 The transition The last 30 years

4. Introduction Never before throughout History has there been, nor will there possibly be, such an extraordinary time of change for women, as the twentieth century.

5. To the extent that it has been said that women´s revolution has been one of the most important phenomena of the twentieth century. What has happened in our country in recent decades that besides has coincided with the transition to Democracy, does nothing else to corroborate this process of change, heightened by the fact that the delay we suffered was greater than in other European countries

6. The two world wars in the early and mid-century, led to the massive entry of women to work, replacing men who were in the front. This was the beginning of a feminist revolution to achieve social and professional equality with men that continues nowadays.

7. Emilia Pardo Bazán Throughout this time, though rare, great female personalities arise. All in their respective fields defending their rights and raised their voices against the role society forced, upon them. Clara Campoamor Concepción Arenal Rosalía De Castro

8. In this long period that left behind nearly a million dead, Franco´s Government launched a plan in order to increase the country demographics. The family was the basis of the population. Political measures were taken to: Divorce law is abolished Marriage among young is encouraged Abortion and contraception are penalized Protection to large families is established Female adultery is penalized

9. What the Feminine Section intended, was to instill a model of woman that chose obedience and service for her necessary biological reproductive role. To create this stereotype they counted on strong support from the Catholic Church.

10. Carmen Laforet Carmen Martín Gaite Despite the terrible censorship that NationalCatholicism had imposed, the narrativeSpanish in the twentieth century, which is knownas generation of the fifties, will bemarked by important writers about the life after the war. Ana María Matute Josefina Aldecoa

11. In the sixties, Spain discovered tourism under the strict gaze of Franco´s moral. Spain entered the ONU and the recognition of women's privileges takes place from July 15, 1961 with the law on political, professional and labor.

12. The opening to Europe with migration and tourism came to join to the economic and religious changes. A wave of liberality undermined the uses of a fossilized moral.

13. The entrance of women into the workforce and their increasing access to higher education was one of the causes of the profund changes that hapened in customs, values an ideas.

14. By increasing training it also increases women´s presence in the world of work. There is a change in mentality. Equality policies that have been developed over these years, have ended with the prohibitions of entering the profession you want, but they faces an obstacle race that must be overcome day by day.

15. Workshop OC/OC Universidad Senior A Coruña Women’s massive entry into the job market in Spain and its influence in children’s education. Abstract Course 2010-2011

16. Workshop OC/OC Universidad Senior A Coruña Items The Spanish schedule and the working time The women’s entry into the labour market in Spain The school system in Spain – PISA Report Collateral effects of women’s participation in the Spanish labour market Work-life balance. An overview of the EU countries and the Spanish Status Key findings and recommendations Finland: A model to follow

17. Workshop OC/OC Universidad Senior A Coruña Work-flow 1.1 Starting Point PISA Report: Bad results for the Spanish school system. 1.2 Key Factors: Spanish time-table Increasing participation of Spanish women in the labour force and its collateral effects. The life-work balance in Spain. 1.3 Study Goals Evaluating these key factors and their influence on the children's education.

18. Workshop OC/OC Universidad Senior A Coruña Key Findings and recommendations KEY FINDINGS 1.1The work and family life balance is a pending subject in Spain. The lack of solutions penalizes the lives of thousands of women in our country, forcing them to resign to maternity (or to have less children than wished), to have children at older ages and/or to resign to higher education. 1.2The Spanish delay in women’s participation in the labour force has meant that the measures to arrange the conciliation between work and family have less time to develop than other countries 1.3Nordic countries, particularly Finland and Sweden, have put in place aids to the families from companies, institutions and governments towards the work-life balance. Among other factors beyond the scope of this study, this situation certainly contributes to the success of Finnish and Swedish students, who invariably obtain good results in the PISA evaluations. This institutionalized support greatly differs from the situation in Spain. 1.4However, we think there is a crucial factor that makes it difficult for Spain to adopt effective conciliation measures: the Spanish Schedule!.

19. Workshop OC/OC Universidad Senior A Coruña Key Findings and recommendations 2 RECOMMENDATIONS 2.1Hour Change Go to the European Western Hour 2.2European Day Change 8x8x8 Day 2.3 Change of mentality in the family and society environment Campaigns focused on putting on value non-paid housekeeping work and gender equality in it. Improve the use of the parental rights, attention and care of dependent people. Improve the education in gender equality issues in the school system. Change men's mentality with the purpose of modifying the gender role. Mass media monitoring and control of sexist contents and male stereotypes

20. Workshop OC/OC Universidad Senior A Coruña Key Findings and recommendations 2.4 Government Policies Spanish Law of Conciliation must be improved. Right now, in case the law is not followed, there aren’t sanctioning procedures. More public services for the caring dependent people (i.e. geriatric centers, day care centers) More open time at day care centers. Programs to develop skills and jobs for the care of dependent people. Support for services implementation for the care of dependent people at the work centers or around. 2.5 Company Policies Lights-off policy. Gender equality language use. Introduction of conciliation policies that surpass the stipulated ones in the Workers’ Statute and shift the scope towards a gender equality policy. Time management courses and stress prevention. Diversity and Equality Department. Gearing Committee of conciliation policies. Study impact of the implemented policies.

21. Workshop OC/OC Universidad Senior A Coruña Finland: A model to follow 1.Finland is in the proper time zone and its schedule is adapted to the solar time 2.Finland has a rational working time. 3. In Finland people believe in the gender equality at the home 4.The Finnish State implements policies towards work and family conciliation 5.The Finnish companies have a good support to the family – work balance

22. Women and migration A view from the Spanish cinema

23. Women and migration Scope Recognise and analyse the rol of the women in the Spanish migratory flows of 1945-1973 and 1975-2009 Through the

24. Women and migration 1945-1973 Emigration: Postwar and dictatorship 1951 1970 2007

26. Their education is sexist

27. Are restricted to the private space

28. Do not have legal capacity

31. Migrate first than their husbands. Illegals

32. Can not practice their job

33. Are looking for a stable life

34. Are or were prostitutes

36. Migrate from necessity

37. Have no the papers

38. Work as servants

39. Bear social discrimination and gender violenceEMPOWERMENT

40. Conclusions Peoplemigratebecausetheyhave no place in their country FromSpanishcinemawe can seethatwomen, emigrant and inmmigranthaveanaddedhandicap, theinferiority of gender. The social rejection is caused by the ignorance of other cultures and gives rise to the stereotypes. Power is the basis of well-being and migration a path for women’s empowerment. To be continued...

41. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND DEINDUSTRIALIZATION

43. Deindustrialization affects the whole of Europe but we shall refer to the deindustrialization in the town of : Ferrol Ferrol is located in the northwest of Spain in the province of La Coruña Spain is a member of the UE.

44. Arsenal and Royal Shipyard In 1726 Felipe V decided to strengthen the Navy and to build a huge Arsenal and Royal Shipyard, for which he chose the town of Ferrol and its enclosed and secure harbour. Fernando VI and Carlos III continued the works. Ferrol became the capital of the Maritime Department of Spain. The Shipyards have been for many years the engine of Ferrol and its area. Nowadays it is an area in crisis. Ferrol is an example of the City of Enlightenment built in the eighteenth century. It was born by and for the Navy.

45. It was in Ferrol where the launching of the first Spanish steam ship took place in 1858, as well as the first iron-hulled ship and King Alfonso XIII attended the launching of the first battleship. In 1945 the shipbuilding yard was converted into a public factory under the name of BAZÁN. Many years later it was renamed as IZAR and since January 2005 its name is NAVANTIA.

47. ASTANOFactory some 6,000. Many workshops that emerged up around the Shipyards. E.N. BAZÁN E.N. Bazánmonopolized the shipbuilding in Spain from 1909 till the Spanish Civil War. During the war it was confiscated by the state and its activity was non stop, day and night, repairing ships and other Navy equipment. NORTH WEST SHIPYARD AND WORKSHOPS (ASTANO) In 1941 a small shipyard is created in Ferrol, and started its career with some thirty workers. This Shipyard became, a few years later, one of the most important shipbuilding yards in the world.

48. Economic crisis in Ferrol The fierce competition and globalization caused many companies to Ferrol, unable to adapt to changing times, had to close their doors. The economic crisis that went with the Transition and the commercial opening of the frontiers put an end to a protective production model and a captive market. Some government schemes have been designed to find other sectors of development (alternative energy) to draw the city from its agony.

49. THE EUROPE’S WEST GATE The start of the new millennium, however, has generally been a time of relative expansion of small businesses and the improvement of infrastructures with the building of a new highway and an external harbour, but still awaiting the completion of the rail link that will make the port and harbour of Ferrol “Europe’s West Gate”.

50. EVOLUTION IN FERROL’s POPULATION EVOLUTION IN THE SHIPYARD STAFF

51. It is said that when you reach the bottom there is no other way to go than upwards. Ferrol in this new millennium, has a big challenge ahead: to regain the splendour of the past with the most innovative tools and competitiveness. Workcarriedoutby: Mª Isabel CainzosTeijido Mª Teresa Cela Milia Isabel GranullaqueDapena Alberto LangtryGrandal Rafael López Miranda

52. GENESIS OF THE EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IN THE SPAIN’S MODERNIZATION PROCESS(SUMMARY OF WORK)

53. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we make an approach to the process of modernization in Spain through the European Community influence, since the end of the civil war until our integration into the EU. We analyze the most important events that have influenced in it. We are going to see how these ones have determined adaptations and changes that marked the path to a democratic and modern state.

54. MODERNIZATION, A SOCIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON Before diving into the development of the issue, we will approach from the science of Sociology, the various stages and rhythms, which are identified in any modernization process. PHASES A new legal structure The transformation of economic structure The democratization of political regimes The universalization of education Secularization State organization

55. MODERNIZATION, A SOCIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON RHYTHMS Moreover, the pace of events is explained in the theory of the Three Clocks, in Dahrendorf (1960): The creation of standards The economic model The acceptance of cultural / ideological We will describe the national and international events that were most important milestones in the political and social adjustments of Spain.

56. THE SPAIN OF THE POSTWAR, 1948 After three years of a very bloody civil war, Spain was subjected to a dictatorial regime which abolished democracy. We should remark the following Spanish features: Fascism It was an autarchy No industrialization Economically polarized society Human losses

57. THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT OF FRANCO’S SPAIN The world was coming out of the Second Worl War. The great nations were polarized and aligned into two big blocks: The Atlantic Alliance and the Warsaw Pact. Franco's regime wanted to join into the Atlantic bloc, but it was rejected. Of the many circumstances that defined this period, we would highlight the following: Potsdam 1943 and the UN The U.S. political repositioning The Munich Congress

58. EARLY OPENING OF INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION OF SPAIN Here we see how the strength of Europe in its economic development has a significant influence on the implementation of liberalization measures in Spain, which would eventually become the germ of a whole social process for the modernization of the country. In this way, almost as a logical consequence, we will present how beginning to take the first steps in the process of opening up to Spain in the field of the democratic world. In the multilateral agency In the approach to the EEC

59. THE EPILOGUE OF FRANCO (1967-1975) After Franco´s death, there was a period of political struggle for the succession. Spain had to face and overcome great tensions and difficulties: Concerns about the political capacity and loyalty to the regime of the Crown Prince, Juan Carlos de Borbon The increasingly strong social pressure calling for "political freedom.“ The worldwide rejection of the death sentences in trials held without due process. The assassination of president of government and the appointment of a successor who was more of the same.

61. The speech of the King of Spain

62. The conditions of the EEC

63. Legalization of political parties and trade unions

64. An extensive amnesty for prisoners and political reprisals

65. Democratic elections

67. THE CONSOLIDATION OF CHANGE AND THE MODERNIZATION OF STATE In a context of great social problems, ETA terrorism, with multiple economic failures and scandals, in 1982, for the first time in the young democracy, wins the election the Spanish Socialist Workers Party with absolute majority to govern alone. The dilemma before the demands of the EU to join, it was not the right thing to do, eliminate protectionism; it was who we had to do it.

69. The UGT union took the convenience of adjustment.

70. The essential transformation of corporate culture, moving from a reactive position to another proactive.

71. The behaviour of Spanish society, its capacity to reinvent itself through a collective intelligence.

73. Secularization A:practicing Catholics, B: No practitioners and non-believers KM RAILWAY KM OF ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

74. A VISION OF THE EUROPEAN PERCEPTION In this section we discuss the results of a field study, conducted amongst 45 people, workers, teachers, junior and senior students of the University of A Coruña, aged 23 to 75 years old. We can say that the best experience was not only to have had the opportunity to share with other colleagues our objectives but to be in contact with them working together. The data produced, would remark: They are Spanish and European citizens at the same time, 43%. They are not well represented in Europe by any political party (students under 25 years 100%), 57%. The last word on important decisions should be held by the national government, 64%. That belong to Europe has benefits, 80%. The influence of Spain in Europe is low, 77%.

75. SENSE OF CITIZENSHIP POLICY VISION POLITICAL PARTY THAT REPRESENTS THE BEST IN EUROPE VALUATION FOR SPAIN ITS ENTRY INTO THE EU A REAL CENTRAL GOVERNMENT WOULD BE GOOD IN THE EU

77. The process was led by the elites.

78. The process was accompanied by external forces.

80. TheXXthcenturywasthebeguinning of theequalaccesstothewomentoeducation, paidwork and politicallife. Aftertheend of thesecondworldwar in 1945, itbecameclearthatwomenwouldplay a more important role, in 1945 theyweregiventherightto vote in France; in Italyobtainedtherighttobeelectedtotheparliament and otherpoliticalcharges. Women in spainhadalreadyhadtheserights in 1931, butwerelostafterthe Civil War in 1936, and recovered in 1978 aftertheFranco’sdead. The role of the women was supposed to be important only in family affairs, they should be very good housekeepers or housewives, daughters or sisters. (Law named “Moyano” in force since 1857 until 1970) Catholicchurchcontributedverymuchto set women in that role

81. Professional Institute of women instruction Feminine attendance increased in Industry 73% of women working in agriculture, without salary helping the family. 1971 Women earn 75/pts/ day , and men 125/pts/day 1975 Working women increased to 50% in the total of feminine population, mainly in Teaching, Health, Trade and Office. and some few in Public Administration. Until 1976 women needed the marital permission to accept any job, legal or economical act. In 1995 in the Fourth World Conference in Pekín about women, was adopted to assure the equal participation of the women in the responsibilities, power and rights of every country Governments.. However, the most difficult task was to change the men’s mentality and even some women’s as well. In 1984 onemillionwomenincorporatedtowork In 1994 fourmillions

82. But, there were two events that dramatically helped to reconfigure how women were seen and more important, how they saw themselves: The scientific developments like the birth controll pill in 1960( in Spain 1978) and the abolition of the 416 article of the CC referred to the “marital permission” and laws against adultery. This two events helped to cast women’s roles in more assertive light, in a way that allowed them greater autonomy and to be the owners of their lives, choosing, in spite of Nature, their roles. As a result of every change, at present women are active in any fields of Science, Business, Politics, University carry out all kind of responsibilities successively. And thousands of anonyms women that go out to work every morning after doing, furthermore, the housework. By: Amelia Pardo Rama Eloy Palenzuela Herrero FloriPagán Saura Francisca GareaMartinez Elvira Albertino López

83. Spanish and Portugal transition to democracy and integration into the EU, through the perspective of singer-songwriters

85. Aida García López

86. Helena López Prado.

87. Francisco Morales Rey

88. Celia Quintana Martínez

90. We are speaking about Raimon, Serrat, LuísLlach, PacoIbañez,, Labordeta, Victor Manuel y Ana Belén, Amancio Prada, VocesCeibes, FuxanosVentos, And also we are speaking about our brothers songwriters from across the Atlantic, like Victor Jara, Pablo Milanés, Quilapayún, Violeta Parra,.. We are talking about the songwriters for freedom.

91. OPS Portuguesesongwritersfromthe late 60’s sharedwiththeSpanish, the "samepolitical and social experience" againstthedictatorshipsof Francisco Franco and Oliveira Salazar, whichgeneratedamongthem a streamofmutualsympathy, understanding and solidarity.

92. .LuisCília, Zeca Afonso, Paulo de Carvalho,... werekeypieces to makethePortuguesepeopleawareoftheirfight for freedom. In Portugal therewas a revolution, on April 25th, 1974. "A Revolução dos Cravos" (CarnationRevolution): a militaryinsurrectionagainstthedictatorialregime. Severalsongslike "GrândolaVila Morena" served as thesignal for theuprising in thebarracks

94. End of international isolation.

95. The economic stability is achieved

96. Comes the boom in tourism.

97. As a result of this situation there is a more permissive policy and weakens the censorship.

98. At this time songwriters emerge.

99. 200 artists.

100. 3000 songs.

106. In March 1976 firedfive workers were killed and 150 wounded by armed police in a church in Vitoria.

107. Luis Llach composed for this occasion, “Campanadas a muerte" and "L‘Estaca" songs that became emblematic of this time.

109. With the economic model that the dictatorship implanted, the country became impoverished and a strong emigration was generated.