This document contains a grammar book table of contents and sections on topics such as nationalities, stem changing verbs, object and indirect object pronouns, ser vs estar, superlatives, verbs like gustar, affirmative and negative words, reflexive verbs, commands, adverbs, modal verbs, past participles as adjectives, and verb tenses. It provides definitions, examples, and conjugations for Spanish grammar concepts.

1. GRAMMAR BOOK
SANCHO HAY E S

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Nationalities
2. Stem changers
3. Para
4. Adjectives
5. Object Pronoun Placement
6. DOP
7. IOP
8. Ser vs. estar
9. -isimo
10. Verbs like gustar
11. Affirmatives and negative words
12. Pero vs. sino
13. DOP/IOP/Se
14. Reflexive verbs
15. Tu commands, aff. and neg.
16. Adverbios
17. Modal verbs
18. Past participles as adjectives
19. Preterite

3. NATIONALITIES
País Nacionalidad
México Mexicano
Guatemala Guatemalteco
Honduras Hondureño
El Salvador Salvadoreño
Nicaragua Nicaragüense
Costa Rica Costarricense
Panamá Panameño
Cuba Cubano
Republica dominicana Dominicano
Puerto Rico Puertorriqueño
Venezuela Venezolano
País Nacionalidad
Perú Peruano
Paraguay Paraguayo
Bolivia Boliviano
Chile Chileno
Argentina Argentino
Uruguay Uruguayo
España Español
Guinea
Guineano
ecuatorial
Ecuador Ecuatoriano
Colombia Colombiano

4. STEM CHANGING VERBS
O-ue verbs
Ex. poder
puedo podemos
puedes podeis
puede pueden
E-I verbs
Ex. peder
pido pidemos
pides pidéis
pide piden

5. PARA
Most often used for
Physical location
Ex. Viajo por Santiago mañana.
Recipients
Ex. La Flora es por Kara
Deadlines
Ex. Necesita la presentación por jueves.
Goals
Ex. Trabaja mucho por ganar mas dinero.

6. ADJECTIVES
Nouns ending in a vowel  +s
El lago los lagos
Nouns ending in a consanant + es
El arbol  los arboles
Nouns ending in z -ces
El lapiz los lapices
If adj. ends in a e +s
If adj ends in a consanant +es
If adj is referred to a nationality it must match
BUT
 las muchachas inglesas
Los muchachos ingleses.

7. PRONOUN PLACEMENT
• Attatch the pronoun to the infinitive
• Voy a comerlo
• 2. Attatch the pn to a progressive
• Estoy comiendolo
• attatch the prn to an affirmative command
• !Comolo!
• Place the pn b4 a conjugated verb
• Lo voy a comer

8. DOP
• Put before the verb or attached to an affirmative
command or a present progressive verb.
• The object the verb is doing
• Ex. Miro la tele La miro
Me Nos
Te Os
Lo/la Los/las

9. IOP
• Put before the DOP and the verb
• Tells to whom or for whom the verb is
talking about
• Ex. Doy el lápiz a Spencer. Le doy
el lápiz.
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les

10. SER VS ESTAR
Ser Estar
• Identify people To be • Physical States/
Conditions
• Used with de to show
possession
• Emotional states
• Occupation
• Nationalities
• What something is made
of
• Date
• Where/ when an event
takes place
• General observations
• Mala= bad
• Location/ spatial
relationships
• Health
• Weather expressions
• Ongoing expressions
• Variable or changing
characteristics.
• Mala= sick
Soy Somos Estoy Estamos
Eres Soís Estas Estaís
Es Son Esta Estan

11. -ISIMO
-isimo is used to express extremes.
Ex.-
Rico Riquísimo
Feliz Felicísimo
Largo larguísimo
*** g gu
cqu
zc

12. VERBS LIKE GUSTAR
• Usually used with an infinitive
• Use pronoun before verb to show subject
• Ex. Me gustan los aviones
• “me” is not the subject, “los aviones” are.
Verb conjugates depending on the REAL
subject not the object in front.
• Ex. Me gustas tú.

13. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS
• Used to talk about indefinite situations or things.
• Positive
• Algo- something
• Alguien- someone
• Alguno- any
• Negative
• Nada- nothing
• Nadie- no one
• Ninguno- none

14. PERO VS. SINO
• Pero- using but when not negating the first idea
• Ex. No soy español pero hablo bien la lengua.
• Sino- saying two negating things.
• Ex. No voy a estudiar español sino matemáticas.
• Sino que- used the same as sino but with two
conjugated verbs.
• Ex. No vas al cine sino que come con sus padres.

15. DOP/IOP/SE
• When using both an IOP and DOP in
third person form, use “se” instead of
“le” (the IOP)
• Doy la regalo a Spencer Se la doy.

16. REFLEXIVE VERBS
• Conjugate the verb
• Add the correct pronoun before the conjugated
verb
• Ex.- dormirse
Me duermo Nos dormimos
Te duermas Os dormís
Se duerme Se duermen

17. TÚ COMMANDS
Affirmative tú commands-
• Change the tú form to third person form
• Ex.– ¡comes! ¡come!
Negative tú commands-
• Put into yo form
• Change to opposite vowel
• Add s
• Ex. Comes  !No Comas!

18. ADVERBIOS
• Pick an adjective
• Add mente
• *if it ends in a vowel change it to an a
and then add mente
• Lento lentamente
• Fácil fácilmente
• *When there are two adjectives are
being used as adverbs only use mente
for the second adjective.
• Corro fácil y rápidamente.

19. MODAL VERBS
• Always used with an infinitive
• Ex. No puedo nadar
• Desear- to need
• Poder- to be able to
• Querer- to want to
• Deber- should
• Soler- to be accustomed to
• Tener que- to have to do something
• Ir+a- to go to do something

20. PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
• Past participles can be used as
adjectives
• They are usually used with estar
• Ex- La puerta está cerrado.
• The door is closed.

21. PRETERITE
-ar verbs
-é -amos
-aste asteis
-o -aron
-Er/ir verbs
-í -imos
-iste -isteis
-ió -ieron

22. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
• Tells what one is doing
• Regular-
• Ar- ando
• Er/ir- iendo
• *If it ends in a vowel and is an er/ir add –yendo
• Ex. Leer leyendo, traer trayendo
• For eI