Spatial Mapping: Diversity and Distribution of Demersal Fish in the Southern of South China Sea (Indonesia Fisheries Management Zone 711)

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Spatial Mapping: Diversity and Distribution of Demersal Fish in the Southern
of South China Sea (Indonesia Fisheries Management Zone 711)
Article  in  International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) · July 2016
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International Journal of Sciences:
Basic and Applied Research
(IJSBAR)
ISSN 2307-4531
(Print & Online)
http://gssrr.org/index.php?journal=JournalOfBasicAndApplied
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21
Spatial Mapping: Diversity and Distribution of Demersal
Fish in the Southern of South China Sea (Indonesia
Fisheries Management Zone 711)
Robet Perangin Angina*
, Sulistionob
, Rahmat Kurniac
, Achmad Fahrudind
, Ali
Sumane
a
Doctoral Program of Management of Coastal and Marine Resources, Postgraduate School, Bogor Agricultural
University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
b,c,d
Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor
Agricultural Institute, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
e
Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, DKI
Jakarta, Indonesia
a
Email: robert.peranginangin@gmail.com
b
Email: onosulistiono@gmail.com
c
Email: kurniarahmat2024@gmail.com
d
Email: fahrudina@yahoo.com
e
Email: alisuman_62@yahoo.com
Abstract
In the future, fisheries management must not be based on biomass measure only, but must use an integrated
ecosystem approach. This study was aimed to discover the species diversity level of demersal fish resources in
spatial distribution and its relation to the environment. The study was conducted in May and June 2015 by
operating a trawl in the assigned stations.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Corresponding author.

International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2016) Volume 28, No 2, pp 21-33
22
The spatial distribution was based on the Bray-Curtis index which divided the distribution of demersal fish
resources into three clusters. Inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) was dominated by
Leognathidae, inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI) was dominated by Lutjanidae, and
offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) was dominated by Nemipteridae. Offshore sites of the
southern of South China Sea (SSCS) had a much better community stability level than that of inshore sites of
Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) and inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI). This study
also demonstrated that environmental factors such as depth, sediment type, salinity, and temperature, affect the
distribution and species diversity of demersal fish communities in the southern of South China Sea.
Keywords: diversity; demersal fish; South China Sea.
1. Introduction
When considering the basic structure of a biological system such as a community or an ecosystem, the two
fundamental parameters are the number of species and the number of individuals in each of the species [1]. The
community structure is usually described by the number of species (richness), the diversity index, the evenness
index, and the domination index [2,3,4,5].
According to [6], there is a connection between species distribution and physical factors such as depth, salinity
and sediment type, whereas [7] stated that the distribution of demersal fish is related to depth but not related to
sediment type, salinity, temperature and turbidity. Generally, fish adapt to changes in the environment by
migrating, both horizontally and vertically [8].
In the future, fisheries management must not be based on biomass measure only, but must use an integrated
ecosystem approach [1,8,9,10]. Information of the distribution, biomass density and community structure of
demersal fish is of utmost importance as input for the success of the management of fishery potential [7,11].
This study was aimed to discover the diversity of demersal fish in spatial distribution, and its relation to the
environment. The results of this study are expected to used as consideration in the management of demersal fish
resources in the southern of South China Sea (Indonesia Fisheries Management Zone/IFMZ 711).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
This study was conducted in May and June 2015 using Research Vessel (R/V) of Madidihang 02. The study
location was the southern of South China Sea with the positions of the trawling stations as depicted in Figure 1.
2.2. Data Collection
Collection of catch data was conducted by using a trawl operated in pre-determined stations, whereas
oceanographical data were collected using a CTD that was sunk in the pre-determined stations moments before
the trawl was operated.

23
Figure 1: The location map of the research, cruising track, and trawling positions in the southern of South
China Sea (Indonesia Fisheries Management Zone 711), the period of May – June 2015.
2.3. Data Analysis
Analysis of the demersal fish diversity used a number of ecological indices, namely the Shannon-Wiener’s
diversity index[12,13,14,15,16,17], the Pielou’s evenness index[3,18], the Simpson’s dominance index [19,20],
and the Berger-Parker’s index.
The Shannon-Wiener’s index H′
= − ∑(pi ln(pi)) ………………………………….. (1)
The Pielou’s index J’ = (H’ / ln (S)) …………………………………………………… (2)
The Simpson’s index Ds = 1 - D = 1 − ∑�(ni(ni − 1)) /�N(N − 1)��………………… (3)
The Berger-Parker’s index Db = Nmax/N ……………………………………………….. (4)
Note: H’ = species diversity index, pi = ratio between the number of individuals in the i-th species and the total
number of individuals (ni/N), S = the number of species, N = the number of individuals, ni = the number of i-th
individual.
The ecological index value was then related to environmental conditions and analyzed using the principal
component analysis (PCA). Therefore, the level of influence of the environmental factors to the existing
community structure could be discovered.

24
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Result
1). Spatial distribution
Demersal fishes were evenly distributed throughout the southern of South China Sea (IFMA 711). The largest
distribution of species was found in station 4, station 3, station 5, and station 12, repectively. While the largest
number of families was found in station 3, station 5, station 9, station 12, and station 4, respectively (Figure 2).
2). Cluster and Multi-Dimensional Scalling (MDS) Analysis
Figure 2: Spatial distribution of demersal fish resources in the southern of South China Sea.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Station
Famili
Spesies
Figure 3: The dendrogram of trawl station classifications based on the similarity index of the
demersal fish.

25
To simplify the study, the species diversity was classified spatially [21]. The spatial classification of trawl
stations was done based on the species similarity index, and the result was 3 (three) trawl station classification
clusters (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Cluster 1 consisted of station 1, station 4, station 5, and station 8 which was
then referred to as inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR). Cluster 2 consisted of station 2, station
3, station 7, station 9, station 10, and station 12 which was then referred to as offshore sites of the southern of
South China Sea (SSCS). Finally, station 6 and station 11 in cluster 3 which were then referred to as inshore
sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI).
Figure 5 presents the dominant family in inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR), Leognathidae,
with a weight composition of 65.4%, followed by Nemipteridae and Mullidae with weight compositions of 6.3%
and 3.9%, respectively. Inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI) was dominated by the
Lutjanidae, Tetraodontidae, Haemulidae, and Nemipteridae families with weight compositions of 31.9%;
22.1%; 16.6%; and 4.5%, respectively, whereas offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) was
dominated by Nemipteridae, Mullidae, and Serranidae with weight compositions of 17.7%; 13.7%; and 10.0%,
respectively.
3). Diversity indices based clustering
In this study, it was discovered that the diversity index (H’) ranged between 1.06 - 2.85, the evenness index (J’)
ranged between 0.28 - 0.79, and the Simpson’s dominance index and the Berger-Parker’s index ranged between
0.09 - 0.64 and 0.19 - 0.80, respectively, in inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR). Inshore sites
of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI) had a biodiversity index (H’) ranging between 1.69 - 2.60, an
evenness index (J’) ranging between 0.49 - 0.80, and a Simpson’s dominance index and Berger-Parker’s index
ranging between 0.12 - 0.39 and 0.31 - 0.61, respectively. Offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea
Figure 4: The MDS diagram of trawl station classifications based on the similarity index of the
demersal fish.

26
(SSCS) had the highest diversity index (H’) and evenness index (J’), between 2.19 - 3.10 and 0.65 - 0.88, and
the lowest Simpson’s dominance index and Berger-Parker index ranging between 0.05 - 0.20 and 0.12 - 0.41
(Figure 6).
Figure 5: The composition of the dominant families based on spatial distribution : (a) Inshore sites of
Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR), (b) Inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters
(KPRI), (c) Offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS).
4). The Analysis of the Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Ecological index
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0 10 20 30 40
CompotitionofWeight(%)
Family
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Family
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
0 10 20 30 40 50
Family
1. LEIOGNATHIDAE
2. NEMIPTERIDAE
3. MULLIDAE
4. PLATYCEPHALIDAE
5. ARIIDAE
6. SERRANIDAE
7. HAEMULIDAE
8. TERAPONIDAE
9. HARPODONTIDAE
10. SCIANIDAE
11. PSETODIDAE
12. APOGONIDAE
13. CARANGIDAE
14. CYNOGLOSSIDAE
15. PARALICHTYIDAE
1. LUTJANIDAE
2. TETRAODONTIDAE
3. HAEMULIDAE
4. NEMIPTERIDAE
5. SERRANIDAE
6. MULLIDAE
7. DIODONTIDAE
8. HARPODONTIDAE
9. BALISTIDAE
10. SIGANIDAE
11. LETHRINIDAE
12. CARANGIDAE
13. MONACANTHIDAE
14. PARALICHTYIDAE
15. SYNODONTIDAE
1. NEMIPTERIDAE
2. MULLIDAE
3. SERRANIDAE
4. GERREIDAE
5. TETRAODONTIDAE
6. PRIACANTHIDAE
7. LUTJANIDAE
8. DIODONTIDAE
9. HARPODONTIDAE
10. BALISTIDAE
11. PARALICHTYIDAE
12. LETHRINIDAE
14. HAEMULIDAE
15. PLATYCEPHALIDAE

27
The Shannon’s diversity index (H’) was significant (p < 0.05) and had a negative correlation to temperature and
a positive correlation to salinity at a confidence level of p < 0.1. Pielou’s evenness index (J’) had a negative
correlation to temperature and a positive correlation to salinity at a confidence level of p < 0.1. The Simpons’s
dominance index (Ds) had a positive correlation to depth and salinity and a negative correlation to temperature
at a confidence level of p < 0.1, whereas the Berger-Parker’s index (Db) had a positive correlation to
temperature at a confidence level of p < 0.1 (Figure 7 and Table 1).
Table 1: Pearson correlation coefficients and significance levels between the diversity index
and environmental factors.
De Te Sa pH DO Su
S -0.177 0.112 -0.395 -0.161 -0.242 0.353
H' 0.415 -0.608** 0.473* 0.279 -0.108 -0.115
J' 0.428 -0.562* 0.515* 0.272 -0.027 -0.227
Ds 0.452* -0.562* 0.453* 0.295 -0.021 -0.208
Db -0.406 0.554* -0.434 -0.270 0.152 0.038
S: richness, H’: Shannon-Weiner’s index, J’: Pielou’s evenness index, Ds: Simpson’s index,
Db: Berger-Parker’s index, De: Depth, Te: Temperature, Sa: Salinity, DO: dissolved
oxygen, Su: Substrate.
*p < 0.1.
**p < 0.05.
SSCSKPRIKLBR
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
Shannon-Weiner's Diversity Index (H')
SSCSKPRIKLBR
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Pielou's Evenness Index (J')
SSCSKPRIKLBR
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Simpson's Dominance Index
SSCSKPRIKLBR
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Berger-Parker's Index
Figure 6: The ecological index based on spatial distribution.

28
The analysis using the Principal component analysis (PCA) resulted in a PC1 which was strongly by indicated
the Shannon-Wiener’s index (H’), Pielou’s evenness index (J’), Simpson’s index (Ds), Berger-Parker’s index
(Db), and salinity. PC2 was indicated by the type of sediment (substrate), DO, and depth, and PC3 was indicated
by temperature, richness (S), and pH (Figure 8 and Table 2).
3.2. Discussion
The level of similarity that was assessed using the Bray-Curtis index divided the distribution of demersal fish
resources into three clusters. Demersal fish resources in inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR)
were dominated by the Leiognathidae family, with a weight composition of 65.4% of the total catch. The fish
Leiognathus splendens (the splendid ponyfish) was distributed with a high sweeping weight on the mud-
Figure 7: Simple linear regressions of environmental factors versus Shannon-Weiner’s diversity index: (a)
temperature, and (b) salinity.
Sta 1
Sta 2
Sta 3
Sta 4Sta 5
Sta 6
Sta 7
Sta 8
Sta 9
Sta 10
Sta 11
Sta 12
y = -0.7393x + 24.156
R² = 0.3694
p = 0.036
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0
H'
Temperature (0C)
Temperature & diversity
a
Sta 1
Sta 2
Sta 3
Sta 4 Sta 5
Sta 6
Sta 7
Sta 8
Sta 9
Sta 10
Sta 11
Sta 12
y = 0.4927x - 13.913
R² = 0.2233
p = 0.121
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
31.00 31.50 32.00 32.50 33.00 33.50
H'
Salinity (‰)
Salinity & diversity
b

29
substrate seabed near the beach of Kalimantan’s west coast. However, the Leiognathidae family was not found
in the observation stations along inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI), which was
dominated by a sand-substrate seabed. The coastal waters that had sand substrate were dominated by snappers
(Lutjanidae), Tetraodontidae, Haemulidae, and Nemipteridae, whereas offshore sites of the southern of South
China Sea (SSCS) was dominated by Nemipteridae, Mullidae, and Serranidae.
Figure 8: Principal component analysis (PCA) of ecological indices and environmental factors.
Reference [22] stated that community stability could be determined by observing the community structure and
the species distribution within the community. A stable community is demonstrated by having a stable species
composition and by having relatively little fluctuation in numbers. In addition, [23] stated that changes in
species composition could be viewed from dominance, diversity, and species heterogenicity. The high
dominance index, and the low diversity index (H’) and evenness index (J’) indicated disturbance in the stability
of the demersal fish community in inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR). Inshore sites of the
eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI) had a better demersal fish community stability than that of inshore sites of
Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR), demonstrated by the higher diversity index (H’) and evenness index (J’)
and the lower dominance index. On the other hand, offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS)
had much better community stability than the other two clusters. This condition was demonstrated by a higher
diversity index (H’) and evenness index (J’) and a lower dominance index (Simpson’s index and Berger-
Parker’s index) compared to the other two clusters. [24] who conducted a study in the East China Sea collected
results in the form of biological indices including richness (S), Shannon’s diversity index (H’) and Pielou’s
evenness index (J’) which demonstrated an increasing trend further to sea.
Offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) and inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters
(KPRI) have sand and muddy-sand seabeds, whereas inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) has
a seabed with mud substrate which is an effect of sedimentation of sediments from land carried by the many
rivers flowing to Kalimantan’s west coast. The flow of river water to Kalimantan’s west coast carries nutrients
from land that affect the temperature and salinity of the waters, enabling only demersal fish, which are euryhalin
and eurythermal, to be able to survive these environmental conditions. This was why the Simpson’s index (Ds)
and Berger-Parker’s index (Db) in inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) were higher than those

30
of offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) and inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands
waters (KPRI).
Table 1 and Figure 7 demonstrate how temperature and salinity affect the ecological indices in the southern of
South China Sea, especially the Shannon-Weiner’s diversity index (H’), Pielou’s evenness index (J’), Simpson’s
dominance index (Ds), and Berger-Parker’s index (Db). This study also revealed that Berger-Parker’s index was
also affected by depth. The principal component analysis demonstrated a correlation between environmental
factors, especially salinity and temperature, and the ecological indices in the southern of South China Sea. This
study supports the statement that spatial variability of demersal fish resources in the southern of South China
Sea is affected by depth[25,26], seabed sediment type [27], and oceanographical physical factors which are
temperature and salinity [28,29].
Table 2: Summary of principal component analysis (PCA) of environmental variables
and ecological indices.
Principle component analysis
PC1 PC2 PC3
Cummulative percentage variance
Eigen Value 5.39 2.17 1.21
% Variation 49 19.7 11
% Cum. Variation 49 68.7 79.7
Factor-variable correlations (factor loadings)
De -0.300 0.366 0.341
S 0.204 -0.164 0.549
H’ -0.392 -0.233 -0.073
J’ -0.403 -0.157 -0.233
Ds -0.399 -0.176 -0.163
Db 0.381 0.262 0.071
Te 0.293 0.147 -0.412
Sa -0.315 0.260 0.283
pH -0.207 0.265 0.326
DO -0.048 0.545 -0.154
Su 0.135 -0.453 0.334
S: richness, H’: Shannon-Weiner’s index, J’: Pielou’s evenness index, Ds: Simpson’s
index, Db: Berger-Parker’s index, De: Depth, Te: Temperature, Sa: Salinity, DO:
dissolved oxygen, Su: Substrate.
4. Conclusion
Demersal fish resources were evenly distributed throughout the southern of South China Sea, and was signified
by the presence of marker species which divided the waters into three research clusters based on spatial
distribution. The community stability level of demersal fish resources in inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western
waters (KLBR) was lower than those that of the other clusters, whereas offshore sites of the southern of South
China Sea (SSCS) had a much better community stability level compared to inshore sites of Kalimantan’s

31
western waters (KLBR) and inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI). This study also
demonstrated that environmental factors such as depth, sediment type, salinity, and temperature affected the
distribution of demersal fish diversity in the southern of South China Sea. `
Acknowledgement
This articel was a contribution of stock assessment research results in the southern of South China Sea (IFMA
711) using the R/V Madidihang 02, the period of 2015 in the Marine Fishery Research Station – Muara Baru,
Jakarta.
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