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1 F2012 After the Romans; The Saxon Advent

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Robert Ehrlich

The changes that occur immediately before and after the break with Rome in 410. Genetic evidence and the Saxon Advent into England.

EducaçãoTecnologiaEspiritual
1 de 45
Roman Britain to Norman England Fall 2012 Migration Period; Early Middle Ages
Today’s Topics • Roman Britain – Fall? Dark for whom? – Fate of Roman culture – State of British (native) culture • The Saxon Advent – Models – DNA evidence
1 Schematic Timeline 4 5 1 0 1 0 0 5 4 1 0 0 6 0 5 0 3 0 0 0 6 Celtic kingdoms England Roman Saxon Sub-Roman Britain Kingdoms Danelaw Wales, Scotland Question: What are the natures of the transitions?
410: Ties with Rome Broken The alarmists saw the news and bemoaned Roman the end of the nation’s Anglo-Saxon culture, while the enthusiasts saw it and cheered the Roman end of Anglo-Saxon culture. Wilmington News-Journal May 19, 2007
Two Contemporary Views of Events • Byzantine writers British obliged to throw off Roman rule because of decline in Roman power to protect them • Gildas – Romans abandon Britain – Tyrants strip Britain of armies for continental adventures
Political Events Preceding 410 • Empire and Britain face frequent incursions – Troops withdrawn from Britain to deal with these incursions • Usurpers from Britain • Withholding of taxes
Economic Events Preceding 410 • Decline in money supply – Inflation, Hoarding, Counterfeiting and clipping – Money supply dependent on troop presence • Failure to maintain buildings • Reduction in variety and, finally, disappearance of manufactured pottery
Political events after 410 • 410 Defense of Britain left to civitates – Hadrian’s Wall maintained • Reassertion of elite Celts who occupied hill- towns and forts in outlying areas. • End of Pax Romana • Migrations to Ireland, Brittany, Gaul
Our sources • Continental writers to ~470 • St. Patrick (Romano-Celtic viewpoint) • Gildas ~(500-570) (Romano-British viewpoint) • Bede 730 (Anglo-Saxon viewpoint) • Chronicles – Welsh, Irish, Anglo-Saxon retrospective constructions • Archaeology
Britain in 407
Continuity • Maintenance of many urban areas • Some political contacts – Requests for aid • Continued Christianity – Worship connected with martyred saints • Continued contacts on Church level • Continued trade with Mediterranean
Post Roman Towns
Post Roman Forts – Pre-Roman Forts • Hill forts better located for defensive purposes. • Roman forts useful as quarries • Prestige associated with continued association with Roman forts
Post Roman Forts 615 >640 400 Tintagel
Hill Forts Cadbury Castle
Halls Reconstruction at Cadbury Castle
Fate of a Roman City - Wroxeter • Public buildings in use to ~500 • Defense includes mercenaries? • Part of Kingdom of Powys • Baths not maintained – Replaced by large wood mansion (Bishop’s palace?)
Roman Stone Construction Not Maintained City abandoned ~650
Cunorix 475-500, Wroxeter
Nature of Post Roman States • Maintain some trappings from Roman system? • Led by tyrants? • Failure to maintain public works
Trade
Tintagel Project • Mid 5th-6th Century • Amphorae • Byzantine coins • Glassware characteristic of Spain • Red slipware from Turkey • Celtic name in Latin context
Aerial View
Ground View
Artognou Stone
Inscription PATER / COLI AVI FICIT / ARTOGNOV Artognou, father of a descendant of Coll, has had (this) made
Continued Mediterranean Trade
Trade – Wales – Continental Glass
Legacies of Rome in Britain • Cities • Reading • Civitas • Religion • Fortifications • Roads
The Saxon Advent
The Saxon Advent
Scenarios • Invasion and ethnic cleansing • Invasion and apartheid • Migration over a prolonged period: Pre- Roman, Roman, Sub-Roman
The Saxons One scenario • Arrive as federates • Mass migration of Germanic peoples – Existing population killed, displaced or intermarry – Christian Romans (British) displaced by pagans
Another Scenario • Small-scale military activity – Cultural and linguistic changes in existing population – Changes in taste under new cultural influence – Some interbreeding; invaders predominantly male
The invitation and its consequences 449 Hengest and Horsa, invited by Wurtgern, king of the Britons to assist him 455 Hengest and Horsa rebel agaist Wurtgern, Horsa killed 457 Hengest and his son, Esc, defeat other Britons in Kent 465, 473 Further victories by Horsa and Esc Further advent by their ‘cousins’
Genetic Studies • Aim is to determine whether current populations can be related to putative homelands (1) Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration Michael E. Weale*,1, Deborah A. Weiss ,1, Rolf F. Jager* , Neil Bradman* and Mark G. Thomas* Molecular Biology and Evolution 19:1008-1021 (2002) (2) A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles Cristian Capelli1, 8, Nicola Redhead1, Julia K. Abernethy1, Fiona Gratrix1, James F. Wilson1, Torolf Moen3, Tor Hervig4, Martin Richards5, Michael P. H. Stumpf1, 9, Peter A. Underhill6, Paul Bradshaw7, Alom Shaha7, Mark G. Thomas1, 2, Neal Bradman1, 2 and David B. Goldstein1 CURRENT BIOLOGY 13: (11) 979-984 MAY 27 2003
Sampling(2)
Genetic Variations (Y)
Genetic Mixing (Y)
Authors’ Conclusions 1. Central England - Little genetic differentiation 2. North Welsh - Highly significant differences between two towns, both from each other and from the five Central English towns 3. No significant differences between Friesland and any of the Central English towns 4. “…an Anglo-Saxon immigration event affecting 50%–100% of the Central English male gene pool at that time is required… “
Calculated admixtures Norway 0.8 Germany 0.6 Population Admixture 0.4 0.2 0 England Scotland Isles Wales
Portion of “indigenous” DNA
Authors’ Conclusions 1. “Limited continental input in southern England, which appears to be predominantly indigenous” 2. “…the part of mainland Britain that has the most Continental input is Central England…” 3. Contributions of Danish and North German can not be distinguished. 4. “…the transition between England and Wales is somewhat gradual…”
Isotope Studies • Evidence for mobility – Sr • Dentine • Enamel • Bone – Pb (distorted by lead from objects) Inconclusive
Coming • Cultural changes • Religious persistence and renewal

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1 F2012 After the Romans; The Saxon Advent

  • 1. Roman Britain to Norman England Fall 2012 Migration Period; Early Middle Ages
  • 2. Today’s Topics • Roman Britain – Fall? Dark for whom? – Fate of Roman culture – State of British (native) culture • The Saxon Advent – Models – DNA evidence
  • 3. 1 Schematic Timeline 4 5 1 0 1 0 0 5 4 1 0 0 6 0 5 0 3 0 0 0 6 Celtic kingdoms England Roman Saxon Sub-Roman Britain Kingdoms Danelaw Wales, Scotland Question: What are the natures of the transitions?
  • 4. 410: Ties with Rome Broken The alarmists saw the news and bemoaned Roman the end of the nation’s Anglo-Saxon culture, while the enthusiasts saw it and cheered the Roman end of Anglo-Saxon culture. Wilmington News-Journal May 19, 2007
  • 5. Two Contemporary Views of Events • Byzantine writers British obliged to throw off Roman rule because of decline in Roman power to protect them • Gildas – Romans abandon Britain – Tyrants strip Britain of armies for continental adventures
  • 6. Political Events Preceding 410 • Empire and Britain face frequent incursions – Troops withdrawn from Britain to deal with these incursions • Usurpers from Britain • Withholding of taxes
  • 7. Economic Events Preceding 410 • Decline in money supply – Inflation, Hoarding, Counterfeiting and clipping – Money supply dependent on troop presence • Failure to maintain buildings • Reduction in variety and, finally, disappearance of manufactured pottery
  • 8. Political events after 410 • 410 Defense of Britain left to civitates – Hadrian’s Wall maintained • Reassertion of elite Celts who occupied hill- towns and forts in outlying areas. • End of Pax Romana • Migrations to Ireland, Brittany, Gaul
  • 9. Our sources • Continental writers to ~470 • St. Patrick (Romano-Celtic viewpoint) • Gildas ~(500-570) (Romano-British viewpoint) • Bede 730 (Anglo-Saxon viewpoint) • Chronicles – Welsh, Irish, Anglo-Saxon retrospective constructions • Archaeology
  • 10. Britain in 407
  • 11. Continuity • Maintenance of many urban areas • Some political contacts – Requests for aid • Continued Christianity – Worship connected with martyred saints • Continued contacts on Church level • Continued trade with Mediterranean
  • 13. Post Roman Forts – Pre-Roman Forts • Hill forts better located for defensive purposes. • Roman forts useful as quarries • Prestige associated with continued association with Roman forts
  • 14. Post Roman Forts 615 >640 400 Tintagel
  • 17. Fate of a Roman City - Wroxeter • Public buildings in use to ~500 • Defense includes mercenaries? • Part of Kingdom of Powys • Baths not maintained – Replaced by large wood mansion (Bishop’s palace?)
  • 18. Roman Stone Construction Not Maintained City abandoned ~650
  • 20. Nature of Post Roman States • Maintain some trappings from Roman system? • Led by tyrants? • Failure to maintain public works
  • 21. Trade
  • 22. Tintagel Project • Mid 5th-6th Century • Amphorae • Byzantine coins • Glassware characteristic of Spain • Red slipware from Turkey • Celtic name in Latin context
  • 26. Inscription PATER / COLI AVI FICIT / ARTOGNOV Artognou, father of a descendant of Coll, has had (this) made
  • 28. Trade – Wales – Continental Glass
  • 29. Legacies of Rome in Britain • Cities • Reading • Civitas • Religion • Fortifications • Roads
  • 32. Scenarios • Invasion and ethnic cleansing • Invasion and apartheid • Migration over a prolonged period: Pre- Roman, Roman, Sub-Roman
  • 33. The Saxons One scenario • Arrive as federates • Mass migration of Germanic peoples – Existing population killed, displaced or intermarry – Christian Romans (British) displaced by pagans
  • 34. Another Scenario • Small-scale military activity – Cultural and linguistic changes in existing population – Changes in taste under new cultural influence – Some interbreeding; invaders predominantly male
  • 35. The invitation and its consequences 449 Hengest and Horsa, invited by Wurtgern, king of the Britons to assist him 455 Hengest and Horsa rebel agaist Wurtgern, Horsa killed 457 Hengest and his son, Esc, defeat other Britons in Kent 465, 473 Further victories by Horsa and Esc Further advent by their ‘cousins’
  • 36. Genetic Studies • Aim is to determine whether current populations can be related to putative homelands (1) Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration Michael E. Weale*,1, Deborah A. Weiss ,1, Rolf F. Jager* , Neil Bradman* and Mark G. Thomas* Molecular Biology and Evolution 19:1008-1021 (2002) (2) A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles Cristian Capelli1, 8, Nicola Redhead1, Julia K. Abernethy1, Fiona Gratrix1, James F. Wilson1, Torolf Moen3, Tor Hervig4, Martin Richards5, Michael P. H. Stumpf1, 9, Peter A. Underhill6, Paul Bradshaw7, Alom Shaha7, Mark G. Thomas1, 2, Neal Bradman1, 2 and David B. Goldstein1 CURRENT BIOLOGY 13: (11) 979-984 MAY 27 2003
  • 40. Authors’ Conclusions 1. Central England - Little genetic differentiation 2. North Welsh - Highly significant differences between two towns, both from each other and from the five Central English towns 3. No significant differences between Friesland and any of the Central English towns 4. “…an Anglo-Saxon immigration event affecting 50%–100% of the Central English male gene pool at that time is required… “
  • 41. Calculated admixtures Norway 0.8 Germany 0.6 Population Admixture 0.4 0.2 0 England Scotland Isles Wales
  • 43. Authors’ Conclusions 1. “Limited continental input in southern England, which appears to be predominantly indigenous” 2. “…the part of mainland Britain that has the most Continental input is Central England…” 3. Contributions of Danish and North German can not be distinguished. 4. “…the transition between England and Wales is somewhat gradual…”
  • 44. Isotope Studies • Evidence for mobility – Sr • Dentine • Enamel • Bone – Pb (distorted by lead from objects) Inconclusive
  • 45. Coming • Cultural changes • Religious persistence and renewal

Notas do Editor

  1. During the fifth century A.D. pressures on the frontiers began to overwhelm the authorities andsuperstructure; Imperial control was crucially weakened. Consequently, individual provincesbegan to organise their own affairs. In the east of Britain (Maxima Caesariensis and Valentia),the threat was from Germanic folk movements and in the west (Britannia Prima), it was from theIrish. Thus, when each province (and town) came under pressure, each had to find its ownsolution. Wroxeter may have employed Irish mercenaries, as evidenced by the early Christiantombstone of Cunorix with its Irish formula.96 In some respects, the east–west division withinBritain mirrored the empire-wide situation, with the Eastern Roman Empire effectivelyabandoning the West. The tombstone of Cunorix, an inhabitant of post-Roman Wroxeter, who died some time between AD 475 and 500CVNORIX MACVSMA VICOIE
  2. Pieces of glass from DinasPowys (Vale of Glamorgan), a fort occupied between the 5th and 8th-centuries. These fragments come from vessels made in continental Europe. They illustrate the extent of trade between Wales and the wider-world at this time. The second key source of information about Arthur is archaeology. Archaeological evidence for contact between Wales, Cornwall and the Saxon World takes many forms - from metalwork manufactured in an Anglo-Saxon style discovered in south-east Wales, to the distribution of early medieval pottery imported from the Continent and the shores of the Mediterranean.Excavations at DinasPowys, a princely hillfort near Cardiff occupied between the 5th and 7th-centuries, has informed us about the nature of a high status site in south Wales at this time. This site is contemporary with others like South Cadbury in Somerset and Tintagel in Cornwall (both with their own Arthurian traditions).