2. Say ‘mmmm’ – which parts of the vocal tract are
involved?
Mainly the lips - it’s a bilabial consonant
WHERE = PLACE OF ARTICULATION
Pinch your nose – what happens?
The sound stops: it’s a nasal (not an oral)
consonant HOW = MANNER OF ARTICULATION
Put your fingers in your ears – what do you hear?
(Or put them on your larynx – what do you feel?)
The vibrations of the vocal cords: it’s a voiced
consonant VOICED or VOICELESS
3. Using these three variables we can classify
any consonant:
Place of articulation (where)
Manner of articulation (how)
Voiced or voiceless
In this presentation, voiced sounds are given
red symbols, e.g. /m/
15. Affricates (a combination of stop + fricative):
ʧ = voiceless post-alveolar affricate
ʤ = voiced post-alveolar affricate
Approximants (articulators approach each other but
do not touch): w r j
Lateral (also called lateral approximant; air flows
over sides of tongue): l
16. Voiced or voiceless
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
Example 1 : s (sing):
= A voiceless, alveolar, (central), (oral) fricative
- A voiceless, alveolar plosive/stop = ?
/t/ What is /k/?
- A voiceless, velar plosive/stop
17. The International Phonetic Alphabet: the English consonants
Full IPA with audio illustrations:
http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm