2. SEMINAR FROM DEPT.
OF ZOOLOGY
GUIDED BY
SHREE. RADHAKANTA PRADHAN (H.O.D)
Dr . JATINDRA KU. PRADHAN
Dr . MUNTAZ KHAN
PREPARED BY
RUDRA MADHAB RAO NAG
4. CONTENTS
• STEM CELL: INTRODUCTION AND
DEFINATION
• PROPERTIES OF STEM CELLS
• CLASSIFICATION
• ISOLATION OF STEM CELLS
• CLINICAL APPLICATION
• iPS –INDUCED PLURIPOTENT CELL
• CONCLUSION
5. Introduction
• “Células madre” is a Spanish word for stem cell.
• Stem cells are “mother” cells that give rise to all other
cells in the body.
• They are cells found in all multicellular organisms that
can undergo mitosis to give rise to specialized cells, or
more stem cells
• They are considered as a blank microchip that can
be programmed to perform particular tasks. They
serve as a repair machine for the body
6. Defination
Stem cells are defined as cells that
have clonogenic and self-renewing
capabilities and differentiate into
multiple cell lineages.
OR
A cell that has the ability to
continuously divide and
differentiate (develop) into various
other kind(s) of cells/tissues
7. Properties of stem cell
Stem cells are unspecialised cells or called “Blank cell”
Asymmetric cell division
Stem cell can divide and renew themselves for long periods of time .
Stem cell can divide and become specific specialized cell types of the body.
Stem cells can replace dying or old damaged cells.
Relocation and Differentiation are abilities of stem cells to “migrate” to where
they’re needed in the body and specialize into a particular type of mature cell
10. Stem cell
type Description Examples
Totipotent
Each cell can develop
into a new individual
Cells from early
(1-3 days)
embryos
Pluripotent
Cells can form any
(over 200) cell types
Some cells of
blastocyst (5 to
14 days)
Multipotent
Cells differentiated, but
can form a number of
other tissues
Fetal tissue, cord
blood, and adult
stem cells
Unipotent
Able to contribute to
only a single mature
type cell
Like Muscle stem
cell
Classification
of stem cells
on the basis
of potency
13. EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
Cells found early (less than 2 wks.) in the development of an embryo
Embryonic stem cells are the most versatile because they can become
any cell in the body including fetal stem cells and adult stem cells.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are taken from inside the blastocyst, a very
early stage embryo. The blastocyst is a ball of about 50-100 cells and it
is not yet implanted in the womb. It is made up of an outer layer of cells,
a fluid-filled space and a group of cells called the inner cell mass. ES
cells are found in the inner cell mass.
15. ADULT STEM CELLS/SOMATIC STEM CELLS
Adult stem cells are found in the human body and in umbilical cord
blood.
Also known as Tissue specific stem cell
The most well known source of adult stem cells in the body is bone
marrow but they are also found in many organs and tissues; even in the
blood.
Adult stem cells are more specialized since they are assigned to a
specific cell family such as blood cells, nerve cells, etc.
Recently, it was discovered that an adult stem cell from one tissue may
act as a stem cell for another tissue, i.e. blood to neural
16.
17. neurons
grow under conditions B
Embryonic stem (ES) cells:
Challenges
embryonic stem cells
skin
grow under conditions A
blood
grow under conditions C
liver
grow
under conditions D
18. Adult stem cells:
What they can do
MULTIPOTENT
blood stem cell
found in
bone marrow
differentiation
only specialized types of blood cell:
red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets
23. Induced Pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
cell from the body
‘genetic reprogramming’
= add certain genes to the cell
induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell
behaves like an embryonic stem cell
Advantage: no need for embryos! all possible types of
specialized cells
culture iPS cells in the lab
differentiation
24. “Scientists Turn Human Skin Cells into
Stem Cells”
By inserting just four genes -Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc- into fibroblasts
(cultured skin cells) ,Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University reported his
transformation of cultured mouse skin cells into a state approximating that
of embryonic stem cells.
25. Prize in Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 was awarded
jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "for the
discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become
pluripotent stem cell"
26. Conclusion
Stem cell research is complicated and rapidly changing .Today’s
medicine generally tries to support or treat injured tissues and organs,
but stem cells may someday simply replace them. Stem cell therapy is
considered as like a soldier with a weapon. Only if the soldier
(experienced doctor ),weapon (technology) and bullets (stem cells) all
are in our hand than the fight will turn in our favor.
28. ACKNOWLDEGEMENT
I would like to convey my heart felt thanks to my faculty members
Shree Radhakanta Pradhan (HOD) ,Dr. Jatindra ku Pradhan and
Dr.Muntaz khan sir for their valuable guidance for the completion of
this seminar.
I would like to thank Baikuntha sahu Science society secretary for
making such a beautiful arrangements and providing me a chance to
deliver this seminar.
I would like to take this oppertuinity to thank all those people who have
directly or indirectly helped me making this seminar.
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Stem cells are different from other cells of the body in that they have the ability to differentiate into other cell/tissue types. This ability allows them to replace cells that have died. With this ability, they have been used to replace defective cells/tissues in patients who have certain diseases or defects.
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Stem cells are different from other cells of the body in that they have the ability to differentiate into other cell/tissue types. This ability allows them to replace cells that have died. With this ability, they have been used to replace defective cells/tissues in patients who have certain diseases or defects.
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Stem cells are different from other cells of the body in that they have the ability to differentiate into other cell/tissue types. This ability allows them to replace cells that have died. With this ability, they have been used to replace defective cells/tissues in patients who have certain diseases or defects.
Embryonic stem cells: Challenges
Scientists around the world are trying to understand how and why embryonic stem cells produce skin, blood, nerve or any other particular kind of specialized cell. What controls the process so that the stem cells make the right amount of each cell type, at the right time?
The big challenge for scientists is to learn how to control these fascinating cells. If we could force embryonic stem cells to make whatever kind of cell we want, then we would have a powerful tool for developing treatments for disease. For example, perhaps we could grow new insulin-producing cells to transplant into a patient with diabetes. But there is a great deal to learn before such therapies can be developed. Scientists also want to use stem cells to:
Understand how diseases develop (disease modelling)
Test drugs in the laboratory
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Tissue stem cells: What they can do
Tissue stem cells can often make several kinds of specialized cell, but they are more limited than embryonic stem cells. Tissue stem cells can ONLY make the kinds of cell found in the tissue they belong to. So, blood stem cells can only make the different kinds of cell found in the blood. Brain stem cells can only make different types of brain cell. Muscle stem cells can only make muscle cells. And so forth.
Scientists say that tissue stem cells are multipotent because they can make multiple types of specialized cell, but NOT all the kinds of cell in your body.
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Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
Note: This slide contains a lot of information and may be too complex for some audiences unless there is plenty of time for explanations and discussions.
What are iPS cells?
In 2006, scientists discovered that it is possible to make a new kind of stem cell in the laboratory. They found that they could transform skin cells from a mouse into cells that behave just like embryonic stem cells. In 2007, researchers did this with human cells too. The new stem cells that are made in the lab are called induced pluripotent stem cells. Just like embryonic stem cells, they can make all the different types of cell in the body – so we say they are pluripotent.
Making induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is a bit like turning back time. Scientists add particular genes to cells from the body to make them behave like embryonic stem cells. Genes give cells instructions about how to behave. So, this process is a bit like changing the instructions in a computer programme to make the computer do a new task. Scientists call the process they use to make iPS cells ‘genetic reprogramming’.
Why are they exciting?
Researchers hope that one day they might be able to use iPS cells to help treat diseases like Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s. They hope to:
Take cells from the body - like skin cells - from a patient
Make iPS cells
Use those iPS cells to grow the specialized cells the patient needs to recover from the disease, e.g. certain brain cells. These cells would be made from the patient’s own skin cells so the body would not reject them.
There is a long way to go before scientists can do this, but iPS cells are an exciting discovery.
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