A simple presentation about Reflux Nephropathy . its just a formal presentation with only basic points .

1. S SARVESH
REFLUX NEPHROPATHY

2.  Reflux Nephropathy- back flow of urine to the
kidney .
Causes :
Urine flow from each kidney through tubes called
ureters and into the bladder .
When the bladder is full it squeezes and sends the
urine out through the urethra.
No urine should black flow in to the kidney while
bladder is squeezing

4. Causes
 Reflux can occur in people whose ureters do not
attach properly to the bladder or whose valves do not
work well. Children may be born with this problem or
may have other birth defects of the urinary system
that cause reflux nephropathy.
 Reflux nephropathy can occur with other conditions
that lead to a blockage of urine flow, including:
 Bladder outlet obstruction, such as an enlarged
prostate in men
 Bladder stones
 Neurogenic bladder, which can occur in people with
multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, or other nervous
system (neurological) conditions
 Reflux nephropathy can also occur from swelling of
the ureters after a kidney transplant or from injury to
the ureter .

5. Diagnostic parameters
 Reflux nephropathy is often found when a child is
checked for repeated bladder infections. If
vesicoureteral reflux is discovered, the child's siblings
may also be checked, because reflux can run in
families.
 Blood pressure may be high, and there may be signs
and symptoms of chronic kidney disease.
 Blood and urine tests will be done, and may include:
 BUN - blood
 Creatinine - blood
 Creatinine clearance - urine and blood
 Urinalysis or 24-hour urine studies
 Urine culture

6.  Imaging tests that may be done include:
 Abdominal CT scan
 Bladder ultrasound
 Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) – is X-ray
examination of urethra and kidney using
iodinated contrast media injected in veins.
 Kidney ultrasound
 Retrograde pyelogram - physician injects a
radiocontrast agent into the ureter in order to
visualize the ureter and kidney with fluoroscopy
or radiography.

7.  Voiding cystourethrogram - is a technique for
visualizing a person's urethra and urinary bladder
while the person urinates (voids).

8. TREATMENT
 Antibiotics taken every day to prevent urinary
tract infections
 Careful monitoring of kidney function.

9.  Controlling blood pressure is the most important
way to slow kidney damage. The health care
provider may prescribe medicines to control high
blood pressure. Angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor
blockers (ARBs) are often used.

10.  Surgery is usually only used in children who have
not responded to medical therapy.
 More severe vesicoureteral reflux may need
surgery, especially in children who do not respond
to medical therapy. Surgery to place the ureter
back into the bladder (ureteral reimplantation) can
stop reflux nephropathy in some cases.
 More severe reflux may need reconstructive
surgery. This type of surgery may reduce the
number and severity of urinary tract infections.
 If needed, people will be treated for chronic
kidney disease.

11. REFERENCE :
https://medlineplus.gov › Medical Encyclopedia

12. •Thank you